Abstract
One question that can be asked only of the fossil record is whether largescale changes in the conditions of life have taken place in the course of earth history. This can be done by tracing changes through time in functional morphology. In the past, functional morphology has been applied to particular organisms. Now that many species have been studied in this way, a broader view can be taken, in which the rise and fall of adaptive types can be ascertained in relation to environmental changes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbass, H. L., 1979, A monograph on the Egyptian Paleocene and Eocene gastropods, Egyptian General Organization of Mining and Geological Research, Geological Survey and Geological Museum, Paleontological Series Monograph 4.
Alexander, R. R., 1981, Predation scars preserved in Chesterian brachiopods: Probable cul-prits and evolutionary consequences for the articulates, J. Paleontol. 55: 192–203.
Allison, E. C., 1955, Middle Cretaceous Gastropoda from Punta China, Baja California, Mex-ico, J. Paleontol. 29: 400–432.
Bertness, M. D., and Cunningham, C., 1981, Crab shell-crushing predation and gastropod architectural defense, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 50: 213–230.
Blanckenhorn, M., 1927, Die fossilen Gastropoden and Scaphopoden der Kreide von Syrien-Palästina, Palaeontographica 69: 111–186.
Boyd, D. W., and Newell, N. D., 1972, Taphonomy and diagenesis of a Permian fossil assemblage from Wyoming, J. Paleontol. 46: 1–14.
Branch, G. M., 1979, Aggression by limpets against invertebrate predators, Anim. Behay. 27: 408–410.
Branch, G. M., and Marsh, A. C., 1978, Tenacity and shell shape in six Patella species: Adaptive features, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 34: 111–130.
Brown, S. C., Cassuto, S. R., and Loos, R. W., 1979, Biomechanics of chelipeds in some decapod crustaceans, J. Zool. London 188: 153–169.
Brun, E., 1971, Predation of Chlamys islandica (O. F. Müller) by eiders Somateria spp., Astarte 4: 23–29.
Brunton, H., 1966, Predation and shell damage in a Visean brachiopod fauna, Palaeontology 9: 355–359.
Burrows, M., 1969, The mechanics and neural control of the prey capture strike in the mantid shrimps Squilla and Hemisquilla, Z. Vgl. Physiol. 62: 361–381.
Cain, A. J., 1977, Variation in the spire index of some coiled gastropod shells and its evo-lutionary significance, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 277: 377–428.
Carriker, M. R., 1951, Observations on the penetration of tightly closing bivalves by Busycon and other predators, Ecology 32: 73–83.
Colton, H. S., 1916, On some varieties of Thais lapillus in the Mount Desert region, a study of individual ecology, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 440–454.
Conway Morris, S., 1979, The Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) fauna, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10: 327–349.
Creese, R. G., and Underwood, A. J., 1976, Observations on the biology of the trochid gas-tropod Austrocochlea constricts (Lamarck) (Prosobranchia). I. Factors affecting shell-banding pattern, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 23: 211–228.
Currey, J. D., 1976, Further studies on the mechanical properties of mollusc shell material, J. Zool. London 180: 445–453.
Currey, J. D., 1977, Mechanical properties of mother of pearl in tension, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 196: 443–463.
Currey, J. D., and Kohn, A. J., 1976, Fracture in the crossed-lamellar structure of Conus shells, J. Mater. Sci. 11: 1615–1623.
Currey, J. D., and Taylor, J. D., 1974, The mechanical behaviour of some molluscan hard tissues, J. Zool. London 173: 395–406.
Delpey, G., 1940–1942, Les gastéropodes Permiens du Cambodge, J. Conchyliol. 84: 255–278.
Dockery, D. T., III, 1977, Mollusca of the Moodys Branch Formation, Mississippi, Bull. Mississippi Geol. Econ. Topogr. Surv. ( Jackson ) 120.
Dudley, E. C., 1980, Crab predation on two small marine gastropods (Cerithiacea), Nautilus 94: 162–164.
Dudley, R., 1980, Crab-crushing of periwinkle shells, Littorina littorea, from two adjacent geographical provinces, Nautilus 94: 108–112.
Edwards, D. C., 1969, Predators on Olivella biplicata, including a species-specific predator avoidance response, Veliger 11: 326–333.
Einer, R. W., 1978, The mechanics of predation by the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), on the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis L., Oecologia (Berlin) 36: 333–344.
Einer, R. W., and Hughes, R. N., 1978, Energy maximization in the diet of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 103–116.
Einer, R. W., and Jamieson, G. S., 1979, Predation of sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus, by the rock crab, Cancer irroratus, and the American lobster, Homarus americanus, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 537–543.
Einer, R. W., and Raffaelli, D. G., 1980, Interactions between two marine snails, Littorina rudis Maton and Littorina nigrolineata Gray, a predator, Carcinus maenas (L.), and a parasite, Microphallus similis Jägerskiold, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 43: 151–160.
Ewers, W. H., 1967, Shell pattern and intraspecific recognition in gastropods, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London 37: 343–346.
Fischer, J.-C., 1969, Géologie, paléontologie, et paléoécologie du Bathonien au sud-ouest du Massif Ardennais, Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris Ser. C 20: 1–319.
Fotheringham, N., 1971, Field identification of crab predation on Shaskyus festivus and Ocenebra poulsoni (Prosobranchia: Muricidae ), Veliger 14: 204.
Gasiorowski, S. M., 1973, Les rhyncholites, Geobios 6: 127–196.
George, R. W., and Main, A. R., 1968, The evolution of spiny lobsters (Palinuridae): A study of evolution in the marine environment, Evolution 22: 803–820.
Glaessner, M. F., 1969, Decapoda, in: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part R, Arthropoda 4 (2), ( R. C. Moore, ed.), pp. R399–R533, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
Glibert, M., 1938, Faune malacologique des Sables de Wemmel. II. Gastropodes, scaphopodes, cephalopodes, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. 85: 3–190.
Gould, S. J., 1966, Notes on shell morphology and classification of the Siliquariidae (Gastropoda): The protoconch and slit of Siliquaria squamata Blainville, Novitates 2263: 113.
Gould, S. J., 1968, Phenotypic reversion to ancestral form and habit in a marine snail, Nature (London) 220: 804.
Gould, S. J., 1969, Ecology and functional significance of uncoiling in Vermicularia spirata: An essay on gastropod form, Bull. Mar. Sci. 19: 432–445.
Griffiths, C. L., and Seiderer, J. L., 1980, Rock-lobsters and mussels—Limitations on pref-erences in a predator–prey interaction, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 44: 95–109.
Gross, W., 1967, Uber das Gebiss der Acanthodier und Placodermen, J. Linn. Soc. London Zool. 47: 121–130.
Haas, 0., 1953, Mesozoic invertebrate faunas of Peru. Part II. Late Triassic gastropods from central Peru, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 101: 9–328.
Hadfield, M. G., Kay, E. A., Gillette, M. U., and Lloyd, M., 1972, The Vermetidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Hawaiian Islands, Mar. Biol. 12: 81–98.
Hamilton, P. V., 1976, Predation on Littorina irrorata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by Callinectes sapidus (Crustacea: Portunidae), Bull. Mar. Sci. 26: 403–409.
Heller, J., 1979, Visual versus non-visual selection of shell colour in an Israeli freshwater snail, Oecologia (Berlin) 44: 98–104.
Holthuis, L. B., and Manning, R. B., 1969, Stomatopoda, in: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part R, Arthropoda 4(2), ( R. C. Moore, ed.), pp. R535–R552, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
Hudleston, W. H., 1887–1896, A Monograph of the Inferior Oolite Gasteropods, Palaeontographical Society, London.
Hughes, R. N., and Elner, R. W., 1979, Tactics of a predator, Carcinus maenas, and morphological responses of the prey, Nucella lapillus, J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 65–78
Kauffman, E. G., 1972, Ptychodus predation upon a Cretaceous Inoceramus, Paleontology 15: 439–444.
Kauffman, E. G., and Kesling, R. V., 1960, An Upper Cretaceous ammonite bitten by a mososaur, Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Mich. 15: 193–248.
Kaunhouwen, F., 1898, Die Gastropoden der Maestrichter Kreide, Palaeontol. Abh. ( Berlin) N.F. 4.
Kennedy, W. J., and Cobban, W. A., 1976, Aspects of ammonite biology, biogeography, and biostratigraphy, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 17.
Kent, B. W., 1981>, Prey dropped by herring gulls (Larus argentatus) on soft sediments, Auk 98: 350–354.
Kier, P. M., 1974, Evolutionary trends and their functional significance in the post-Paleozoic echinoids, J. Paleontol., Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 48 (5).
Kitching, J. A., Muntz, L., and Ebling, F. J., 1966, The ecology of Lough Ine. XV. The ecological significance of shell and body forms in Nucella, J. Anim. Ecol. 35: 113–126.
Liem, K. F., 1973, Evolutionary strategies and morphological innovations: Cichlid pharyngeal jaws, Syst. Zool. 22: 425–441.
Liem, K. F., and Osse, J. W. M., 1975, Biological versatility, evolution, and food resource exploitation in African cichlid fishes, Am. Zool. 15: 427–454.
Linsley, R. M., 1978, Locomotion rates and shell form in the Gastropoda, Malacologia 17: 193–206.
Miller, B. A., 1975, The biology of Terebra gouldi Deshayes, 1859, and a discussion of life history similarities among other terebrids of similar proboscis type, Pac. Sci. 29: 227–241.
Morton, J. E., 1955, The evolution of vermetid gastropods, Pac. Sci. 9: 3–15.
Moy-Thomas, J. A., and Miles, R. S., 1971, Palaeozoic Fishes, Chapman & Hall, London.
Nielsen, C., 1975, Observations on Buccinum undatum L. attacking bivalves and on prey responses, With a short review of attack methods of other prosobranchs, Ophelia 13:87–108.
Packard, A., 1972, Cephalopods and fish: The limits of convergence, Biol. Rev. 47: 241–307.
Paine, R. T., 1962, Ecological diversification in sympatric gastropods of the genus Busycon, Evolution 16: 515–523.
Palmer, A. R., 1979, Fish predation and the evolution of gastropod shell sculpture: Experimental and geographic evidence, Evolution 33: 697–713.
Papp, A., Zapfe, H., Bachmayer, F., and Tauber, A. F., 1947, Lebensspuren mariner Krebse, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Kl. Sitzber. 155: 281–317.
Patterson, C., 1964, A review of Mesozoic acanthopterygian fishes, with special reference to those of the English Chalk, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 247: 213–482.
Paul, C. R. C., 1977, Evolution of primitive echinoderms, in: Patterns of Evolution as Illus-trated by the Fossil Record ( A. Hallam, ed.), pp. 123–157, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Peel, J. S., 1975, A new Silurian gastropod from Wisconsin and the ecology of uncoiling in Paleozoic gastropods, Bull. Geol. Soc. Den. 24: 211–221.
Peel, J. S., 1977, Systematics and palaeoecology of the Silurian gastropods of the Arisaig Group, Nova Scotia, K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr. 21 (2): 5–89.
Pritchard, P. C. H., 1979, Taxonomy, evolution, and zoogeography, in: Turtles: Perspectives and Research (M. Harless and H. Morlock, eds.), pp. 1–42, Wiley, New York.
Reimchen, T. E., 1979, Substratum heterogeneity, crypsis, and colour polymorphism in an intertidal snail (Littorina mariae), Can. J. Zool. 57: 1070–1085.
Repenning, C. A., 1976, Enhydra and Enhydriodon from the Pacific coast of North America, J. Res. U.S. Geol. Surv. 4: 305–315.
Rex, M. A., and Boss, K. J., 1976, Open coiling in Recent gastropods, Malacologie 15: 289–297.
Riegraf, W., 1973, Bissspuren auf Jurassischen Belemniten-rostren, Neves Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Monatsh. 8: 494–500.
Rohr, D. M., 1980, Ordovician—Devonian Gastropoda from the Klamath Mountains, California, Palaeontogr. Abt. A 171: 141–199.
Rollins, H. B., Eldredge, N., and Spiller, J., 1971, Gastropoda and Monoplacophora of the Solsville Member (Middle Devonian, Marcellus Formation) in the Chenango Valley, New York State, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 144: 131–170.
Romer, A. S., 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Rudwick, M. J. S., 1970, Living and Fossil Brachiopods, Hutchinson, London.
Runnegar, B., Pojeta, J., Jr., Taylor, M. E., and Collins, D., 1979, New species of the Cambrian and Ordovician chitons Matthevia and Chelodes from Wisconsin and Queensland: Evidence for the early history of polyplacophoran mollusks, J. Paleontol. 53: 1374–1394.
Schaeffer, B., 1967, Comments on elasmobranch evolution, in: Sharks, Skates, and Rays ( P. W. Gilbert, R. F. Mathewson, and D. P. Hall, eds.), pp. 3–35, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Schaeffer, D. E., and Rosen, D. E., 1961, Major adaptive levels in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism, Am. Zool. 1: 187–204.
Schäfer, W., 1954, Form and Funktion der Brachyuren Scheere, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 48: 1–66.
Schram, F. R., 1974, Convergences between Late Paleozoic and modern caridoid Malacostraca, Syst. Zool. 23: 323–332.
Schram, F. R., 1979, The genus Archaeocaris, with a general review of the Palaeostomatopoda (Hoplocarida: Malacostraca ), San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Trans. 19: 57–66.
Seed, R., 1980, Predator—prey relationships between the mud crab Panopeus herbstii, the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, and the Atlantic ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa, Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 11: 445–458.
Shoup, J. B., 1968, Shell opening by crabs of the genus Calappa, Science 160: 887–888
Siegfried, W. R., 1977, Mussel-dropping behaviour of kelp gulls, S. Afr. J. Sci. 73: 337–341.
Sohl, N. F., 1960, Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda and stratigraphy of the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff formations, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 331: 1–151.
Sohl, N. F., 1964, Neogastropoda, Opisthobranchia and Basommatophora from the Ripley, Owl Creek, and Prairie Bluff formations, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 331 : 153–344.
Sohl, N. F., 1965, Marine Jurassic gastropods, central and southern Utah, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 503: D1 - D29.
Speden, I. G., 1971, Notes on New Zealand fossil Mollusca. 2. Predation on New Zealand Cretaceous species of Inoceramus (Bivalvia), N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 14:56–70.
Stoliczka, F., 1868, Cretaceous fauna of southern India. II. The Gastropoda, Mem. Geol. Surv. India 2.
Taylor, J. D., Morris, N. J., and Taylor, C. N., 1980, Food specialization and the evolution of predatory prosobranch gastropods, Palaeontology 23: 375–409.
Thomson, K. S., 1971, The adaptation and early evolution of early fishes, Q. Rev. Biol. 46: 139–166.
Thomson, K. S., 1977, The pattern of diversification among fishes, in: Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record ( A. Hallam, ed.), pp. 376–404, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Thurmond, J. T., 1974, Lower vertebrate faunas of the Trinity Division in north-central Texas, Geosci. Man 8: 103–129.
Tyler, J. C., 1980, Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi ( Tetraodontiformes ), NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 434.
Vermeij, G. J., 1975, Evolution and distribution of left-handed and planispiral coiling in snails, Nature (London) 254: 419–420.
Vermeij, G. J., 1976, Interoceanic differences in vulnerability of shelled prey to crab predation, Nature (London) 260: 135–136.
Vermeij, G. J., 1977a, Patterns in crab claw size: The geography of crushing, Syst. Zool. 26: 138–151.
Vermeij, G. J., 1977, The Mesozoic marine revolution: Evidence from snails, predators and grazers, Paleobiology 3: 245–258.
Vermeij, G. J., 1978, Biogeography and Adaptation: Patterns of Marine Life, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Vermeij, G. J., 1979, Shell architecture and causes of death in Micronesian reef snails, Evolution 33: 686–696.
Vermeij, G. J., 1982a, Gastropod shell form, repair, and breakage in relation to predation by the crab Calappa, Malacologia 23: 1–12.
Vermeij, G. J., 1982b, Unsuccessful predation and evolution, Am. Nat., 120:701–720
Vermeij, G. J., 1983, Coevolution and intimate associations in the sea.
Vermeij, G. J., and Covich, A. P., 1978, Coevolution of freshwater gastropods and their predators, Am. Nat. 112: 833–843.
Vermeij, G. J., and Currey, J. D., 1980, Geographical variation in the strength of thaidid snail shells, Biol. Bull. 158: 383–389.
Vermeij, G. J., and Dudley, E. C., 1982, Shell repair in some gastropods from the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of the southeastern United States, Cret. Res. 3: 397–403.
Vermeij, G. J., Zipser, E., and Dudley, E. C., 1980, Predation in time and space: Peeling and drilling in terebrid gastropods, Paleobiology 6: 352–364.
Vermeij, G. J., Shindel, D. E., Zipser, E., 1981, Predation through geological time: evidence from gastropod shell repair, Science 214: 1024–1026.
Vermeij, G. J., Zipser, E., and Zardini, R., 1982, Breakage-induced shell repair in some gastropods from the Upper Triassic of Italy, J. Paleontol. 56: 233–235.
von Hüne, F. R., 1956, Paldontologie and Phylogenie der niederen Tetrapoden, Fischer, Jena.
Waller, T. R., 1972, The functional significance of some shell microstructures in the Pectinacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Int. Geol. Congr., 24th Session, Montreal, Canada, Sect. 7, Paleontol. pp. 48–56.
Ward, P., 1981, Shell sculpture as a defensive adaptation in ammonoids, Paleobiology 7: 95–100.
Warmke, G. L., and Almodòvar, L. R., 1963, Some associations of marine mollusks and algae in Puerto Rico, Malacologia 1: 163–178.
Warren, S., 1916, The feeding habits of Busycon, Nautilus 30: 66–68.
Wells, H. W., 1958, Predation of pelecypods and gastropods by Fasciolaria hunteria (Perry), Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 8: 152–166.
Woodring, W. P., 1957, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae), U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 306: 1–145.
Woodring, W. P., 1959, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Vermetidae to Thaididael, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 306: 147–239.
Woodring, W. P., 1964, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Columbellidae to Volutidae), U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 306: 241–297.
Woodring, W. P., 1970, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (gastropods: Eulimidae, Marginellidae to Helminthoglyptidae), U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 306D: 299–452.
Woodring, W. P., 1973, Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (additions to gastropods, scaphopods, pelecypods: Nuculidae to Malleidae), U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 306E: 453–539.
Yamaguchi, M., 1977, Shell growth and mortality rates in the coral reef gastropod Cerithium nodulosum in Pago Bay, Guam, Mariana Islands, Mar. Biol. 44: 249–263.
Yamaoka, K., 1978, Pharyngeal jaw structure in labrid fish, Bull. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 14: 409–426.
Yap, W. G., 1977, Population biology of Japanese little-neck clam, Tapes philippinarum, in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, Pac. Sci. 31: 223–244.
Yochelson, E. L., 1971, A new Late Devonian gastropod and its bearing on problems of open coiling and septation, Smithson. Contrib. Paleobiol. 3: 231–241.
Zach, R., 1978, Selection and dropping of whelks by northwestern crows, Behaviour 67: 134–148.
Zach, R., 1979, Shell dropping: Decision-making and optimal foraging in northwestern crows, Behaviour 68: 106–116.
Zardini, R., 1978, Fossili cassiani (Trias Medio-Superiore): Atlantae dei gastropodi della formazione di S. Cassiano raccolti nella regione dolomitica attorno a Cortina d’Ampezzo, Ghedina, Cortina d’Ampezzo.
Zardini, R., 1980, Fossili cassiani (Trias Medio-Superiore): Primo aggiornamento all’atlante dei gastropodi della formazione di S. Cassiano raccolti nella regione dolomitica attorno a Cortina d’Ampezzo, Ghedina, Cortina d’Ampezzo.
Zipser, E., and Vermeij, G. J., 1978, Crushing behavior of tropical and temperate crabs, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31: 155–172.
Zipser, E., and Vermeij, G. J., 1980, Survival after nonlethal shell damage in the gastropod Conus sponsalis, Micronesica (J. Coll . Guam) 16: 229–234.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vermeij, G.J. (1983). Shell-Breaking Predation through Time. In: Tevesz, M.J.S., McCall, P.L. (eds) Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Topics in Geobiology, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0740-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0740-3_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0742-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0740-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive