Abstract
Based on an extensive literature survey and personal contact with beryllium machine shops in America and Europe, a reasoned, balanced view of the present status of be techniques is presented. A bibliography of reports on beryllium machining is included. The basic beryllium machining problems, namely, toxicity, tool life, and machining characteristics, are discussed, as is the way in which material source, product application, and economies may influence the specific machining procedure for a particular component.
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Bibliography
General References
Armstrong, E. T., Dayton, R. W., and Davies, R. C., The Machinability of Beryllium, AECD-3880, BMI-T-11, April 30, 1949.
Cholak, J., Safe Way to Machine Beryllium, American Machinist, May 27, 1963.
Collins, L. W., Machining the Astro-Metal.. Pure Beryllium, Machining (N7), Vol. 67, June 1961, pp. 93–97.
Davis, C., Machining Techniques and Procedures for Uranium, Graphite, Titanium, Zirconium, Thorium, Tantalum, Beryllium, Bismuth, Lithium and Stellite, AEC N70–3954, November 1952
Genes, S. H., Beryllium, A Review of Selcted Developments, January 10, 1975, Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Ohio, MCIC Review.
Kent, J. W., How to Protect Operators Health when I` 7’ r-nLig Beryllium, National Safety News, February 1959.
Krusos, J. N., Kjelby, A. S., Borosic, J., and Byrne, T. J., Beryllium Composite Structures, Vol, II, Materials and Processes, Tech. Rep. No ASD-TR-61–706 Vol I I, May 1962.
Marshall, George C., The Fabrication of Beryllium, Vol. 1, A Survey of Current Technology, NASA-TM-X-53453 AD637 714, July 1976, pp. 54–67.
Olopson, C. T., The Machining of Beryllium, Battelle DMIC Memo No 23, June 5, 1959.
Purdon, B. (North American Rockwell Corp.), Advanced Techniques for Chemical and Mechanical Machining of Beryllium, Aeronautic and Space Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Los Angles, California, October 7–11, 1968, Society of Automatic En{eers, Inc. (680649).
Raymond, Paul G. (Speedring Corporation), Fabrication Techniques of Beryllium Metal Removal, Aeronautic and Space Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting, Los Angeles, California, October 2–6, 1967, Society of Automatic Engineers, Inc. (670803).
Rebholz, M. J., and Wolff, G. E., Beryllium Design and Development, Summary Report, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, LMSC/ A701583.
Rennhack, E. H., Influence of Machining Temperature on Surface Dam-age, Residual Stress and Texture of Hot-Pressed Beryllium, Metal-lurgical Transactions, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 1095–1101, May 1974.
Titus, D., One Shop’s Experience in Machining Beryllium, Los Angeles Gauge Co., Inc., Machinery (Neu’ York), April 1963.
Toczko, G. A., Breeze, K., The Production Man’s Guide to Working Beryllium, American Machinist/Metalworking Manufacturing, Vol. 104, Special Report No. 498, October 17, 1960, pp. 115–126.
Valore, R. H., A Manufacturing Survey of Beryllium, GE59-FPD-701, September 8, 1959.
de Voss, E. A., Controlling Cutter Load Facilitates Delicate Machining Operations, Machinery (New York), April 1963.
Waigandt, A., Production Machining of Beryllium at North America’s Autonetics, Western Machinery and Steel World, Vol. 54, No. 12, December 1963, pp. 30–32.
White, D. W., and Burke, J. E. (Eds.), The Metal Beryllium, American Society for Metals, Cleveland (1955).
Wikle, K. G., Machining and Fabrication of Beryllium, Machinery, Vol. 96, February 25, 1959, pp. 428–432.
Wright, W. J., The Machining of Nuclear Materials, Production Engineer (London), November 1967, pp. 638–650.
ARTICAL, Machining Beryllium, Bulletin 2150, The Beryllium Corporation, Reading, Pennsylvania.
Turning References
Allen, D. K., Hauschildt, H. W., and Bryan, J. B., Diamond-Turning HP-21 Beryllium to Achieve an Optical Surface, UCRL-51916, September 25, 1975, prepared under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48
Glynn, C. E., and Bayer, J., Machinability of Beryllium, Final Report of Part II of Contract No. AF33 (615)-2241, General Electric Company AFML-TR-66–125, Evendale, Ohio, April 1966, pp. 6–16.
Hornack, M. F., and O’Rourke, R. G., Development Technology to Force Unclad Beryllium, Phase II, Interim Engineering Progress Report No. 327–237 to the Basic Industry Branch, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Contract No. AF(33) 657–8507, December 1, 1962 to November 30, 1963.
Marshall, George C., The Fabrication of Beryllium, Vol. I, A Survey of Current Technology, NASA-TM-X-53453 AD637 714, July 1976, pp. 61–63.
Toczko, G. A., and Breeze, K., The Production Man’s Guide to Working Beryllium, American Machinist/Metalworking Manufacturing, Vol. 104, Special Report No. 498, October 17, 1960, pp. 115–126.
Milling References
Glynn, C. E., and Bayer, J., Machinability of Beryllium, Final Report of Part II of Contract AF33(615)-2241, General Electric Company, AFML-TR-66–125, Evendale, Ohio, April 1966, pp. 21–41.
Marshall, George, C., The Fabrication of Beryllium, Vol. 1, A Survey of Current Technology, NASA-TM-X-53453 AD 637 714, July 1976, pp. 63–64.
Porembka, S. W., and Hanes, H. D. (Battelle Memorial Ir titute, Columbus, Ohio), Surface Damage in Machined Beryllium, D -1C Memorandum 198, January 4, 1965.
Toczko, G. A., and Breeze, K., The Production Man’s Guide to Working Beryllium, American Machinist/Metalworking Manufacturing, Vol. 104, Special Report No. 498, October 17, 1960, pp. 115–126.
Drilling References
Cunningham, J. E., Deep Hole Drilling of Hot–Pressed Beryllium Metal, AECD–3722, CF–50–4–110, April 20, 1950.
Eshelman, R. H., Deep Hole Drilling Tames Beryllium, Iron Age, January 27, 1966.
Marshall, George C., The Fabrication of Beryllium, Vol. 1, A Survey of Current. Technology, NASA-TM-X-53453 AD 637 714, July 1976,. pp. 55–60.
Terry, E. L., Effects of Different Hole Preparation Procedures on the Strength of QMV Beryllium Cross Rolled Sheet, The Brush Beryllium Company, T1S-102, April 18, 1963.
Toczko, G. A. and Breeze, K., The Production Man’s Guide to Working Beryllium, American Machinist/Metalworking Manufacturing, Vol. 104, Special Report No. 498, October 17, 1960, pp. 115–126.
ARTICAL, Drilling and Reaming Beryllium, Australasian Manufacturer, Vol,. 46, June 1961, pp. 60–62.
ARTICAL, Drilling and Reaming Beryllium, Metalworking Production, Vol. 105, April 1961, pp. 52–53.
Grinding References
Glynn, C. E., and Bayer, J., Machinability of Beryllium, Final Report of Part II of Contract No. AF33(615)-2241, General Electric Company, AFML-TR-66–125, Evendale, Ohio, April 1966, pp. 41–50.
Taylor, W., and White, J. S., Grinding Induced Machining Damage in Beryllium, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 9 (1. 974 ), pp. 569–575.
EDM References
Brewer, A. W., Spark Machining of Beryllium, Microstructures, August/ September 1970, pp. 25–28.
Glynn, C. E., and Bayer, J., Machinability of Beryllium, Final Report of Part II of Contract No. AF33(615)-2241, General Electric Company, AFML-TR-66.125, Evendale, Ohio, April 1966, pp. 68–70.
Gurklis, John A., Nontraditional Machining of Beryllium, MCIC Report No. 72–03, January 1972.
Marshall, George C., The Fabrication of Beryllium, Vol. I, A Survey of Current Technology, NASA-TM-X-53453 AD (37 714, July 1976, pp. 60–61.
ARTICAL, Electric Discharge Machining of Beryllium, Light Metal Age, February 1964.
ECM References
Bayer, J., Cummings, M. A., and Jollis, A. U., Electrolytic Machining Development, General Electric TIS R64FPD175, ASD ML TR64 313, AD-450 199, Evendale, Ohio, September 1964.
Billing, G. C., Electrochemical Machining of Beryllium, Minute Man Producibility Study No. 5, Final Report, Autometics Division, North American Aviation, Anaheim, California, June 1965.
Glynn, C. E., and Bayer, J., Machinability of Beryllium, Final Report of Part II of Contract No. AF33(615)-2241, General Electric Company AFML-TR-66–125, Evendale, Ohio, April 1966, pp. 57–67.
Gurklis, John A., Nontraditional Machining of Beryllium, MCIC Report No. 72–03, January 1972.
Missel, L. and Shakeen, M. E., Chemical Milling of Beryllium€, Metal Finishing, November 1965.
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Bunce, J.E.J., Hill, M. (1979). Machining. In: Floyd, D.R., Lowe, J.N. (eds) Beryllium Science and Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0668-0_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0668-0_10
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