Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute, multisystem febrile illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The currently accepted criteria for confirming a case of Tss include fever, hypotension, a diffuse erythematous macular rash, subsequent desquamation, evidence of multisystem involvement, and lack of evidence of another likely cause of the illness (Table 1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Altemeier, W. A., Lewis, S. A., Schlievert, P. M., Bergdoll, M. S., Bjornson, H. S., Staneck, J. L., and Crass, B. A., Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome: Phage typing and toxin capability testing, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2):978–982 (1982).
Altemeier,W. A., Lewis, S. A., Schlievert, P. M., and Bjornson, H. S., Studies of the staphylococcal causation of toxic shock syndrome, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 153:481–485 (1981).
Aranow, H., Jr., and Wood, W. B., Staphylococcal infection simulating scarlet fever, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 119:1491–1495 (1942).
Arko, R. J., Rasheed, J. K., Broome, C. V., Chandler, F. W., and Paris, A. L., A rabbit model of toxic shock syndrome: Clinicopathological features, J. Infect. 8:205–211 (1984).
Arnow, P. M., Chou, T., Weil, D., Crass, B. A., and Bergdoll, M. S., Spread of a toxic-shock syndrome-associated strain of Staphylococcus aureus and measurement of antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxin F, J. Infect. Dis. 149:103–107 (1984).
Barbour, A. G., Vaginal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome, Infect. Immun. 33:442–449 (1981).
Bartlett, P., Reingold, A. L., Graham, D. R., Dan, B. B., Selinger, D. S., Tank, G. W., and Wichterman, K. A., Toxic shock syndrome associated with surgical wound infections, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 247:1448–1450 (1982).
Bergdoll, M. S., Crass, B. A., Reiser, R. F., Robbins, R. N., and Davis, J. P., A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F, associated with toxic-shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus isolates, Lancet 1:1017–1021 (1981).
Berkley, S. F., Hightower, A. W., Broome, C. V., and Reingold, A. L., The relationship of tampon characteristics to menstrual toxic shock syndrome, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:917–920 (1987).
Best, G. K., Abney, T. O., Kling, J. M., Kirkland,J. J., and Scott, D. F., Hormonal influence on experimental infections by a toxic shock strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Infect. Immun. 52:331–333 (1986).
Best, G. K., Scott,D. F., Kling, J. M., Crowell, W. F., and Kirkland, J. J., Enhanced susceptibility of male rabbits to infection with a toxic shock strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Infect. Immun. 46:727–732 (1984).
Bonventre, P. F., Linnemann, C., Weckbach, L. S., Staneck,J. L., Buncher,C. R., Vigdorth,E., Ritz,H., Archer, D., and Smith,B., Antibody responses to toxicshock-syndrome (Tss) toxin by patients with Tss and by healthy staphylococcal carriers, J. Infect. Dis. 150:662–666 (1984).
Broome, C. V., Hayes,P. S., Ajello, G. W., Feeley, J. C., Gibson, R. J., Graves, L. M., Hancock, G. A., Anderson, R. L., Highsmith, A. K., Mackel, D. C., Hargrett, N. T., and Reingold, A. L., In-vitro studies of interactions between tampons and Staphylococcus aureus, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 959–962 (1982).
Centers for Disease Control, Follow-up on toxic-shock syndrome-United States, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 29:297–299 (1980).
Centers for Disease Control, Toxic-shock syndrome-United States, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 29:229–230 (1980).
Centers for Disease Control, Toxic-shock syndrome-United States, 1970–1982, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 31:201–204 (1982).
Chow,A. W., Gribble,M. J., and Bartlett, K. H., Characterization of the hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with toxic shock syndrome, J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:524–528 (1983).
Chu, M. C., Melish, M. E., and James, J. F., Tryptophan auxotypy associated with Staphylococcus aureus that produce toxic-shock-syndrome toxin, J. Infect. Dis. 151:1157–1158 (1985).
Corbishley, C. M., Microbial flora of the vagina and cervix, J. Clin. Pathol. 30:745–748 (1977).
Davis, J. P., Chesney, P. J., Wand, P. J., Laventure, M., and the Investigation and Laboratory Team, Toxic-shock syndrome: Epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention, N. Engl. J. Med. 303:1429–1435 (1980).
De Azavedo,J. C. S., and Arbuthnott, J. P., Toxicity of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in rabbits, Infect. Immun. 46:314–317 (1984).
Everett, E. D., Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) in adults, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242:542–543 (1979).
Faich, G., Pearson, K., Fleming, D.,Sobel, S., and Anello, C., Toxic shock syndrome and the vaginal contraceptive sponge, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 255:216–218 (1986).
Fisher,C. J., Jr., Horowitz, B. Z., and Nolan, S. M., The clinical spectrum of toxic-shock syndrome, West. J. Med. 135:175–182 (1981).
Friedrich,E. G., and Siegesmund, K. A., Tampon-associated vaginal ulcerations, Obstet. Gynecol. 55:149–156 (1980).
Fujikawa, H., Igarashi,H., Usami, H., Tanaka,S., and Tamura,H., Clearance of endotoxin from blood of rabbits injected with staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, Infect. Immun. 52:134–137 (1986).
Garbe, P. L., Arum,R. J., Reingold, A. L., Graves, L. M., Hayes, P. S., Hightower, A. W., Chandler, F. W., and Broome, C. V., Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 253:2538–2542 (1985).
Green, S. L., and Lapeter, K. S., Evidence for postpartum toxic-shock syndrome in a mother-infant pair, Am. J. Med. 72:169–172 (1982).
Guinan, M. E., Dan, B. B., Guidotti, R. J., Reingold, A. L., Schmid, G. P., Bettoli, E. J., Lossick, J. G., Shands, K. N., Kramer, M. A., Hargrett, N. T., Anderson, R. L., and Broome, C. V., Vaginal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in healthy women: A review of four studies, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 944–947 (1982).
Gustafson, T. L., Swinger, G. L., Booth, A. L. Hutcheson, R. H., Jr.and Schaffner, W., Survey of tampon use and toxic shock syndrome, Tennessee, 1979 tc 1981, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 143:369–374 (1982).
Hayes, P. S., Graves, L. M., Feeley, J. C., Hancock, G. A., Cohen, M. L., Reingold, A. L., Broome, C. V., ANr Hightower, A. W., Production of toxic-shock-associated protein(s) in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 1956 through 1982, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20:43–46 (1984).
Helgerson, S. D., and Foster, L. R., Toxic shock syndrome in Oregon: Epidemiologic findings, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 909–911 (1982).
Ikejima, T., Dinarello, C. A., Gill, D. M., and Wolff, S. M., Induction of human interleukin-1 by a product of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome, J. Clin. Invest. 73:1312–1320 (1984).
Irwin, C. E., and Millstein, S. G., Emerging patterns of tampon use in the adolescent female: The impact of toxic shock syndrome, Am. J. Public Health 72:464–467 (1982).
Irwin, C. E., and Millstein, S. G., Predictors of tampon use in adolescents after media coverage of toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 966–968 (1982).
Jacobson, J. A., Kasworm,E. M., Crass, B. A., and Bergdoll, M. S., Nasal carriage of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and prevalence of serum antibody to toxic-shocksyndrome toxin 1 in Utah, J. Infect. Dis. 153:356–359 (1986).
Kass, E. H., Kendrick, M. I., Tsai, Y.-C., and Parsonnet, J., Interaction of magnesium ion, oxygen tension, and temperature in the production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus, J. Infect. Dis. 155:812–815 (1987).
Kehrberg, M. W., Latham, R. H., Haslam, B. R., Hightower, A., Tanner, M., Jacobson, J. A., Barbour, A. G., Nobel, V., and Smith, C. B., Risk factors for staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome, Am. J. Epidemiol. 114:873–879 (1981).
Kirkland, J. J., and Widder,J. S., Hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose tampon material [letter], Lancet 1:1041–1042 (1983).
Kreiswirth, B. N., Kravitz, G. R., Schlievert, P. M., and Novick, R. P., Nosocomial transmission of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus causing toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 105:704–707 (1986).
Kreiswirth, B. N., Lofdahl, S., Betley, M. J., O’Reilly, M., Schlievert, P. M., Bergdoll, M. S., and NovicK, R. P., The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage [letter], Nature 305:709–712 (1983).
Kreiswirth, B. N., Novick, R. P., Schlievert, P. M., and Bergdoll, M., Genetic studies on staphylococcal strains from patients with toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 974–977 (1982).
Kushnaryov, V. M., Macdonald, H. S., Reiser, R., and Bergdoll, M. S., Staphylococcal toxic shock toxin specifically binds to cultured human epithelial cells and is rapidly internalized, Infect. Immun. 45:566–571 (1984).
Lansdell, L. W., Taplin, D., and Aldrich, T. E., Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from multiple body sites in menstruating women, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20:307–310 (1984).
Larkin, S. M., Williams, D. N., Osterholm, M. T., Tofte, R. W., and Posalaky, Z., Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings in nine fatal cases, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 858–864 (1982).
Linnemann, C. C., Jr., and Knarr, D., Increasing incidence of toxic shock syndrome in the 1970s, Am. J. Public Health 76:566–567 (1986).
Linnemann, C. C., Staneck, J. L., Hornstein, S., Barden, T. P., Rauh, J. L., Bonventre, P. F., Buncher, C. R., and Beiting, A., The epidemiology of genital colonization with Staphylococcus aureus, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 940–944 (1982).
Macdonald, K. L., Osterholm, M. T., Hedberg, C. W., Schrock, C. G., Peterson, G. F., Jentzen, J. M., Leonard, S. A., and Schlievert, P. M., Toxic shock syndrome. A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenzalike illness, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 257:1053–1058 (1987).
Markowitz, L. E., Hightower, A. W., Broome, C. V., and Reingold, A. L., Toxic shock syndrome. Evaluation of national surveillance data using a hospital discharge survey, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:75–78 (1987).
Martin, R. R., Buttram,V., Besch, P., Kirkland, J. J., and Petty, G. P., Nasal and vaginal Staphylococcus aureus in young women: Quantitative studies, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 951–953 (1982).
Mills, J. T., Parsonnet, J., and Kass, E. H., Production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1: Effect of magnesium ion, J. Infect. Dis. 153:993–994 (1986).
Mills, J. T., Parsonnet, J., Tsai, Y.-C., Kendrick, M., Hickman, R. K., and Kass, E. H., Control of production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 (Tsst-1) by magnesium ion, J. Infect. Dis. 151:1158–1161 (1985).
Noble, V. S., Jacobson, J. A., and Smith, C. B., The effect of menses and use of catamenial products on cervical carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 144:186–189 (1982).
Onderdonk, A. B., Zamarchi,G. R., Walsh, J. A., Mellor, R. D., Munoz, A., and Kass, E. H., Methods for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of vaginal microflora during menstruation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:333–339 (1986).
Osterholm, M. T., and Forfang, J. C., Toxic-shock syndrome in Minnesota: Results of an active-passive surveillance system, J. Infect. Dis. 145:458–464 (1982).
Osterholm, M. T., Davis, J. P., and Gibson, R. W., Tristate toxic-shock syndrome study. I. Epidemiologic findings, J. Infect. Dis. 145:431–440 (1982).
Paris, A. L., Herwaldt,L. A., Blum, D., Schmid, G. P., Shands, K. N., and Broome, C. V., Pathologic findings in twelve fatal cases of toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 852–857 (1982).
Parsonnet, J., Hickman,R. K., Eardley, D. D., and Pier, G. B., Induction of human interleukin-1 by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, J. Infect. Dis. 151:514–522 (1985).
Parsonnet,J., Gillis, Z. A., Richter, A. G., and Pier, G. B., A rabbit model of toxic shock syndrome that uses a constant, subcutaneous infusion of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, Infect. Immun. 55:1070–1076 (1987).
Petitti, D. B., Reingold, A. L., and Chin, J., The incidence of toxic shock syndrome in northern California, 1972 through 1983, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 255:368–372 (1986).
Petitti, D. B., and Reingold, A. L., Update through 1985 on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome among members of a prepaid health plan, Rev. Infect. Dis. 11(Suppl. 1): 22–27 (1989).
Poindexter, N. J., and Schlievert, P. M., Toxic-shocksyndrome toxin 1-induced proliferation of lymphocytes: Comparison of the mitogenic response of human, murine, and rabbit lymphocytes, J. Infect. Dis. 151:65–72 (1985).
Poindexter, N. J., and Schlievert, P. M., Suppression of immunoglobulin-screening cells from human peripheral blood by toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1, J. Infect. Dis. 153:772–779 (1986).
Pollack, M., Weinberg, W. G., Hoskins, W. J., O’Brien, W. F. Iannini, P. B., Anderson, S. E., and Schlievert, P. M., Toxinogenic vaginal infections due to Staphylococcus aureus in menstruating rhesus monkeys without toxic-shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 147:963–964 (1983).
Rasheed, J. K., Arko, R. J., Feeley, J. C., Chandler,F. W., Thornsberry, C., Gibson,R. J., Cohen,M. L., Jeffries, C. D., and Broome, C. V., Acquired ability of Staphylococcus aureus to produce toxic shock-associated protein and resulting illness in a rabbit model, Infect. Immun. 47:598–604 (1985).
Reingold, A. L., Epidemiology of toxic-shock syndrome, United States, 1960–1984, Centers for Disease Control, Cdc Surveillance Summaries 33(3SS): 1955–2255 (1984).
Reingold, A. L., On the proposed screening definition for toxic shock syndrome by Todd et al. [letter], Am. J. Epidemiol. 122:918–919 (1985).
Reingold, A.L., Broome, C.V., Gaventa, S., Hightower, A.W., and the Tss Study Group, Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: Results of a multistate case-control study, Rev. Infect. Dis. 11(Suppl. 1): 35–42 (1989).
Reingold, A. L., Dan, B. B., Shands, K. N., and Broome, C. V., Toxic-shock syndrome not associated with menstruation: A review of 54 cases, Lancet 1:1–4 (1982).
Reingold, A. L., Hargrett, N. T., Dan, B. B., Shands, K. N., Strickland, B. Y., and Broome, C. V., Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome: A review of 130 cases, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 871–874 (1982).
Reingold, A. L., Hargrett, N. T., Shands, K. N., Dan, B. B., Schmid, G. P., Strickland, B. Y., and Broome, C. V., Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980 to 1981, Ann. Intern. Med. 92(Part 2): 875–880 (1982).
Reiser, R. F., Robbins, R. N., Khoe, G. P., and Bergdoll, M. S., Purification and some physicochemical properties of toxic-shock toxin, Biochemistry 22:3907–3912 (1983).
Ritz, H. L., Kirkland, J. J., Bond, G. G., Warner, E. K., and Petty, G. P., Association of high levels of serum antibody to staphylococcal toxic shock antigen with nasal carriage of toxic shock antigen-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Infect. Immun. 43:954–958 (1984).
Schlech, W. F., Shands, K. N., Reingold, A. L., Dan, B. B., Schmid, G. P., Hargrett, N. T., Hightower, A., Herwaldt, L. A., Neill, M. A., Band, J. D., and Bennett, J. V., Risk factors for the development of toxic shock syndrome: Association with a tampon brand, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 248:835–839 (1982).
Schlievert, P. M., Enhancement of host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C, Infect. Immun. 36:123–128 (1982).
Schlievert, P. M., Alteration of immune function by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: Possible role in toxicshock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 147:391–398 (1983).
Schlievert, P. M., Effect of magnesium on production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus, J. Infect. Dis. 152:618–620 (1985).
Schlievert, P. M., Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 are significantly associated with nonmenstrual Tss [letter], Lancet 1: 1149–1150 (1986).
Schlievert, P. M., and Blomster, D. A., Production of staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C: Influence of physical and chemical factors, J. Infect. Dis. 147:236–242 (1983).
Schlievert,P. M., Shands, K. N., Dan, B. B., Schmid,G. P., and Nishimura, R. D., Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic-shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 143:509–516 (1981).
Schlievert, P. M., Osterholm, M. T., Kelly, J. A., and Nishimura, R. D., Toxin and enzyme characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with and without toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 937–940 (1982).
Schlievert, P. M., Blomster, D. A., and Kelly, J. A., Toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus: Effect of tampons on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production, Obstet. Gynecol. 64:666–670 (1984).
Scott, D. F., Kling, J. M., Kirkland, J. J., and Best, G. K., Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with toxic shock syndrome, using polyethylene infection chambers in rabbits, Infect. Immun. 39:383–387 (1983).
Scott, D. F., Kling, J. M., and Best, G. K., Immunological protection of rabbits infected with Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with toxic shock syndrome, Infect. Immun. 53:441–444 (1986).
Shands, K. N., Schmid, G. P., Dan, B. B., Blum, D., Guidotti,R. J., Hargrett, N. T., Anderson, R. L., Hill,D. L., Broome, C. V., Band, J. D., and Fraser, D. W., Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women: Its association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and the clinical features in 52 cases, N. Engl. J. Med. 303:1436–1442 (1980).
Smith,C. B., Noble, V., Bensch, R., Ahlin,P. A., Jacobson, J. A., and Latham, R. H., Bacterial flora of the vagina during the menstrual cycle: Findings in users of tampons, napkins, and sea sponges, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 948–951 (1982).
Sperber, S. J., and Francis, J. B., Toxic shock syndrome during an influenza outbreak, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 257:1086–1087 (1987).
Stevens, F. A., The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus infection with a scarlatiniform rash, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 88:1957–1958 (1927).
Stolz, S. J., Davis, J. P., Vergeront, J. M., Crass, B. A., Chesney, P. J., Wand, P. J., and Bergdoll,M. S., Development of serum antibody to toxic shock toxin among individuals with toxic shock syndrome in Wisconsin, J. Infect. Dis. 151:883–889 (1985).
Tierno, P. M., Jr., and Hanna, B. A., In vitro amplification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by intravaginal devices, Contraception 31:185–194 (1985).
Tierno, P. M., Jr., Hanna,B. A., and Davies, M. B., Growth of toxic-shock-syndrome strain of Staphylococcus aureus after enzymic degradation of ‘Rely’ tampon component, Lancet 1:615–618 (1983).
Tierno, P. M., Jr.,Malloy, V., Matias, J. R., and Hanna, B. A., Effects of toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus, endotoxin and tampons in a mouse model, Clin. Invest. Med. 10:64–70 (1987).
Todd, J. K., Fishaut, M., Kapral, F., and Welch, T., Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I staphylococci, Lancet 2:1116–1118 (1978).
Todd, J. K., Franco-Buff,A., Lawellin, D. W., and Vasil, M. L., Phenotypic distinctiveness of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with toxic shock syndrome, Infect. Immun. 45:339–344 (1984).
Todd, J. K., Wiesenthal, A. M., Ressman, M., Castan, S. A., and Hopkins, R. S., Toxic shock syndrome. II. Estimated occurrence in Colorado as influenced by case ascertainment methods, Am. J. Epidemiol. 122:857–867 (1985).
Todd,J. K., Todd, B. H., Franco-Buff, A., Smith, C. M., and Lawellin,D., Influence of focal growth conditions on the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 155:673–681 (1987).
Tofte, R. W., and Williams, D. N., Toxic-shock syndrome: Evidence of a broad clinical spectrum, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246:2163–2167 (1981).
Van Miert, A. S. J. P. A. M., Van Duin, C. T. M., and Schotman, A. J. H., Comparative observations of fever and associated clinical hematological and blood biochemical changes after intravenous administration of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and F (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1) in goats, Infect. Immun. 46:354–360 (1984).
Vergeront,J. M., Evenson,M. L., Crass, B. A., Davis, J. P. Bergdoll, M. S., Wand, P. J., Noble, J. H., and Petersen, G. K., Recovery of staphylococcal enterotoxin F from the breast milk of a woman with toxic-shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 146:456–459 (1982).
Vergeront,J. M., Stolz, S. J., Crass, B. A., Nelson,D. B., Davis, J. P., and Bergdoll, M. S., Prevalence of serum antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxin F among Wisconsin residents: Implications for toxic-shock syndrome, J. Infect. Dis. 148:692–698 (1983).
Wagner, G., Bohr,L., Wagner,P., and Petersen, L. N., Tampon-induced changes in vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 148:147–150 (1984).
Wiesenthal, A. M., Ressman,M., Caston, S. A., and Todd, J. K., Toxic shock syndrome. I. Clinical exclusion of other syndromes by strict and screening definitions, Am. J. Epidemiol. 122:847–856 (1985).
12. Suggested Reading
Chesney, P. J., Davis, J. P., Purdy, W. K., Wand, P. J., and Chesney, K. W., Clinical manifestations of the toxic shock syndrome, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246:741–748 (1981).
Division of Health Sciences Policy, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine, Toxic shock syndrome. Assessment of current information and future research needs, National Academy Press (1982).
Fisher,R. F., Goodpasture, H. C., Peterie, J. D., and Voth, D. W., Toxic shock syndrome in menstruating women, Ann. Intern. Med. 94:156–163 (1981).
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Toxic Shock Syndrome, Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:(1989).
Stallones, R. A., A review of the epidemiologic studies of toxic shock syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 96(Part 2): 917–920 (1982).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reingold, A.L. (1991). Toxic Shock Syndrome. In: Evans, A.S., Brachman, P.S. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1211-7_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1211-7_35
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1213-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1211-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive