Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endorphins and Mental Disease

  • Chapter
Pathological Neurochemistry

  • 81 Accesses

Abstract

It was recognized many years ago that endogenous regulation of physiological processes is often performed by chemicals synthesized in the organism. Many of the chemicals are peptide hormones. A certain portion of each peptide chain has a specific amino acid sequence representing the “keys” that turn on or off the “locks” of the receptors, which regulate specific physiological functions. Recently, it has been discovered that a very-well-studied group of drugs, the opioids, have endogenous peptide analogs called the endorphins. Various sizes have been found, the smallest being the pentapeptide enkephalins. Somewhat larger are the dynorphins, containing up to 21 amino acids. The largest oligopeptides (e.g., ß-endorphin) contain 31 amino acids. One characteristic common to other endorphins is that somewhere in the polypeptide molecule, the amino acid sequence of Met-enkephalin is present. This indicates that the active principle for opioid activity is coded by 4 or 5 amino acids in a specific sequence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gay, G. R., and Way, E. L., 1971, J. Psychedelic Drugs 4:31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Jaffee, J. H., and Martin, W. R., 1980, Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. (A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman, eds.), Macmillan Co., New York, pp. 494–502.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Weygandt, W., 1935, Lehrbuch der Nerven und Geistes-Krankheiten, Marhold Verlagsbuchhandlung, Halle, West Germany, p. 507.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Berridge, V., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Way, E. L., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:12–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Verebey, K., 1981, Adv. Alcohol Substance Abuse 1:101–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kelly, D., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:260–271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cohen, M. R., Pickar, D., Dubois, M., Nurnberger, J., Roth, Y., Cohen, R. M., Gershon, E., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:424–431.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ginzler, A. R., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:302–306.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Csontos, K., Rust, M., Holt, V., Mahr, W., Kromer, U., and Teschemacher, H. J., 1979, Life Sci. 25:835–844.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Davis, G. C., Buchsbaum, M. S., Naber, D., Pickar, D., Post, R., Van Kammen, D., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:366–373.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Buchsbaum, M. S., Reus, V. I., Davis, G. C., Holcomb, H. H., Cappelletti, J., and Silberman, E., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:352–365.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bird, S. J., and Kuhar, M. J., 1977, Brain Res. 122:523–533.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Korf, J., Bunney, B. S., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1974, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 25:165–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pert, C. B., Kuhar, M. J., and Snyder, S. H., 1976, Physiology 73:3729–3733.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., and Kleber, H. D., 1980, Drug Alcohol Depend. 6:201–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gold, M. S., Byck, R., Sweeney, D. R., and Kleber, H. D., 1979, Biomedicine 30:1–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Extein, L, and Kleber, H. D., 1980, Lancet 2:1078–1079.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Annitto, W. J., Extein, L, and Kleber, H. D., 1981, Lancet 1:992–993.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Belluzzi, J. D., and Stein, L., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:221–229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Henriksen, S. J., Chouvet, G., McGinty, J., and Bloom, F., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:207–219.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Katz, R. J., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:291–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jacquet, Y. F., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:272–290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gold, M. S., and Bowers, M. B., Jr., 1978, Am. J. Psychiatry 135:1546–1548.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Holtzman, S. G., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:230–239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Adler, M. W., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:340–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gold, M. S., and Byck, R., 1978, Natl. Inst. Drug Abuse Res. Monogr. Ser. 19:192–209.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Stein, L., and Belluzzi, J. D., 1978, Adv. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18:299–311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kornetsky, C., and Bain, G., 1982, Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sci. 398:241–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Berkowitz, B. A., Finck, A. D., and Ngai, H., 1977, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 203:539–547.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Brown, B. S., Kozel, N. J., Meyers, M. A., and DuPont, R. L., 1973, Am. J. Psychiatry 130:599–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Perkins, M. E., and Bloch, H. L, 1971, Am. J. Psychiatry 128:47–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Stimmel, B., Sturiano, U., Cohen, M., Korts, D., Hanbury, R., and Jackson, G., 1982, Alcoholism 6:362–368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jones, M. A., and Sparatto, G. R., 1977, Life Sci. 20:1549–1555.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Smith, S. G., Werner, T. E., and Davis, W. M., 1975, Psychol. Rec. 25:17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gearing, F. R., 1971, Public Health Service Publication No. 2171, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ritchie, J. M., 1975, Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed. (L. A. Goodman and A. Gilman, eds.), Macmillan Co., New York, pp. 137–151.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Blum, K., Hamilton, M. L., and Wallace, J. E., 1977, Alcohol and Opiates (K. Blum, ed.), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wikler, A., Goodell, H., and Wolf, H. G., 1945, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 83:294–299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lorens, S. A., and Sainati, S. M., 1978, Life Sci. 23:1359–1364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Schenk, G. K., Enders, P., Engelmeier, M. P., Ewert, T., Hendermerten, S., Kohler, K. H., Lodenmann, E., Matz, D., and Pach, J., 1983, Arzneim. Forsch. Drug Res. 28:1274–1277.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Moss, I. R., and Friedman, E., 1978, Life Sci. 23:1271–1276.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jeffcoate, W. J., Herbert, M., Cullen, M. H., Hastings, A. G., and Walder, C. P., 1979, Lancet 2:1157–1159.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Senter, R. J., Heintzelman, M., Dorfmeuller, M., and Hinkle, H. A., 1979, Psychol. Rec. 29:49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Khantzian, E. J., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:24–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Resnick, R. B., Fink, M., and Freedman, A. M., 1970, Am. J. Psychiatry 126:1256–1260.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Resnick, R. B., Schuyten-Resnick, E., and Washton, A., 1979, Compr. Psychiatry 20:116–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wurmser, L., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:33–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McKenna, G., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:44–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Khantzian, E. J., Mack, J. E., and Schatzberg, E. F., 1974, Am. J. Psychiatry 131:160–164.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Khantzian, E. J., 1974, Am. J. Psychother. 28:59–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., Kleber, H. D., and Redmond, D. E., 1979, Am. J. Psychiatry 136:982–983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kleber, H. D., and Gold, M. S., 1978, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 311:81–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dole, V. P., and Nyswander, M., 1965, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 193:646–650.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gold, M. S., and Rea, W. S., 1983, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 6, No. 3 (S. C. Risch and D. Pickar, eds.), Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 489–520.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Wikler, A., 1965, Narcotics (D. M. Wilner and G. G. Kassenbaum, eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Robins, L., 1974, Special Action Office Monograph, Ser. A, No. 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Powell, D. H., 1973, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28:586–594.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Pittell, S. M., 1971, J. Psychedelic Drugs 4:40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wikler, A., and Rasor, R. W., 1953, Am. J. Med. 14:566–570.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Verebey, K., and Blum, K., 1979, J. Psychedelic Drugs 11:305–311.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nyswander, M., 1956, The Drug Addict as a Patient, Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 57–82.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Salzman, B., and Frosch, W. A., 1972, Natl. Confi Methadone Treat. Proc. 4:117–118.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Weissman, A., 1970, Int. J. Addict., 5:717–730.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Winkelstein, C., 1956, J. Hillside Hosp. 5:78–90.

    Google Scholar 

  66. McLellan, T. A., Woody, G. F., and O’Brien, C. P., 1979, N. Engl. J. Med. 310:1310–1314.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Levinson, P., 1971, Perspect. Biol. Med. 14:671–674.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Litman, R. E., Shaffer, M., and Peck, M. L., 1972, Natl. Confi Methadone Treat. Proc. 4:482–485.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Fredrick, C. J., Resnick, H. L. P., and Wiltin, B. J., 1973, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28:579–585.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Berken, G. H., Stone, M. M., and Stone, S. K., 1978, Am. J. Psychiatry 135:248–249.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hartman, H., 1976, Am. J. Psychiatry 135:248–249.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Snyder, S. H., Taylor, J. J., Coyle, J. L., and Myerhoff, J. L., 1970, Am. J. Psychiatry 127:199–207.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Snyder, S. H., Banerjee, S. P., Yamamura, H. J., and Greenberg, D., 1974, Science 184:1243–1253.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kebabian, J. W., Petzold, G. J., and Greengard, P., 1972, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:2145–2149.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Clement-Cormier, Y. D., Kebabian, J. W., and Petzold, G. J., 1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:1113–1117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Iwatsubo, K., and Clouet, D. H., 1975, Biochem. Pharmacol. 24:1499–1503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Carenzi, A., Guidotti, A., and Reunelta, A., 1975, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 194:311–318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sesame, H. A., and Perez Cruet, J., 1972, J. Neurochem. 19:1953–1957.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Lal, H., and Numan, R., 1976, Life Sci. 18:163–168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bunney, B. S., Walters, J. R., and Roth, R. H., 1973, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 185:560–571.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Iwatsubo, K., and Clouet, D. H., 1977, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 202:429–436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ahtee, L., 1973, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 25:649–651.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Clouet, D. H., and Ratner, M., 1970, Science 168:854–856.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gauchy, C., Agid, Y., and Glowinski, J., 1973, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 22:311–319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gold, M. S., Donabedian, B. K., and Dillard, M., 1977, Lancet 2:398–399.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fink, M., 1953, Clinical Psychiatry, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Martin, W. R., Jasinski, D. R., and Mansky, P. A., 1973, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28:784–791.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Haertzen, C. A., 1973, Narcotic Antagonists (M. C. Brande, L. S. Harris, and E. L. May, eds.), Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Martin, W. R., and Gorodetzki, C. S., 1965, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 150:437–442.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Verebey, K., Volavka, J., Mule, S. J., and Resnick, R., 1976, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 20:315–328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Jones, R., 1978, Endorphins in Mental Illness (E. Usdin and W. E. Bunney Jr., eds.), MacMillan Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Buchsbaum, M. S., Davis, G. C., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1977, Nature 270:620–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gold, M. S., Dackis, C. A., Pottash, A. L. C., Sternbach, H., Annitto, W. J., Martin, D. M., and Dackis, M., 1982, Med. Res. Rev. 2:211–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Terenius, L., Wahlstrom, A., and Agren, H., 1977, Psychopharmacologia 54:31–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gunne, L. M., Lindstrom, L., and Terenius, L., 1977, J. Neural Transm. 40:13–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Volavka, J., Mallya, A., and Baing, S., 1977, Science 196:1227–1228.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Davis, G. C., Bunney, W. E., Jr., and DeFreites, E. G., 1977, Science 197:74–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Janowsky, D. S., Segal, D. S., and Bloom, F., 1977, Am. J. Psychiatry 134:926–927.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Volavka, J., 1981, Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry (H. M. Emrich, ed.), Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Jacquet, Y. F., and Marks, N., 1976, Science 194:632–635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kline, N. S., Li, C. H., and Lehman, H. E., 1977, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34:111–113.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Kline, N. S., and Lehman, H. E., 1978, Endorphins in Mental Illness (E. Usdin and W. E. Bunney Jr., eds.), MacMillan Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Berger, P. A., Watson, S. J., Akil, H., Elliott, G. R., Rubin, R. T., Pietterbaum, A., Davis, K. L., Barchas, J. D., and Li, C. H., 1980, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37:635–640.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gerner, R. H., Catlin, D. H., Gorelick, D. A., Lui, K. K., and Li, C. H., 1980, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37:642–647.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Olson, R. D., Kastin, A. J., Olson, G. H., and Coy, D. H., 1980, Psychoneuroendocrinology 5:47–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Verhoven, W. M., Van Praag, H. M., Botter, P. A., Sunier, A., Van Ree, J. M., and DeWied, D., 1978, Lancet 2:1046–1047.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Verhoven, W. M., Van Praag, H. M., Van Ree, J. M., and DeWied, D., 1979, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 36:294–298.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Krebs, E., and Roubicek, J., 1979, Pharmacopsychiatry 12:86–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Nedapil, N., and Ruther, E., 1979, Pharmacopsychiatry 12:277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Simon, E. J., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:327–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Verebey, K., Volavka, J., and Clouet, D., 1978, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35:877–886.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Inturrisi, C. E., Alexopoulos, G., Lipman, R., Foley, K., and Ressier, J., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:413–422.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Extein, I., Pottash, A. L. C., and Gold, M. S., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:113–119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Terenius, L., and Wahlstrom, A., 1974, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 33(Suppl. 1):55.

    Google Scholar 

  115. O’Brien, C. P., Terenius, L., Wahlstrom, A., McLellan, T., and Krivoy, W., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:377–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Pickar, D., Cutler, N. R., Naber, D., Post, R. M., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1980, Lancet 1:937.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., Anand, R., Mir, P., Geibel, V., and DeLeon, M., 1983, N. Engl. J. Med. 308:721–722.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Abse, D. W., Rheuban, W. J., and Akhtar, S., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:79–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Agren, H., Terenius, L., and Wahlstrom, A., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:388–398.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., Martin, D., and Extein, L, 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:140–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Pickar, D., Naber, D., Post, R. M., Van Kammen, D. P., Kaye, W., Rubinow, D. R., Ballenger, J. C., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:399–411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Breizer, D., and Millman, R., Clinical Effects of Methadone HCl on Neuroleptic-Refractory Chromic Schizophrenic Patients: A Pilot Study, Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Abraham, H. D., 1983, Am. J. Psychiatry 140:456–458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Catlin, D. H., Gorelick, D. A., and Gerner, R. H., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:434–446.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Foley, K. M., Kourides, I. A., Inturrisi, C. E., Kaiks, R. F., Zaorulis, C. G., Posner, J. B., Houde, R. W., and Li, C. H., 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5377–5381.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Berger, P. A., and Barchas, J. D., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:448–458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Petho, B., Grof, L., Karczag, I., Borvendez, J., Bitter, I., Barna, I., Harmann, I., Tolna, J., and Baraczka, K., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:460–469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kline, N. S., and Lehman, H. E., 1979, Endorphins in Mental Health Research (E. Usdin, W. E. Bunney Jr., and N.S. Kline, eds.), MacMillan Press, London, pp. 500–517.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Oyama, T., Finn, T., Yamaya, R., Ling, N., and Guillemin, R., 1980, Lancet 1:122.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Emrich, H. M., Zandig, M., Kissling, W., Dirlich, G., von Zerssen, D., and Herz, A., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:108–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Wickler, A., Pescor, M. J., and Kalbaugh, E. P., 1952, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 67:510–521.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Jaffe, J. H., 1968, Mod. Treat. 5:1121–1135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Beecher, H. K., 1959, Quantitative Effects of Drugs, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Rothenberg, S., Schottenfeld, S., and Meyer, R. E., 1977, Psychopharmacologia 52:299–306.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Gordon, N. B., and Appel, P. W., 1972, Natl. Conf. Methadone Treat. Proc. 4:425–427.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Gasser, E. S., Langrod, J., and Valdes, K., 1974, Br. J. Addict. 69:85–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Grevert, P., Masover, B., and Goldstein, A., 1977, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34:849–853.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Gearing, F. R., and Schweitzer, M. D., 1974, Am. J. Epidemiol. 100:101–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Cutting, W. C., 1942, Stanford Med. Bull. 1:39–41.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Cicero, T. J., Bell, R. D., and Wiest, W. G., 1975, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:882–887.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Kay, D. C., 1975, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 38:35–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Yaffe, J., Strelinger, R. W., and Parwatikar, S., 1973, Natl. Conf Methadone Treat. Proc. 5:507–522.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kreek, M. J., 1973, JAMA 223:665–668.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Leen, N. J., Senay, E. C., and Renault, P. F., 1976, Drug Alcohol Depend. 1:305–311.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kreek, M. J., and Hartman, N., 1982, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 398:151–172.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., and Kleber, H. D., 1980, JAMA 243:343–346.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Mehta, D., Mallya, A., and Volavka, J., 1978, Am. J. Psychiatry 135:371–372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Leestma, J. E., and Koenig, K. L., 1968, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 18:137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Davis, J. M., and Casper, R., 1977, Drugs 14:260–282.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Holden, C., 1977, Science 198:807–809.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services Testing and Research Laboratory, and Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Medical School, Brooklyn, New York, 11217, USA

    Karl Verebey

  2. Fair Oaks Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, 07901, USA

    Mark S. Gold

  3. Psychiatric Diagnostic Laboratory of America, Summit, New Jersey, 07901, USA

    Mark S. Gold

Authors
  1. Karl Verebey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark S. Gold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Wards Island, New York, USA

    Abel Lajtha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Verebey, K., Gold, M.S. (1985). Endorphins and Mental Disease. In: Lajtha, A. (eds) Pathological Neurochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0797-7_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0797-7_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0799-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0797-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation