Abstract
The H-ras1 gene is a member of the ras family (1, 2). It is the smallest of the family occupying approximately 3.5 kb of DNA. It encodes a protein of 21, 000 daltons which possesses GDP and GTP binding and GTPase activities. The viral p21 also exhibits autophcephorylating activity. Although the function of the ras p21 proteins is not known they are assumed to be signal transducers because of their structural and functional similarities with G proteins (1,2).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. Barbacid. Ras genes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56 :779 (1987).
D.A. Spandidos. Ras oncogenes in cell transformation. ISI Atlas of Science. Immunology 1:1 (1988).
R. Muller, D.J. Slarron, J.M. Tremblay, M.J. Caine and I. Verna. Differential expression of cellular oncogenes during pre- and postnatal development of the mouse. Nature 299:640 (1982).
J. Leon, I. Guerrrero and A. Fellicer. Differential expression of the ras gene family in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 :1535 (1987).
D.A. Spandidos and T. Dimitrov. High expression levels of ras p21 protein in normal mause heart tissues. Biosci. Rep. 5:1035 (1985).
M.E. Furth, T.H. Aldrich and C. Cordon-Cardo. Expression of ras proto-oncogene proteins in normal human tissues. Oncogene 1:47 (1987).
D.A. Spandidos and I.B. Kerr. Elevated expression of the martian ras oncogene family in preznal ignant and malignant tumors of the colores turn. Br. J. Cancer 49:681 (1984).
D.A. Spandidos and N.J. Agnantis. Human malignant tumors of the breast as compared to their respective normal tissue have elevated expression of the Harvey ras oncogene. Anticancer Res. 4:269 (1984).
D.A. Spandidos, A. Lanothe and J.N. Field. Multiple transcriptional activation of cellular oncogenes in the human head and neck solid tumors. Anticancer Res. 5 :221 (1985).
A.R.W. Williams, J. Piris, D.A. Spandidos and A.H. Wyllie. Imnuuinýohistochemical detection of the ras oncogene Za21 product in an experimental tutrrýr and in human colorectal neoplasms. Br. J. Cancer 52:687 (1985).
M.V. Viola, F. Frorrcwitz, S. Oravez, S. Deb and J. Schlan. Ras oncogene p21 expression is increased in premalignant lesions and high grade bladder carcinoma. J. Exp. Med. 161:1213 (1985).
N.J. Agnantis, C. Eetraki, P. Markoulataps and D.A. Spandidos. Immunohistochemical study of the ras oncogene expression in human breast lesions. Anticancer Res. 6 :1157 (1986).
N.J. Agnantis, D.A. Spandidos, H. Mahera, P. Parissi, A. Kakkanas, A. Pintzas and N.X. Papaharalampous. I munohistochenical study of ras oncogene expression in er oretrial and cervical human lesion. Eur. J. Gyn. Oncol. 7:1 (1988).
T. Clair, W.R. Miller and Y.S. Cho-Chung. Prognostic signif icance of the expression of a ras protein with a molecular weight of 21,000 by hurran breast cancer. Cancer Res. 47 :5290 (1987).
D.A. Spandidos. Oncogene activation in malignant transformation: A study of H-Ras in Mohan breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 7:991 (1987).
E.H. Chang, M.E. Furth, E.M. Scolnick and D.R. Lary. Ttrigenic transformation of mammal ian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey muririne sarcam a virus. Nature 297:478 (1982).
D.A. Spandidos and N.M. Wilkie. Malignant transformation of early passage rodent cells >by a single mutated human oncogene. Nature 310:469 (1984).
D.A. Lidos. Mechanism of carcinogenesis: the role of oncogenes, transcriptional enhancers and growth factors., Anticancer Res. 5:485 (1985).
D.J. Capon, E.Y. Chen, A.D. Levinson, P.H. Seeburg and D.V. Goeddel. Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene and its normal homologue. Nature 302:33 (1983).
S. Ishii, G.T. Merlino and I. Pastan. Promoter region of the huoman Harvey ras proto-oncogene: similarity to the EFG receptor proto-on cogene promoter. Science 230:1378 (1985).
S. Ishii, J.T. Kadonaga, R. Tjian, J.N. Brady, G.T. Merlino and I. Pastan. Binding of the Spi transcription factor by the human Harvey ras1 protooncogene promoter. Science 232:1410 (1986).
D.A. Spandidos, R.A.B. Nicholls, N.M. Wilkie and A. Pintzas. Phorbol ester responsive H-1 gene pranoter contains multiple TPA-inducible/AF-1 binding consensus sequence elements. FEBS Letters. In Press.
H. Honkawa, W. Masahashi, S. Hashimoto and T. Hashimoto-Gotoh. Identification of the principal promoter sequence of the c-H-ras transforming oncogene: Deletion analysis of the 5’-flanking region by focus formation assay. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 :2933 (1987).
D.A. ados and M. Riggio. Promoter and enhancer like activity at the 5’-end of normal and 724 Ha-ras1 genes. FEBS Lett. 203–169 (1986).
W.S. Trimble and N. Hozumi. Deletion analysis of the c-Ha-ras oncogene promoter. FEES Lett. 219:70 (1987).
D.A. Spandidos and L. Holmes. Transcriptional enhancer activity in the variable tandem repeat DNA sequence clawnstream of the human Ha-ras1 gene. FEBS Lett. 218:41 (1987).
J.B. Cohen, M.V. Walter and A.D. Levinson. A repetitive sequence element 3’ of the human c-Ha-ras1 gene has enhancer activity. J. Cell. Phys. Suppl. 5:75 (1987).
D.A. Spandidos and A. Pintzas. Differential potency and trans-activation of normal and mutant 724 human H-ras1 gene prompters. FEBS Letters 232:269 (1988).
J.B. Cohen and A.D. Levinson. A point mutation in the last intron responsible for increased expression and transforming activity of the c-Ha-ras oncogene. Nature 334:119 (1988).
J.L. Bos, E.R. Fearon, S.R. Hamilton, M. Barlaam-de Vries, J.H. van Boars, A. Van der Flo and B. Vogelstein. Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers. Nature 327 :293 (1987).
K. Forrester, C. Alrroguera, K. Han, W.E. Grizzle and M. Perucho. Detecticn of high inciclerice of k-ras oncogenes during human colon turrorigenesis. Nature 327:298 (1987).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Spandidos, D.A. (1989). Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences in the H-ras1 Gene. In: Spandidos, D. (eds) ras Oncogenes. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1235-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1235-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1237-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1235-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive