Skip to main content

Abstract

Cholera is an acute epidemic dehydrating diarrhea, usually sudden in onset and, if not properly treated, fatal in as man as half thôse affected. While a similar clinica entity can e cause y ot er agents, the term is usually reserved for all diarrheal illnesses caused by Vibrio cholerae, and expanded to include those with only a few loose bowel movements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Azurin, J. C., Basaca-Sevilla, V., Alvero, M., Sullesta, E., Kobari, K., and Kotera, K., A long-term carrier of cholera: Cholera Dolores, in: Proceedings of the 14th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Karatsu, pp. 24–29, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baine, W. B., Zampieri, A., Mazzotti, M., Angioni, G., Greco, D., Di Aioia, M., Izzo, E., Gangarosa, E. J., and Pocchrari, F., Epidemiology of cholera in Italy in 1973, Lancet 2:1370–1374 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Barry, W. S., and Pierce, N. F., Impaired mucosal immune response to cholera toxin/toxoid in proteindeprived rats, in: Proceedings of the 14th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Karatsu, pp. 115–123, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bart, K. J., Huq, Z., Khan, M., and Mosley, W. H., Seroepidemiologic studies during a simultaneous epidemic of infection with El Tor Ogawa and classical Inaba Vibrio cholerae, J. Infect. Dis. 121:S17-S24 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bart, K. J., Khan, M. V., and Mosley, W. H., Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from nightsoil during epidemics of classical and El Tor cholera in East Pakistan, Bull. WHO 43:421–429 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Barua, D., Laboratory diagnosis of cholera cases and carriers, in: Principles and Practice of Cholera Control, Public Health Papers No. 40, Chapt. 7, pp. 47–52, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barua, D., and Gomez, C. Z., Blotting-paper strips for transportation of cholera stools, Bull. WHO 37:798 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Bashford, D. J., Donovan, T. J., Furniss, A. L., and Lee, J. F., Vibrio cholerae in Kent, Lancet 1:436–437 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Basu, S., Bhattacharya, P., and Mukerjee, S., Interaction of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio El Tor, Bull. WHO 34:371–378 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Benenson, A. S., Laboratory diagnosis of cholera, in: Annual Progress Report, Oct. 1963-Oct 1964, Pakistan-Seato Cholera Research Laboratory, Dacca, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Benenson, A. S., The control of cholera, Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 47:1204–1210 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Benenson, A. S., Review of experience with wholecell and somatic antigen vaccines, in: Proceedings of the 12th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Sapporo, pp. 228–244, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Benenson, A. S., Islam, M. R. And Greenough, W. B., Iii, Rapid identification of Vibrio cholerae by darkfield microscopy, Bull. WHO 30:827–831 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Benenson, A. S., Mosley, W. H., Fahimuddin, M., and Oseasohn, R. O., Cholera vaccine field trials in East Pakistan. 2. Effectiveness in the field, Bull. WHO 38:359–372 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Benenson, A. S., Saad, A., and Paul, M., Serologlcal studies in cholera. 1. Vibrio agglutinin response of cholera patients determined by a microtechnique, Bull. WHO 38:267–276 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Benenson, A. S., Saad, A., and Mosley, W. H., Serological studies in cholera. 2. The vibriocidal antibody response of cholera patients determined by a microtechnique, Bull. WHO 38:277–285 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Benenson, A. S., Saad, A., Mosley, W. H., and Ahmed, A., Serological studies in cholera. 3. Serum toxin neutralization-Rise in titre in response to infection with Vibrio cholerae, and the level in the “normal” population of East Pakistan, Bull. WHO 38:287–295 (1968) .

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Benenson, S., Zafar Ahmad, S., and Oseasohn, R. O., Person-to-person transmission of cholera, in: Proceedings of the Cholera Research Symposium, Hono- lulu, Phs Publication 1328, pp. 332–336, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Blake, P. A., Personal communication (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Blake, P. A., Allegra, D. T., Snyder, J. D., Barrett, T. J., Mcfarland, L., Caraway, C. T., Feeley, J. C., Craig, J. P., Lee, J. V., Puhr, N. D., and Feldman, R. A., Cholera-a possible endemic focus in the United States, N. Engl. J. Med. 302:305–309 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Blake, P. A., Rosenberg, M. L., Bandeira Costa, J., Soares Ferreira, P., Levy Guimaraes, C., and Gangarosa, E. J., Cholera in Portugal, 1974. I. Modes of transmission, Am. J. Epidemiol. 105:337–343 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Blake, P. A., Rosenberg, M. L., Florencia, J., Bandeira Costa, J., Do Prado Quintino, L., And Gangarosa, E. J., Cholera in Portugal, 1974. Ii. Transmission by bottled mineral water, Am. J. Epidemiol. 105:344–348 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cash, R. A., Music, S. I., Libonati, J. P., Snyder, M. J., Wenzel, R. P., and Hornick, R. B., Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum, J. Infect. Dis. 129:45–52 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cash, R. A., Music, S. I., Libonati, J. P., Craig, J. P., Pierce, N. F., and Hornick, R. B., Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. Ii. Protection from illness afforded by previous disease and vaccine, J. Infect . Dis. 130:325–333 (1974) .

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Centers for Disease Control, Vibrio cholerae-Alabama, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 26:159–160 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Centers for Disease Control, Multiply antibiotic-resistant O-group 1 Vibrio cholerae-Bangladesh, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 29:109–110 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chambers, J. S., The Conquest of Cholera, America’s Greatest Scourge, Macmillan, New York, 1938, 366 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Clyde, D. F., Personal Communication (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Colwell, R. R., Voll, M. J., McNicol, L. A., Kaper, J., Sedler, R., Garges, S., Lockman, H., Remmers, E. And Joseph, S. W., Isolation of 01 and non-01 Vibrio cholerae from estuaries and brackish water environments, in: Proceedings of the 15th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera (abstracts, p. 19), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Curlin, G. T., Aziz, K. M. A., and Khan, M. R., The influence of drinking tubewell water on diarrhea rates in Matlab Thana, Bangladesh, in: Proceedings of the 12th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Sapporo, pp. 48–54, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Curlin, G. T., and Carpenter, C. C. J., Jr., Antitoxic immunity to cholera in isolated perfused canine ileal segments, J. Infect. Dis. 121:S132-S136 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Curlin, G. T., Levine, R. L., Aziz, K. M. A., Mizanur Rahman, A. S. M., and Verwey, W. F., Serological aspects of a cholera toxoid field trial in Bangladesh, in: Proceedings of the 12th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Sapporo, pp. 276–285, National Insitute of Health, Tokyo, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  33. De Moor, C. E., A non-haemolytic El Tor vibrio as the cause of an outbreak of paracholera in West New Guinea-The El Tor problem and pandemic paracholera in the West Pacific, Trop. Geogr. Med. 15:97107 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dewitt, W. E., Gangarosa, E. J., Huq, I., and Zarifi, A., Holding media for the transport of Vibrio cholerae from field to laboratory, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 20:685–688 (1971) .

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dizon, J. J., Alvero, M. G., Joseph, P. R., Tamayo, J. F., Mosley, W. H., and Henderson, D. A., Studies of cholera El Tor in the Philippines. 1. Characteristics of cholera El Tor in Negros Occidental province, November 1961 to September 1962, Bull. WHO 33:627–636 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Evans, A. S., Pettenkofer revisited: The life and contributions of Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1902), Yale J. Biol. Med. 46:161–176 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Evans, A. S., Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Finkelstein, R. A., Cholera, Crc Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2:553–623 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Finkelstein, R. A., and Peterson, J. W., In vitro detection of antibody to cholera enterotoxin in cholera patients and laboratory animals, Infect. Immun. 1:21–29 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Freter, R., Studies of the mechanism of action of intestinal antibody in experimental cholera, Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 27:299–316 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Freter, R., De, S. P., Mondal, A., Shrivastava, L., and Sunderman, F. W, Jr., Coproantibody and serum antibody in cholera patients, J. Infect. Dis. 115:83–87 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fukumi, H., Detection of cholera vibrio at quarantine stations and its significance for quarantine against cholera, in: Proceedings of the 12th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Sapporo, pp. 55–62, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gangarosa, E. J., Beisel, W. R. Benyajati, C., Sprinz, H., and Piyaratn, P., The nature of the gastrointestinal lesion in asiatic cholera and its relation to pathogenesis: A biopsy study, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 9:125–135 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gangarosa, E. J., Bennett, J. V., and Boring, J. R., Iii, Differentiation between Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor by the polymyxin B disc test: Comparative results with Tcbs, Monsur’s, Mueller-Hinton and nutrient agar media, Bull. WHO 35:987–990 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gardner, A. O., and Venkatraman, K. V., The antigens of the cholera group of vibrios, J. Hyg. (London) 35:262–282 (1935).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gill, D. M., and King, C. A., The mechanism of action of cholera toxin in pigeon erythrocyte lysates, J. Biol. Chem. 250:6424–6432 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gitelson, S., Gastrectomy, achiorhydria and cholera, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 7:663–667 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Goodner, K., Smith, H. L., Jr., and Stempen, H., Serologic diagnosis of cholera, J. Albert Einstein Med. Cent. 8:143–147 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gotschlich, F., Uber Cholera und Cholera-ähnliche Vibrionen unter den aus Mekka zurückkehrenden Pilgern, Z. Hyg. Infektionskr. 53:281 (1906).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Greenough, W. H., Iii, Benenson, A. S., and Islam, M. R., Experience in darkfield examination of stools from diarrheal patients, in: Proceedings of the Cholera Research Symposium, Phs Publication 1328, pp. 56–58, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Harvey, R. M., Enson, Y., Lewis, M. L., Greenough, W. B., Iii, Ally, K. M., and Panno, R. A., Hemodynamic studies on cholera: Effects of hypovolemia and acidosis, Circulation 37:709–729 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hirschhorn, N., Allauddin Chowdhury, A. K. M., and Lindenbaum, J., Cholera in pregnant women, Lancet 1:1230–1232 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Holmgren, J., Lonnroth, I., and Svennerholm, L., Tissue receptor for cholera exotoxin: Postulated structure from studies with G>M>>1> ganglioside and related glycolipids, Infect. Immun. 8:208–214 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Holmgren, J., Svennerholm, A., Lonnroth, I., Fallpersson, M., Markman, B., and Lundbeck, H., Development of improved cholera vaccine based on subunit toxoid, Nature (London) 269:602–604 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Honda, T., and Finkelstein, R. A., Selection and characteristics of a Vibrio cholerae mutant lacking the A (Adp-ribosylating) portion of the cholera enterotoxin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.A. 76:2052–2056 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hornick, R. B., Music, S. I., Wenzel, R., Cash, R., Libonati, J. P., Snyder, M. J., and Woodward, T. E., The Broad Street pump revisited: Response of volunteers to ingested cholera vibrios, Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 47:1181–1191 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Huber, G. S., The significance of the number of vibrios seen in rice-water stools, in: Proceedings of the Cholera Research Symposium, Honolulu, Phs Publication 1328, pp. 41–45, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kamal, A. M., Outbreak of gastro-enteritis by nonagglutinable (Nag) vibrios in the Republic of Sudan, Oct.-Nov.1968. J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc. 46:125–159 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kaper, J., Lockman, H., Colwell, R. R., and Joseph, S. W., Ecology, serology, and enterotoxin production of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:91–103 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kauffmann, F., On the serology of the Vibrio cholerae, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 27:283–299 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Khan, A. Q., Role of carriers in the intrafamilial spread of cholera, Lancet 1:245–246 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Khan, M.U., And Shahidullah, M., Pattern of intrafamilial spread of cholera, in: Proceedings of the 14th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, Karatsu, pp. 30–34, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Levine, M. M., Nalin, D. R., Craig, J. P., Hoover, D., Bergquist, E. J., Waterman, D., Holley, P., Libonati, J. P., Hornick, R. B., and Pierce, N. F., Immunity to cholera, in: Proceedings of the 13th Joint Conference, Us-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program Cholera Panel, Symposium on Cholera, 1977, Atlanta, pp. 308–334, Dhew Publication No. (Nih) 78–1590, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lindenbaum, J., Akbar, R., Gordon, R. S., Jr., Greenough, W. B., Iii, Hirschhorn, N., and Islam, M. R., Cholera in children, Lancet 1:1066–1068 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lindenbaum, J., Greenough, W. B., Iii, Benenson, A. S., Oseasohn, R., Rizvi, S., and Saad, A., Non-vibrio cholera, Lancet 1:1081–1083 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Longmate, N., King Cholera: The Biography of a Disease, p. 49, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Martin, A. R., Mosley, W. H., Biswas Sau, B., Ahmed, A., and Huq, I., Epidemiologic analysis of endemic cholera in urban East Pakistan, 1964–1966, Am. J. Epidemiol. 89:572–582 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mccormack, W. M., Chowdhury, A. M., Jahangir, N., Fariduddin Ahmed, A. B., and Mosley, W. H., Tetracycline prophylaxis in families of cholera patients, Bull. WHO 38:787–792 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mccormack, W. M., Dewitt, W. E., Bailey, P. E., Morris, G. K., Soeharjono, P., and Gangarosa, E. J., Evaluation of thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar, a selective medium for the isolation of Vibrio cholerae and other pathogenic vibrios, J. Infect. Dis. 129:497–500 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mccormack, W. M., Shafiqul Islam, M., Fahimuddin, M., and Mosley, W. H., A community study of inapparent cholera infections. Am. J. Epidemiol. 89:658–664 (1969) .

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Mcintyre, O. R., and Feeley, J. C., Passive serum protection of the infant rabbit against experimental cholera, J. Infect. Dis. 114:468–475 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mcintyre, O. R., Feeley, J. C., Greenough, W. B., Iii, Benenson, A. S., Hassan, S. I., and Saad, A., Diarrhea caused by non-cholera vibrios, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 14:412–418 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mhalu, F. S., Mmari, P. W., and Ijumba, J., Rapid emergence of El Tor Vibrio cholerae resistant to antimicrobial agents during first six months of fourth cholera epidemic in Tanzania, Lancet 1:345–347 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Monsur, K. A., Bacteriological diagnosis of cholera under field conditions, Bull. WHO 28:387–389 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Monsur, K. A., Rizvi, S., and Ahmed, S. Z., Limitations of current methods of laboratory diagnosis of cholera, in: Proceedings of the Cholera Research Symposium, Honolulu, pp. 38–40, Phs Publication 1328, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mosley, W. H., Aziz, K. M. A., Mizanur Rahman, A. S. M., Alauddin Chowdhury, A. K. M., and Ahmed, A., Field trials of monovalent Ogawa and Inaba cholera vaccines in rural Bangladesh-three years of observation, Bull, WHO 49:381–387 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mosley, W. H., Benenson, A. S., and Barui, R., A serological survey for cholera antibodies in rural East Pakistan. 1. The distribution of antibody in the control population of a cholera-vaccine field-trial area and the relation of antibody titre to the pattern of endemic cholera, Bull. WHO 38:327–334 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Pakistan-Seato Cholera Research Laboratory, Cholera in East Pakistan families, 1962–1963, Bull. WHO 32:205–209 (1965) .

    Google Scholar 

  79. Pierce, N. F., The role of antigen form and function in the primary and secondary intestinal immune responses to cholera toxin and toxoid in rats, J. Exp. Med. 148:195–206 (1978) .

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pierce, N. F., Cash, R. A., Hirschhorn, N., Mahalanabis, D., Nalin, D. L., Rahman, M. M., and Sack, R. B., Management of cholera and other acute diarrheas in adults and children, in: Principles and Practice of Cholera, Public Health Papers No. 40 (revised), Chapt. 10, pp. 61–75, World Health Organization, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Pierce, N. F., Kaniecki, E. A., and Northrup, R. S., Protection against experimental cholera by antitoxin, J.Infect. Dis. 126:606–616 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pollitzer, R., Cholera, WHO Monogr. Ser. 43:11–49 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Pollitzer, R., Cholera, WHO Monogr. , Ser. 43:267–270 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Rondle, C. J. M., Ramesh, B., Krahn, J. B., and Sherriff, R., Cholera: Possible infection from aircraft effluent, J.Hyg. (Cambridge) 81:361–371 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sack, R. B., and Barua, D., The fluorescent antibody technique in the direct examination of cholera stool, in: Proceedings of the Cholera Research Symposium, Honolulu, pp. 50–56, Phs Publication 1328, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Sanyal, S. C., Singh, S. J., Tiwari, I. C., Sen, P. C., Marwah, S. M., Hazarika, U. R., Singh, H., Shimada, T., and Sakazaki, R., Role of household animals in maintenance of cholera infection in a community, J. Infect. Dis. 130:575–579 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Schrank, G. D., and Verwey, W. F., Distribution of cholera organisms in experimental Vibrio cholerae infections: Proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis and antibacterial immunity, Infect. Immun. 13:195–203 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Smith, H. L., and Goodner, K., Detection of bacterial gelatinases by gelatin-agar plate methods, J. Bacteriol. 76:662–665 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Snow, J., On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed. John Churchill, London, 1855; reprinted in: Snow on Cholera (being a reprint of two papers by John Snow, M.D. (W. H. Frost, ed.), pp. 1–139, Commonwealth Fund, New York, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sommer, A., and Mosley, W. H., Ineffectiveness of cholera vaccination as an epidemic control measure, Lancet 1:1232–1235 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Svennerholm, A. M., Hanson, L. A., Holmgren, J., Lindblad, B. S., Nilsson, B., and Quereshi, F., Different secretory immunoglobulin A antibody responses to cholera vaccination in Swedish and Pakistani women, Infect. Immun. 30:427–430 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Tamayo, J. F., Mosley, W. H., Alvero, M. G., Joseph, P. R., Gomez, C. Z., Montague, T., Dizon, J. J., and Henderson, D. A., Studies of cholera El Tor in the Philippines. 3. Transmission of infection among household contacts of cholera patients,Bull. WHO 33:645–649 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Vasil, M. L., Holmes, R. K., and Finkelstein, R. A., Conjugal transfer of a chromosomal gene determining production of enterotoxin in Vibrio cholerae, Science 187:849–850 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Wallace, C. K., Carpenter, C. C. J., Mitra, P. P., Sack, R. B., Khandra, S. R., Werner, A. S., Duffy, T. P., Oleinick, A., and Lewis, G. W., Classical and El Tor cholera: A clinical comparison, Br. Med. J. 2:447–449 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Weissman, J. B., Dewitt, W. E., Thompson, J., Iiuchnick, C. N., Portnoy, B. L., Feeley, J. C., and Gangarosa, E. J., A case of cholera in Texas, 1973, Am. J. Epidemiol. 100:487–498 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. World Health Organization, Cholera in 1977, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 53:117–118 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  97. World Health Organization, Prompt control of a cholera epidemic in Maldives, WHO (W.H.O.) Chron. 33:187–188 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  98. World Health Organization, Cholera surveillance, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 55:93–94 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  99. World Health Organization, Cholera in 1978, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 54:129–131 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  100. World Health Organization, Cholera in 1980, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 56:97–98 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  101. World Health Organization, Cholera surveillance-Brazil, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 54:257 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  102. World Health Organization, Cholera surveillance-Rapid emergence of resistant Vibrio cholerae strains, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 54:333–334 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  103. World Health Organization, Cholera surveillanceItaly, Weekly Epidemiol. Rec. 55:15 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Woodward, W. E., Cholera reinfection in man, J. Infect. Dis. 123:61–66 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yen, C. H., A recent study of cholera with referencE to an outbreak in Taiwan in 1962, Bull. WHO 30:811–825 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Suggested Reading

  • Craig, J. P., Cholera toxins, in: Microbial Toxins, Vol. 2A, Chapt. 5, pp. 189–254, Academic Press, New York, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, R. A., Cholera, Crc Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2:553–623 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollitzer, R., Cholera, WHO Monogr. Ser. 43:11–49 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, J., On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed., John Churchill, London, 1855, in: Snow on Cholera (being a reprint of two papers by John Snow, M. D.)(W. H. Frost, ed.), pp. 1–139, Commonwealth Fund, New York, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization, Principles and Practice of Cholera Control, Who Public Health Papers No. 40, WHO, Geneva, 1978, 143 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Benenson, A.S. (1982). Cholera. In: Evans, A.S., Feldman, H.A. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1140-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1140-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1142-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1140-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics