Abstract
Fluoride is distributed ubiquitously in nature in several forms and enters the human system by several routes. The most important of these is ingestion of fluoride through drinking water. High levels of fluoride in water have been described from all the continents in the world1. However, disease in man due to fluoride toxicity in endemic forms has been identified in only some countries of which India stands distinctly. The disease endemic fluorosis is the result of chronic excessive accumulation of environmental fluoride in human organs; the most important of which is the skeletal system. The basic pathology of fluoride toxicity lies in its affinity for bone wherein the former enters as an integral component of the apatite crystal. Extensive epidemiological studies carried out form time to time in the rural parts of India had indicated that endemic fluorosis is characterized by skeletal changes such as kyphosis, exostoses formation, cervical spondylopathy, sclerosis and also calcification of ligaments, tendons, interosseous membranes and muscular attachments2, 3, 4. In a majority of earlier studies the fluoride content of water in endemic areas had been up to 16 ppm.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
WHO. Fluoride and Human Health. WHO Monograph Series no. 59, 1970.
Shortt, H.E., Pandit, C.G., and Raghavachari, T.N.S., Ind. Med. Gaz., 72: 396 (1937).
Singh, A. and Jolly, S.S., Q.J. Med., 30: 357 (1961).
Siddiqui, A.H., Brit. Med. J., 2: 1408 (1955).
Krishnamachari, D.A.V.R. and Kamala Krishnaswamy. Lancet. 2: 877
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. and Kamala Krishnaswamy. Ind. J. Med. Res., 62: 1415 (1974).
Sivakumar, B. and Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. Horm. Metab. Res., 8: 317 (1976).
Sivakumar, B. Horm. Metab. Res., 9: 436 (1977).
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. and Sivakumar, B. Fluoride., 9: 185 (1976).
Narasinga Rao., B.S., Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. and Vijayasarathy, C. Brit. J. Nutr. (In Press), 1978.
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. Ind. J. Med. Res., 64: 284 (1976).
Deosthale, Y.G., Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. and Belavady, B. Ind. J. Agri. Sci., 47: 333 (1977).
Lakshmaiaha, N. and Srikantia, S.G. Ind. J. Med. Res., 65: 543 (1977).
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. Proc. Symp. Fluorosis., Hyd., 519: (1974).
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. Ind. J. Med. Res., 65: 476 (1975).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. (1980). Studies in Endemic Genu Valgum — A Manifestation of Fluoride Toxicity in India. In: Santos, W., Lopes, N., Barbosa, J.J., Chaves, D., Valente, J.C. (eds) Nutritional Biochemistry and Pathology. Nutrition and Food Science, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1349-7_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1349-7_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1351-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1349-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive