Abstract
Centrally acting drugs can be used in place of discriminative stimuli, and often acquire response control with surprising rapidity when used in this way. Also, without discriminative training, the performance of behaviors learned while an animal is drugged may appear conditional upon the drug state present during response acquisition; the response may fail to transfer, or transfer only partially, into different drug states.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ader, R., and Clink, D.W. Effects of chlorpromazine on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1957, 121, 144.
Barnhart, S.S., and Abbott, D.W. Dissociation of learning and meprobamate. Psychol. Rep., 1967, 20, 520.
Barry, H. Prolonged measurements of discrimination between alcohol and nondrug states. J.Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1968, 65, 349.
Barry, H. Etheredge, E.E., and Miller, N.E. Counterconditioning and extinction of fear fail to transfer from amobarbital to nondrug state. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1965, 8, 150.
Barry, H.Koepfer, E., and Lutch, J. Learning to discriminate between alcohol and nondrug condition.Psychol. Rep., 1965, 16, 1072.
Barry, H.Miller, N.E., and Tidd, G.E. Control for stimulus change while testing effects of amobarbital on conflict. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1962, 55, 1071.
Barry, H.Wagner, A.R., and Miller, N.E. Effects of alcohol and amobarbital on performance inhibited by experimental extinction. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1962, 55, 464.
Belleville, R.E. Control of behavior by drug-produced internal stimuli. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1964, 5, 95.
Berger, B.D., and Stein, L. An analysis of the learning deficits produced by scopolamine. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 1969(a), 14, 271.
Berger, B.D. and Stein, L. Asymmetrical dissociation of learning between scopolamine and WY4036, a new benzodiazepine tranquilizer.Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1969(b), 14, 351.
Bindra, D., Nyman, K., and Wise, J. Barbiturate-induced dissociation of acquisition and extinction: Role of movement-initiating processes. J.Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1965, 60, 223.
Bindra, D. and Reichert, H. Dissociation of movement initiation without dissociation of response choice. Psychonomic Science, 1966, 4, 95.
Bindra, D.and Reichert, H. The nature of dissociation: Effects of transitions between normal nd barbiturate-induced states on reversal learning and habituation. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1967, 10, 330.
Bliss, D.K., Sledjeski, M., and Leiman, A. State dependent choice behavior in the rhesus monkey. Neuropsychologica, 1970 (In press).
Bohdanecky, Z., and Jarvik, M.E. The effect of d-amphetamine and physostigmine upon acquisition and retrieval in a single trial learning task. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 1967, 170, 58.
Bradford, J.P., and Macdonald, G.E. Imprinting: Pre- and posttrial administration of pentobarbital and the approach response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1969, 68, 50.
Brown, A., Feldman, R.S., and Moore, J.W. Conditional discrimination learning based on chlordiazepoxide: Dissociation or cue? J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1968, 66, 211.
Burgoyne, L.M. State dependent learning in the rat. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 1968.
Bustamante, J.A., Jordán, A., Vila, M., Gonzales, A. and Insua, A. State dependent learning in humans. Physiol. Behav., 1970, 5, 793.
Bustamante, J.A. Rosselló, A., Jordán, A., Pradera, E., and Insua, A. Learning and drugs. Physiol. Behav., 1968,, 553.
Caird, W.K. An investigation of the effects of alcohol on human learning. Unpublished Progress Report, 1968.
Calhoun, W.H., and Smith, A.A. Effects of scopolamine on acquisition of passive avoidance. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1968, 13, 201.
Carlson, N. J. The effects of scopolamine on learning, reversal, and rereversal in the T-maze. Amer. Psychol., 1967, 22, 492. (Abstract)
Carlton, P.L., and Vogel, J.R. Studies of the amnesic properties of scopolamine. Psychonomic Science, 1965, 3, 261.
Caul, W.F. Effects of amobarbital on discrimination acquisition and reversal. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1967, 11, 414.
Charney, N.H., and Reynolds, G.S. Tolerance to the behavioral effects of scopolamine in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1967, 77, 379.
Chen, Chia-Shong. A study of the alcohol-tolerance effect and an introduction of a new behavioral technique. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1968, 12, 433.
Cicala, G.A., and Hartley, D.L. Drugs and the learning and performance of fear. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol, 1967, 64, 175.
Conger, J. J. The effect of alcohol on conflict behavior in the albino rat. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol, 1951, 12, 1.
Cook, L., Davidson, A., Davis, D.J., and Kelleher, R.T. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine as conditioned stimuli for avoidance behavior. Science, 1960, 131, 990.
Crow, L.T. Effects of alcohol on conditioned avoidance responding. Physiol. Behav., 1966, 1, 89.
Crow, L.T. Alcohol state transfer effects with performance maintained by intracranial self-stimulation. Physiol. Behav., 1970, 5, 515.
Daly, H.B. Disruptive effects of scopolamine on fear conditioning and on instrumental escape learning. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1968, 66, 579.
Doty, L.A., and Doty, B.A. Chlorpromazine-produced response decrements as a function of problem difficulty level. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1963, 56, 740.
Evans, H.L., and Patton, R.A. Scopolamine effects on a one-trial test of fear conditioning. Psychonomic Science, 1968, 11, 229.
Gardner, L. and McCollough, C. A reinvestigation of the dissociative effects of curareform drugs. Amer. Psychol., 1962, 17, 398. (Abstract)
Giarman, N.J., and Pepeu, G. The influence of centrally acting cholinolytic drugs on brain acetylcholine levels. Brit. J. Pharmacol, 1964, 23, 123.
Girden, E. Cerebral mechanisms in conditioning under curare. Amer. J. Psychol, 1940, 53, 397.
Girden, E. and Culler, E.A. Conditioned responses in curarized striate muscle in dogs. J. Comp. Psychol, 1937, 23, 261.
Goodwin, D.W., Powell, B., Bremer, D., Haine, H., and Stern, J. Alcohol and recall: State dependent effects in man. Science, 1969, 163, 1358.
Grossman, S.P., and Miller, N.E. Control for stimulus-change in the evaluation of alcohol and chlorpromazine as fear-reducing drugs. Psychopharmacologia (Bed.), 1961, 2, 342.
Gruber, R.P., Stone, G.C., and Reed, D.R. Scopolamine-induced anterograde amnesia. Int. J. Neuropharmacol, 1967, 6, 187.
Harris, R.T., and Balster, R.L. Discriminative control of dl-amphetamine and saline of lever choice and response patterning. Psychonomic Science, 1968, 10, 105.
Harris, R.T.and Balster, R.L. An analysis of the function of drugs in the stimulus control of operant behavior. In Thompson, T., and Pickens, R., eds., Stimulus Properties of Drugs. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.
Heistad, G.T. A bio-psychological approach to somatic treatments in psychiatry. Amer. J. Psychiat, 1957, 114, 540.
Heistad, G.T. Effects of chlorpromazine and electro-convulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol, 1958, 51, 209.
Heistad, G.T. and Torres, A.A. A mechanism for the effect of a tranquilizing drug on learned emotional responses. University of Minnesota Medical Bulletin, 1959, 30, 518.
Hill, H.E., Jones, E., and Bell, E.C. State dependent control of discrimination by morphine and pentobarbital. NIMH Addiction Research Center, Lexington, Ky., 1970 (In preparation).
Holmgren, B. Conditional avoidance reflex under pentobarbital. Bol Inst. Estud. Med. Biol (Mexico), 1964, 22, 21.
Holmgren, B. Drug dependent conditioned reflexes. Paper read at International Symposium on Cortical-Subcortical Relationships in Sensory Regulation. Havana, Cuba, 1965.
Iwahara, S., Iwasaki, T., and Hasegawa, Y. Effects of chlorpromazine and homofenazine upon a passive avoidance response in rats.Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 1968, 73, 320.
Iwahara, S. Nagamura, N., and Iwasaki, T. Effect of chlordiazepoxide upon experimental extinction in the straight runway as a function of partial reinforcement in the rat. Japanese Psychological Research, 1967, 9, 128.
Kamano, D.K., and Arp, D. J. Effects of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) on the acquisition and extinction of avoidance responses. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 1964, 6, 112.
Kanzler, A.W. Effect of alcohol on the conditioned emotional response of the albino rat. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, California State College, Long Beach, 1967.
Kubena, R.K., and Barry, H. Two procedures for training differential responses in alcohol and nondrug conditions. J. Pharm. Sci., 1969, 58, 99.
Kurland, H.D., Cassell, S., and Goldberg, E.M. The effects of chlorpromazine on the transferability of learning in humans. Paper read at Society of Biological Psychiatry, Washington, D.C., 1968.
Lal, H. Control of learned conditioned-avoidance responses (CAR) by amphetamine and chlorpromazine. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 1969, 74, 33.
Leiman, A.L., Bliss, D.K., Powers, J.B., and Rosenzweig, M.R. Electrical correlates of drug-dissociated learning. Fed. Proc, 1967, 26, 263. (Abstract)
Levinson, D.M., and Sheridan, C.L. Retention in guinea pigs of monocular pattern discriminations during reversal acquisition with the opposite eye.Psychonomic Science, 1967(a), 7, 239.
Levinson, D.M. and Sheridan, C.L. Acquisition and retention of monocular discriminations in rats as a function of relevant (reversal) or irrelevant opposite-eye training. Psychonomic Science, 1967(b), 8, 475.
Longo, V.G. Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of atropine and related compounds.Pharmacol. Rev., 1966, 18, 965.
Madill, M.F. Alcohol-induced dissociation in humans: A possible treatment technique for alcoholism. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, 1967.
Marriott, A.S., and Spencer, P.S. J. Effects of centrally acting drugs on exploratory behavior in rats. Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1965, 25, 432.
Meyers, B. Some effects of scopolamine on a passive-avoidance response in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1965, 8, 111.
Moffett, A., and Ettlinger, G. Opposite responding to position in the light and dark. Neuropsychologia, 1967, 5, 59.
Oliverio, A. Effects of scopolamine on avoidance conditioning of mice. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1968, 12, 214.
Osborn, A.G., Bunker, J.P., Cooper, L.M., Frank, G.S., and Hilgard, E.R. Effects of thiopental sedation on learning and memory. Science, 1967, 157, 574.
Otis, L.S. Dissociation and recovery of a response learned under the influence of chlorpromazine or saline. Science, 1964, 143, 1347.
Overton, D.A. State-dependent or “dissociated” learning produced with pentobarbital. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1964, 57, 3.
Overton, D.A. State-dependent learning produced by depressant and atropine-like drugs. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1966, 10, 6.
Overton, D.A. Differential responding in a three choice maze controlled by three drug states. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1967, 77, 376.
Overton, D.A. Visual cues and shock sensitivity in the control of T maze choice by drug conditions. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1968(a), 66, 216.
Overton, D.A.Dissociated learning in drug states (state-dependent learning). In Efron, D.H. et al., eds., Psychopharmacology. A review of progress. PHS Publication #1836, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 918, 1968(b).
Overton, D.A. Control of T-maze choice by nicotinic, antinicotinic and antimuscarinic drugs. Proceedings 77th Annual Convention of American Psychological Association, 1969, 869.
Paskal, V. Dissociative effects of atropine on a simple learned task in the rat. Undergraduate Research Reports in Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 37, 1962. (Briefly described in Overton, 1968b).
Phillips, S.M. An analysis of state-dependent learning. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of California, Davis, California, 1967.
Ross, D.G. Relationship of method of drug withdrawal to resulting amount of response disruption in reversal learning. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, 1967.
Rushton, R., Steinberg, H., and Tinson, C. Effects of a single experience on subsequent reactions to drugs. Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1963, 20, 99.
Ryback, R. State dependent or “dissociated” learning with alcohol in the goldfish. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol, 1969, 30, 598.
Sachs, E., Weingarten, M., and Klein, N.W., Jr. Effects of chlordiazepoxide on the acquisition of avoidance learning and its transfer to the normal state and other drug conditions. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 1966, 9, 17.
Schuster, C.R., and Brady, J.V. The discriminate control of a food-reinforced operant by interoceptive stimulation. In Thompson, T. and Pickens, R., eds., Stimulus Properties of Drugs. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.
Seymore, J.D. The effect of ethyl alcohol in producing state dependent or “dissociated” learning in rats. M.S. Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, 1967.
Sherman, A.R. Therapy of maladaptive fear-motivated behavior in the rat by systematic withdrawal of a fear-reducing drug. Behav. Res. Ther., 1967, 5, 121.
Shillito, E.E. The effect of chlorpromazine and thioridazine on the exploration of a Y maze by rats. Brit. J. Pharmacol, 1967, 30, 258.
Shmavonian, B.H. Effects of Serpasil (Rauwolfia serpentina) on fear training. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1956.
Solomon, R.L., and Turner, L.H. Discriminative classical conditioning in dogs paralyzed by curare can later control discriminative avoidance responses in the normal state. Psychol. Rev., 1962, 66, 202.
Stark, L. The inability of scopolamine to induce state-dependent one-trial learning. Fed. Proc., 1967, 26, 613. (Abstract)
Stewart, J. Differential responses based on the physiological consequences of pharmacological agents. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 1963, 3, 132.
Storm, T., and Caird, W.K. The effects of alcohol on serial verbal learning in chronic alcoholics. Psychonomic Science, 1967, 9, 43.
Tarter, R.E. Dissociative effects of ethyl alcohol. M.A. Thesis, Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1968.
Tenen, S.S. Recovery time as a measure of CER strength: Effects of benzodiazepines, amobarbital, chlorpromazine and amphetamine. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1967, 12, 1.
Vogel, J.R., Hughes, R.A., and Carlton, P.L. Scopolamine, atropine, and conditioned fear. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 1967, 10, 409.
White, R.P., Nash, C.B., Westerbeke, E.J., and Possanza, G. J. Phylogenetic comparison of central actions produced by different doses of atropine and hyoscine. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 1961, 132, 349.
Woodworth, R.S., and Schlosberg, H. Experimental Psychology. New York, Holt and Co., 1958.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1971 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Overton, D.A. (1971). Discriminative Control of Behavior by Drug States. In: Thompson, T., Pickens, R. (eds) Stimulus Properties of Drugs. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0788-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0788-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0790-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0788-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive