Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Humoral Interrelations of the Pineal Gland with Lateral Eyes and Orbital Glands

  • Chapter
Book cover The Pineal Gland and its Endocrine Role

Part of the book series: NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series ((NSSA,volume 65))

  • 161 Accesses

Abstract

Three kinds of general interrelationships are currently accepted concerning the pineal gland, the lateral eyes and the glands of the orbit: (1) The mammalian pineal gland has evolved from eye-like structures (“median or third eyes”) in the pineal complex of lower vertebrates, and its specialized parenchymal cells, the pinealocytes, have residual features of photoreceptor cells (Collin, 1969, 1979; and reviews by Oksche and Kappers in the present volume). (2) The mammalian pineal gland, starting a few days after birth, receives its photic input via the lateral eyes, CNS and sympathetic innervation (Wurtman et al., 1967; Moore et al., 1968; Klein and Moore, 1979). (3) Pineal gland, lateral eye retina, and, to a lesser degree, the Harderian gland of the orbit, share some special biochemical characteristics or capacities. At the present time, the best known and most relevant of these shared characteristics is the presence of the melatonin-forming enzyme, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)(Quay, 1965; Quay et al., 1969; Cardinali and Wurtman, 1972; Nagle et al., 1972a, 1972b, 1974; Cardinali et al., 1974; Pévet et al., 1978; Suzuki and Yagi, 1978; Balemans et al., 1980; Pévet et al., 1980a, 1980b, 1981; Ralph, 1980; Vivien-Roels et al., 1981) and its 5-methoxyindole products (Bubenik et al., 1974, 1976a, 1976b; Pang et al., 1977, 1980; Reiter et al., 1981; Yu et al., 1981).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ali, M. A., 1975, Retinomotor responses, in:“Vision in Fishes,” M. A. Ali, ed., p. 313, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M. A., 1981, Adaptations rétiniennes aux habitats, Rev. Can. Biol., 40: 3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arey, L. B., 1915, The occurrence and significance of photo-mechanical changes in the vertebrate retina - an historical survey, J. Comp. Neurol., 25: 535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arey, L. B., 1916a, The movements in the visual cells and retinal pigment of the lower vertebrates, J. Comp. Neurol., 26: 121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arey, L. B., 1916b, The function of the efferent fibers of the optic nerve of fishes, J. Comp. Neurol., 26: 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, J., and Wurtman, R. J., 1966, The formation, metabolism and some actions of melatonin, a pineal gland substance, in: “Endocrines and the Central Nervous System,” Assoc. for Res. in Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 43: 200, Williams Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. C., 1969, Melatonin levels in developing Xenopus laevis, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 28: 1387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. C., and Quay, W. B., 1969, Hydroxytryptamine metabolism in early embryogenesis, and the development of brain and retinal tissues,“ Brain Res., 12: 273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. C., Quay, W. B., and Axelrod, J., 1965, Development of hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase activity in eye and brain of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, Life Sci., 4: 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balemans, M. G. M., Pêvet, P., Legerstee, W. C., and Nevo, E., 1980, Preliminary investigations on melatonin and 5-methoxy-tryptophol synthesis in the pineal, retina and Harderian gland of the Mole Rat and in the pineal of the mouse “Eyeless”, J. Neural Transmission, 49: 247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley, S., Hryshchyshyn, M., and Reilly, K., 1979, N-Acetyltransferase activity responds to environmental lighting in the eye as well as in the pineal gland, Nature, 281: 479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley, S., Reilly, K. B., and Hryshchyshyn, M., 1980, N-Acetyltransferase in the chick retina. I. Circadian rhythms controlled by environmental lighting are similar to those in the pineal gland, J. Comp. Physiol., 139: 103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brammer, G. L., Yuwiler, A., and Wetterberg, L., 1978, N-Acetyltransferase activity of the rat Harderian gland, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 526: 93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik, G. A., Brown, G. M., and Grota, L. G., 1976a, Differential localization of N-acetylated indolealkylamines in CNS and the Harderian gland using immunohistology, Brain Res., 118: 417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik, G. A., Brown, G. M., and Grota, L. J., 1976b, Immunohistochemical localization of melatonin in the rat Harderian gland, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 24: 1173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik, G. A., Brown, G. M., Uhler, I., and Grota, L. J., 1974, Immunohistological localization of N-acetylindolealkylamines in pineal gland, retina and cerebellum, Brain Res., 81: 233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik, G. A., and Purtill, R. A., 1980, The role of melatonin and dopamine in retinal physiology, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 58: 1457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik, G. A., Purtill, R. A., Brown, G. M., and Grota, L. J., 1978, Melatonin in the retina and the Harderian gland. Ontogeny, diurnal variations and melatonin treatment, Exp. Eye Res., 27: 323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buznikov, G. A., 1964, Use of tryptamine derivatives in the study of the role of 5-oxytryptamine (serotonin) during embryonic development of invertebrates, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Biol., 152: 1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buznikov, G. A., Chudakova, I. V., and Zvezdina, N. D., 1964, The role of neurohumors in early embryogenesis. I. Serotonin content of developing sea urchin and loach, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 12: 563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buznikov, G. A., and Manukhin, B. N., 1961, Serotonin-like substance in the embryogenesis of some gastropod molluscs, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 22: 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buznikov, G. A., Zvezdina, N. D., and Makeeva, R. G., On the possible participation of serotonin and other neurohormones in the regulation of protein biosynthesis (Experiments on sea urchin eggs), Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Biol., 166: 1252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali, D. P., 1980, Molecular biology of melatonin: Assessment of the “microtubule hypothesis of melatonin action,” in:“Melatonin: Current Status and Perspectives,” N. Birau and W. Schloot, eds., p. 247, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali, D. P., Faigón, M. R., Scacchi, P., and Moguilevsky, J., 1979, Failure of melatonin to increase serum prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats subjected to superior cervical ganglionectomy or pinealectomy, J. Endocr., 82: 315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali, D. P., Nagle, C. A., and Rosner, J. M., 1974, Periodic changes in rat retinal and pineal melatonin synthesis, Acta Physiol. Latino. Amer., 24: 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali, D. P., Vacas, M. I., and Gejman, P. V., 1981, The sympathetic superior cervical ganglia as peripheral neuroendocrine centers, J. Neural Transmission, 52: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali, D. P., and Wurtman, R. J., 1972, Hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferases in rat pineal, retina and Harderian gland, Endocrinology, 91: 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clabough, J. W., and Norvell, J. E., 1973, Effects of castration, blinding, and the pineal gland on the Harderian glands of the male Golden Hamster, Neuroendocrinology, 3: 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, J.-P., 1969, Contribution à l’étude de l’organe pinéal. De l’épiphyse sensorielle à la glande pinéale: Modalités de transformation et implications fonctionelles, Ann. Sta. Biol. Besseen-Chandesse, 1: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, J.-P., Recent advances in pineal cytochemistry. Evidence of the production of indoleamines and proteinaceous substances by rudimentary photoreceptor cells and pinealocytes of Amniota, Prog. Brain Res., 52: 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie, J. R., Hollyfield, J. G., and Rayborn, M. E., 1978, Rod outer segments elongate in constant light: Darkness is required for normal shedding, Vision Res., 18: 995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, J. F., and Quay, W. B., in press, Stimulatory effects of melatonin on ependymal epithelium of choroid plexuses in Golden Hamsters, J. Neural Transmission., 18:995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detwiler, S. R., 1943, “Vertebrate Photoreceptors,” Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venecia, G., and Davis, M. G., 1963, Diurnal variation of intraocular pressure in the normal eye, Arch. Ophthal., 69: 752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easter, S. S., Jr., and Macy, A., 1978, Local control of retinomotor activity in the fish retina, Vision Res., 18: 937.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrario, V. F., Bianchi, R., Giunta, G., and Roveda, L., 1982, Circadian rhythm in human intraocular pressure, Chronobiologia, 9: 33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Follmann, P., 1977, Distribution of normal intraocular pressure. Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U. K., 97: 683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gern, W. A., Owens, D. W., and Ralph, C. L., 1978, The synthesis of melatonin by the trout retina, J. Exp. Zool., 206: 263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, A. I., 1982, The pineal gland does not mediate phase shifts in the disc shedding rhythm of the rat retina, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci., 22: 111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, A. I., Teirstein, P. S., and O’Brien, P. J., 1980, The role of ambient lighting in circadian disc shedding in the rod outer segment of the rat retina, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci., 19: 1257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, H. E., and Menaker, M., 1980, Retinal rhythms in chicks: Circadian variation in melatonin and serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77: 4998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, H. E., and Menaker, M., 1981, Pineal and retinal serotonin Nacetyltransferase activity: Modulation by phosphate, J. Neurochem., 37: 1567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. J., Phillips, J. A., and Ralph, C. L., 1981, Day-night rhythm in plasma melatonin in a mammal lacking a distinct pineal gland, the Nine-banded Armadillo, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 45: 212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Job, I., and Kahân, A., 1975, The porphyrin content of Harderian glands of rats and the melatonin-melanocyte stimulating hormone-system, Endokrinologie, 65: 308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joss, J. M. P., 1978, A rhythm in hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity in the scincid lizard, Lampropholas guichenoti, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 36: 521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalsow, C. M., and Wacker, W. B., 1978, Pineal gland involvement in retina-induced experimental allergic uveitis, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci., 17: 774.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kittrell, E. M. W., and Thiessen, D. D., 1981, Does the removal of the Harderian gland affect the physiology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)?, Physiol. Psychol., 9: 299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. C., and Moore, R. Y., 1979, Pineal N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: Control by the retinohypothalamic tract and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, Brain Res., 174: 245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, L. W., and Pickering, S. G., 1975, An efferent effect on a rhythmic response in the frog retina, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 53: 816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostellow, A. B., and Morrill, G. A., 1971, Tryptophan induction of the serotonin and kynurenine pathways in the early amphibian embryo, Nature New Biol., 231: 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, Y.-L., Lug, R., Yao, P. C., Hayasaka, S., and Hayasaka, I., 1980, Studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of light on rat retina, Acta Anat., 107: 407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanum, J., 1978, The damaging effects of light on the retina. Empirical findings, theoretical and practical implications, Surv. Ophthal., 22: 221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaVail, M. M., 1976a, Rod outer segment disc shedding in relation to cyclic lighting, Exp. Eye Res., 23: 277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaVail, M. M., 1976b, Rod outer segment disc shedding in rat retina: Relationship to cyclic lighting, Science, 194: 1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levey, A. J., Tetsuo, M., Markey, S. P., Goodwin, F. K., and Kopin, I. J., 1980, Pinealectomy abolishes plasma melatonin in the rat, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 50: 204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, W.-L., and Nadakavukaren, M. J., 1981, Harderian gland lipids of male and female Golden Hamsters, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 70: 627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, A. C., Wassermann, W., Meyer, B. J., Joubert, W. S., Roux, S., and Biagio, R., 1981, Melatonin rhythm in the Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus) and the effect of pinealectomy and superior cervical ganglionectomy on the rhythm. South African J. Sci., 77: 39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. Y., Heller, A., Bhatnager, R. K., Wurtman, R. J., and Axelrod, J., 1968, Central control of the pineal gland: Visual pathways, Arch. Neurol., 18: 208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagle, C. A., Cardinali, D. P., and Rosner, J. M., 1972, Light regulation of rat retinal hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) activity, Endocrinology, 91: 423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagle, C. A., Cardinali, D. P., and Rosner, J. M., 1973, Retinal and pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferases in the rat: Changes following cervical sympathectomy, pinealectomy or blinding, Endocrinology, 92: 1560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagle, C. A., Cardinali, D. P., and Rosner, J. M., 1974, Effects of castration and testosterone administration on pineal and retinal hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferases of male rats, Neuroendocrinology, 14: 14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Steen, W. K., 1970, Retinal and optic nerve serotonin and retinal degeneration as influenced by photoperiod, Exp. Neurol., 27: 194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Steen, W. K., Anderson, K. V., and Shear, C. R., 1974, Photoreceptor degeneration in albino rats: Dependency on age, Invest. Ophthal., 13: 334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Steen, W. K., Kraeer, S. L., and Shear, C. R., 1978, Extraocular muscle and Harderian gland degeneration and regeneration after exposure of rats to continuous fluorescent illumination, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci., 17: 847.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Steen, W. K., Shear, C. R., and Anderson, K. V., 1972, Retinal damage after prolonged exposure to visible light. A light and electron microscopic study, Am. J. Anat., 134: 5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, S. F., Brown, G. M., Grota, L. J., Chambers, J. W., and Rodman, R. L., 1977, Determination of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin activities in the pineal gland, retina, Harderian gland, brain and serum of rats and chickens, Neuroendocrinology, 23: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, S. F., and Ralph, C. L., 1975, Pineal and serum melatonin at midday and midnight following pinealectomy or castration in male rats, J. Exp. Zool., 193: 275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, S. F., and Yew, D. T., 1979, Pigment aggregation by melatonin in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid of Guinea-pigs, Cavia porcellus, Experientia, 35: 231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, S. F., Ye-r, D. T., and Tsui, H. W., 1978, Photomechanical changes in the retina and choroid of Guinea Pigs, Cavia porcellus, Neuroscience Letters, 10: 221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, S. F., Yu, H. S., Suen, H. C., and Brown, G. M., 1980, Melatonin in the retina of rats: A diurnal rhythm, J. Endocr., 87: 89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, S. F., Yu, H. S., and Tang, P. L., 1981, A diurnal rhythm of N-acetylserotonin in the retina of rats, Neuroscience Letters, 21: 197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panke, E. S., Reiter, R. J., and Rollag, M. D., 1979, Effect of removal of the Harderian glands on pineal melatonin concentrations in the Syrian Hamster, Experientia, 35: 1405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pévet, P., Balemans, M. G. M., Bary, F. A. M., and Noordegraaf, E. M., 1978, The pineal gland of the Mole (Talpa europaea, L.). V) Activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) in the formation of melatonin/5-methoxytryptophol in the eyes and the pineal gland, Ann. Biol. Anim. Bioch. Biophys., 18: 259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pévet, P., Balemans, M. G. M., Legerstee, W. C., and Vivien-Roels, B., 1980a, Circadian rhythmicity in the activity of HIOMT in the formation of melatonin and of 5-methoxytryptophol in the retina, Harderian gland and pineal of the male hamster, in: “Melatonin: Current Status and Perspectives,” N. Birau and W. Schloot, eds., p. 201, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pévet, P., Balemans, M. G. M., Legerstee, W. C., and Vivien-Roels, B., 1980b, Circadian rhythmicity of the activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) in the formation of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol in the pineal, retina, and Harderian gland of the Golden Hamster, J. Neural Transmission, 49: 229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pévet, P., Balemans, M. G. M., and de Reuver, G. F., 1981, The pineal gland of the Mole (Talpa europaea L). VII. Activity of hydroxyindole-0-methyltransferase (HIOMT) in the formation of 5-methoxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin in the eyes and the pineal gland, J. Neural Transmission, 51: 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poffenbarger, M., and Fuller, G. M., 1976, Is melatonin a microtubule inhibitor?, Exp. Cell Res., 103: 135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, G., and Reiter, R. J., 1974, Influence of intraocularlyinjected pineal indoles on PMS-induced ovulation in immature rats, Int. J. Fertil., 19: 117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, G., and Sorrentino, S., Jr., 1973, The influence of melatonin administered subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraocularly upon ovulation in the PMS-treated immature rat, Neuroendocrinology, 12: 354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W. B., 1965, Retinal and pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase activity in vertebrates, Life Sci., 4: 983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W. B., 1968, Comparative physiology of serotonin and melatonin, Adv. Pharmacol., 6: 283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W. B., 1974, “Pineal Chemistry in Cellular and Physiological Mechanisms,” Charles C Thomas, Springfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W. B., and McLeod, R. W., 1968, Melatonin and photic stimulation of cone contraction in the retina of larval Xenopus Zaevis, Anat. Rec., 160: 491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W. B., Payer, A. F., Parkening, T. A., Banerji, T. K., and Collins, T. J., 1982, Melatonin’s inhibition of pituitary, adrenal, testicular and accessory gland growth in male Golden Hamsters: Pineal dependence and organ differences with shielding and intracranial surgery, J. Neural Transmission, 53: 59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W. B., Smart, L. I., and Hafeez, M. A., 1969, Substrate specificity and tissue localization of acetylserotonin methyltransferase in eyes of trout (Salmo gairdneri), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 28: 947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, C. L., 1980, Melatonin production by extra-pineal tissues, in: “Melatonin: Current Status and Perspectives,” N. Birau and W. Schloot, eds., p. 35, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R. J., 1973, Comparative effects of continual lighting and pinealectomy on the eyes, the Harderian glands and reproduction in pigmented and albino rats, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 44: 503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R. J., Blask, D. E., Johnson, L. Y., Rudeen, P. K., Vaughan, M. K., and Waring, P. J., 1976, Melatonin inhibition of reproduction in the male hamster: Its dependency upon time of day of administration and on an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland, Neuroendocrinology, 22: 107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R. J., and Klein, D. C., 1971, Observations on the pineal gland, the Harderian glands, the retina, and the reproductive organs of adult female rats exposed to continuous light, J. Endocr., 51: 117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R. J., Richardson, B. A., and Hurlbut, E. C., 1981, Pineal, retinal and Harderian gland melatonin in a diurnal species, the Richardson’s Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), Neuroscience Letters, 22: 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Repérant, J., Vesselkin, N. P., Rio, J. P., Ermakova, T. V., Miceli, D., Peyrichoux, and Weidner, C., 1981, La voie visuelle centrifuge n’existe-t-elle que chez les oiseaux?, Rev. Can. Biol., 40: 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackman, J. W., Little, J. C., Rudeen, P. K., Waring, P. J., and Reiter, R. J., 1977, The effects of pineal indoles given late in the light period on reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels in male Golden Hamsters, Hormone Res., 8: 84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sagar, S. M., Martin, J. B., and Reppert, S. M., 1982, Circadian rhythm of melatonin content in chick retina, Endocrine Soc. Prog. and Abstracts, 990: 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, T., 1981, The mammalian Harderian gland: Morphology, biochem- istry, function and phylogeny, Arch. Histol. Japon., 44: 299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxén, L., 1954, The development of the visual cells, embryological and physiological investigations on Amphibia, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, IV. Biol., 23: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semm, P., Demaine, C., and Vollrath, L., 1980, The effects of microelectrophoretically applied melatonin, putative transmitters, thyroxine and sex hormones on the electrical activity of pineal cell in the Guinea-pig, in: “Melatonin: Current Status and Perspectives,” N. Birau and W. Schloot, eds., p. 129, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirama, K., Furuya, T., Takeo, Y., Shimizu, K., and Maekawa, K., 1981, Influences of some endocrine glands and of hormone replacement on the porphyrins of the Harderian glands of mice, J. Endocr., 91: 305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, O., and Yagi, K., 1978, A nonisotopic assay for acetylserotonin methyltransferase, Analyt. Biochem., 88: 580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin, L., Hollister, C. W., Lefebvre, N. G., and Goldman, B. D., 1977, Melatonin induction of gonadal quiescence in pinealectomized Syrian Hamsters, Science, 198: 953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teirstein, P. S., Goldman, A. I., and O’Brien, P. J., 1980, Evidence for both local and central regulation of rat rod outer segment disc shedding, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci., 19: 1268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tetsuo, M., Perlow, M. J., Mishkin, M., and Markey, S. P., 1982, Light exposure reduces and pinealectomy virtually stops urinary excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin by Rhesus Monkeys, Endocrinology, 110: 997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen, D. D., 1977, Thermoenergetics and the evolution of pheromone communication, Prog. Psychobiol. Physiol. Psychol., 7: 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen, D. D., Clancy, A., and Goodwin, M., 1976, Harderian gland pheromone in the Mongolian Gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. J. Chem. Ecol., 2: 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen’, D. D., Graham, M., Perkins, J., and Marcks, S., 1977, Temperature regulation and social grooming in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), Behay. Biol., 19: 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turek, F. W., 1977, Antigonadal effect of melatonin in pinealectomized and intact male hamsters, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 155: 31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vivien-Roels, B., Pévet, P., Dubois, M. P., Arendt, J., and Brown, G. M., 1981, Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of melatonin in the pineal gland, the retina and the Harderian gland, Cell Tissue Res., 217: 105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. H., and Osborn, C. M., 1937, Diurnal changes in the retina of the catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus. J. Comp. Neurol., 66: 349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg, L., Geller, E., and Yuwiler, A., 1970a, Harderian gland: An extraretinal photoreceptor influencing the pineal gland in neonatal rats, Science, 167: 884.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg, L., Yuwiler, A., Ulrich, R., Geller, E., and Wallace, R., 1970b, Harderian gland: Influence on pineal hydroxyindole-0methyltransferase activity in neonatal rats, Science, 170: 194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worthen, D. M., 1978, Intraocular pressure and its diurnal variation, in: “Glaucoma. Conceptions of a Disease,” K. Heilmann and K. T. Richardson, eds., p. 54, Georg Thieme Publ., Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J., Axelrod, J., and Potter, L. T., 1964, The uptake of H3 - melatonin in endocrine and nervous tissues and the effects of constant light exposure, J. Pharmacol., 143: 314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J., Axelrod, J., Chu, E. W., Heller, A., and Moore, R. Y., 1967, Medial forebrain lesions: Blockade of effects of light on rat gonads and pineal, Endocrinology, 81: 509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H. S., Pang, S. F., and Tang, P. L., 1981a, Increase in the level of retinal melatonin and persistence of its diurnal rhythm in rats after pinealectomy, J. Endocr., 91: 477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H. S., Pang, S. F., Tang, P. L., and Brown, G. M., 1981, Persistence of circadian rhytms of melatonin and N-acetylserotonin in the serum of rats after pinealectomy, Neuroendocrinology, 32: 262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroendocrine Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA

    W. B. Quay

Authors
  1. W. B. Quay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    J. Axelrod

  2. University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    F. Fraschini

  3. University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    G. P. Velo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Quay, W.B. (1983). Humoral Interrelations of the Pineal Gland with Lateral Eyes and Orbital Glands. In: Axelrod, J., Fraschini, F., Velo, G.P. (eds) The Pineal Gland and its Endocrine Role. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series, vol 65. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1451-7_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1451-7_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1453-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1451-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation