Skip to main content

Immunology and Immunotherapy of Human Breast Cancer

Recent Developments and Prospects for the Future

  • Chapter

Abstract

The discovery of tumor-specific antigens and tumor-specific immune responses in both animals and humans with malignant disease has increased understanding of the host defense mechanisms in the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer. However, before these tumor-specific immunological phenomena were clearly documented in man, it was strongly suspected that host defense mechanisms or their failure played a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors. As these tumor-specific immune mechanisms were discovered in man, the concept of immunological surveillance was developed.(1)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. R. T. Prehn, Do tumors grow because of the immune response of the host? Transplant. Rev. 28, 34–42 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. T. C. Everson, Spontaneous regression of cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 114, 721–735 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. M. Black, S. R. Opler, and F. D. Speer, Microscopic structure of gastric carcinomas and their regional lymph nodes in relation to survival, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 98, 725–734 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. C. Allison, Immunological surveillance against tumor cells, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise (F. F. Becker, ed.) Vol. 4, pp. 237–258, Plenum Press, New York (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  5. L. Thomas, Reactions to homologous tissue antigens, in: Cellular and Humoral Aspects of the Hypersensitive State (H. S. Lawrence, ed.), pp. 504–534, Cassell, London (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  6. F. M. Burnet, Immunological surveillance in neoplasia, Transplant. Rev. 7, 3–25 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. R. T. Smith and M. Lande (eds.), Immune Surveillance, Academic Press, New York (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  8. A. C. Aisenberg, Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in Hodgkin’s disease, J. Clin. Invest. 41, 1964–1970 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. G. Levin, E. F. McConough, D. G. Miller, and C. M. Southam, Delayed hypersensitivity responses to DNCB in sick and healthy persons, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 120, 400–409, (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. K. Y. Lee, M. Rowley, and I. R. MacKay, Antibody-producing capacity in human cancer, Br. J. Cancer 24, 454–463 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Alexander and J. G. Hall, The role of immunoblasts in host resistance and immunotherapy of primary sarcomata, in: Advances in Cancer Research (G. Klein and S. Weinhouse, eds.), Vol. 13, pp. 1–38, Academic Press, New York (1970).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Stjernsward, Immune status of the primary host towards its own methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 40, 13–22 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Virchow, Krankhaften, Geschwulste, Berlin (1863).

    Google Scholar 

  14. W. S. Handley, The pathology of melanotic growths in relation to their operative treatment, Lancet 1, 927–996 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  15. H. Wade, An experimental investigation of infective sarcoma in the dog with a consideration of its relationship to cancer, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 12, 384–425 (1908).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. W. C. MacCarty, Factors which influence longevity in cancer, Ann. Surg. 76, 9–12, (1922).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. R. V. Greenough, Varying degrees of malignancy in cancer of the breast, Cancer Res. 9, 453–463(1925).

    Google Scholar 

  18. O. S. Moore, and F. W. Foote, The relatively favorable prognosis of medullary carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 2, 635–642 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. H. J. G. Bloom, Prognosis in carcinoma of the breast, Br. J. Cancer 4, 259–288 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. M. Black, S. Kerpe, and F. D. Speer, Lymph node structure in patients with cancer of the breast, Am. J. Pathol. 29, 505–521 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. M. Black, Structural antigenic and biological characteristics of precancerous mastopathy, Cancer Res. 36, 2596–2604 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. M. Black, Cellular and biologic manisfestations of immunogenicity to precancerous mastopathy, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 35, 73–82 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. M. Black, T. H. C. Barclay, and B. F. Hankey, Prognosis in breast cancer utilizing histological characteristics of the primary tumor, Cancer 36, 2048–2055 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. I. M. E. Hamlin, Possible host resistance in carcinoma of the breast: A histological study, Br. J. Cancer 22, 383–401 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. W. Berg, Inflammation and prognosis in breast cancer: A search for host resistance, Cancer 12, 714–720 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. H. R. Champion, I. W. Wallace, and R. J. Prescott, Histology in breast cancer prognosis, Br. J. Cancer 26, 129–138 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Scarff and H. Torlomi, Histologic Typing of Breast Tumors, World Health Organization, Geneva (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  28. S. C. Sommers, Histologic changes in incipient carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 23, 822–825 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. S. G. Silverberg, A. R. Chitale, A. D. Hind, A. B. Frazier, and S. H. Leavitt, Sinus histiocytosis and mammary carcinoma. Study of 366 radical mastectomies and a histological review, Cancer 26, 1177–1185 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Zelen, A hypothesis of the natural time history of breast cancer, Cancer Res. 28, 207–216 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. J. DiRe and N. Lane, The relation of sinus histiocytosis in axillary lymph nodes to surgical curability of carcinoma of breast, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 40, 508–515 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  32. S. J. Kister, S. C. Sommers, C. D. Haagensen, G. H. Friedell, E. Cooley, and A. Varma, Nuclear grade in sinus histiocytosis in cancer of the breast, Cancer 23, 570–574 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. W. Berg, Sinus histiocytosis: A fallacious measure of host resistance to cancer, Cancer 9, 935–939 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. W. Berg, A. G. Houvos, L. M. Axtell, and G. F. Robbins, A new sign of favorable prognosis in mammary cancer: Hyperplastic reactive lymph nodes in the apex of the axilla, Ann. Surg. 177, 8–12 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. E. R. Fisher, R. Gregorio, C. Redmond, A. Dekker, and B. Fisher, Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (Protocol #4). II. The significance of regional node histology other than sinus histiocytosis in invasive mammary cancer, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 65, 21–30 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. R. Fisher, R. M. Gregorio, and B. Fisher, The pathology of invasive breast cancer, Cancer 36, 1–85 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. V. Tsakraklides, P. Olson, J. H. Kersey, and R. A. Good, Prognostic significance of the regional lymph node histology in cancer of the breast, Cancer 34, 1259–1267 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R. L. Hunter, D. Ferguson, and L. W. Coppleson, Survival with mammary cancer related to the interaction of germinal center hyperplasia and sinus histiocytosis in axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes, Cancer 36, 528–539 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. J.L. Turk, Frontiers of Biology: Delayed Hypersensitivity (A. Neuberger and E. L. Tatum, eds.), Vol. 4, American Elsevier, New York (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  40. J.R. David and R.A. David, Cellular hypersensitivity and immunity, Prog. Allergy 16, 300–499 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. E. M. Hersh and G. P. Bodey, Leukocytic mechanism of inflammation, Annu. Rev. Med. 21, 105–132 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. E. M. Hersh, J. E. Curtis, J. E. Harris, C. McBride, R. Alexanian, and R. Rossen, Host defense mechanisms in lymphoma and leukemia, in: Leukemia-Lymphoma (The XIV Annual Clinical Conference on Cancer), pp. 149–168, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  43. F. R. Eilber and D. L. Morton, Impaired immunologic reactivity and recurrence following cancer surgery, Cancer 25, 362–367 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. F. R. Eilber, J. A. Nizze, and D. L. Morton, Sequential evaluation of general immune competence in cancer patients: Correlation with clinical course, Cancer 35, 660–665 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. P.M. Bolton, A.M. Mander, J.M. Davidson, S.L. James, R.G. Newcombe, and L.E. Hughes, Cellular immunity in cancer: Comparison of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in three common cancers, Br. Med. J. 3, 18–20 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. C. M. Pinsky, H. Wanebo, V. Mike, and H. Oettgen, Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and prognosis in patients with cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 276, 407–410 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. H. J. Wanebo, P. P. Rosen, T. Thaler, J. A. Urban, and H. F. Oettgen, Immunobiology of operable breast cancer: An assessment of biologic risk by immunoparameters, Ann. Surg. 184, 258, 266 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  48. S. Golub, T. X. O’Connell, and D. L. Morton, Correlation in in vivo and in vitro assays of immunocompetence in cancer patients, Cancer Res. 34, 1833–1837 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. T. J. Cunningham, D. Daut, P. Wolfgang, M. Mellyn, S. Maciolek, R. Sponzo, and J. Horton, A correlation of DNCB-induced delayed cutaneous hypersensiviity reactions and the course of disease in patients with recurrent breast cancer, Cancer 37, 1696–1700 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. M. M. Roberts and W. J. Williams, Delayed hypersensivity in breast cancer, Br. J. Surg. 55, 869 (1968) (abstract #53).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. M. Roberts and W. J. Williams, The delayed hypersensivity reaction in breast cancer, Br. J. Surg. 61, 549–552 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. P. M. Bolton, C. Teasdale, A. M. Mander, S. L. James, J. M. Davidson, R. H. Whitehead, R. G. Newcombe, and L. E. Hughes, Immune competence in breast cancer—Relationship of pretreatment immunologic tests to diagnosis and tumor stage, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1, 251–258 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. E. M. Hersh, J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, C. W. Mountain, C. M. McBride, M. A. Burgess, P. M. Lurie, M. Zelen, H. Takita, and R. G. Vincent, Immunocompetence, immunodeficiency, and prognosis in cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 276, 386–406 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. E. M. Hersh, J. U. Gutterman, and G. M. Mavligit, Immunodeficiency in cancer and the importance of immune evaluation of the cancer patient, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 623–639 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. T. Nemoto, T. Han, J. Minowada, V. Angkur, A. Chamberlain, and T. L. Dao, Cell mediated immune status of breast cancer patients: Evaluation by skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation, and counts of rosette forming cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 641–645 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. J. Krant, G. Manskope, C. S. Brandrup, and M. A. Madoff, Immunologic alteration in bronchogenic cancer. Sequential study, Cancer 21, 623–631 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. A. Riesco, Five year cancer cure: Relation to total amount of peripheral lymphocytes and neutrophils, Cancer 25, 135–140 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. W. J. Pendergrast, O.R. Boehm, and L. J. Humphrey, Effect of immunotherapy on peripheral lymphocyte count, Arch. Surg. 103, 184–188 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. A. E. Papatestas, G. J. Lesnick, G. Genkins, and A. H. Aufses, The prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocyte counts in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 37, 164–168 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. J. Wybran and H. H. Fundenberg, Rosette formation: A test for cellular immunity, Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 84, 239–247 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. C. Martinez, Effect of Early thymectomy on development of mammary tumors in mice, Nature 203, 1188 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. T. Sakakura and Y. Nishizuka, Effect of thymectomy on mammary tumorigenesis, nodaligenesis, and mammogenesis in the mouse, Gann 58, 441–450 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. M. M. Roberts, Lymphocyte transformation in breast cancer, Br. J. Surg. 57, 381 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. E. Robinson, S. Sher, and T. Mekoni, Lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin and tumor cells of malignant effusions, Cancer Res. 34, 1548–1551 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. L. A. Knight and W. M. Davidson, Reduced lymphocyte transformation in early cancer of the breast, J. Clin. Pathol. 28, 372–376 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. J. J. Miller, P. R. Gaffney, J. A. Rees, and M. O. Symes, Lymphocyte reactivity in patients with carcinoma of the breast and large bowel, Br. J. Cancer 32, 16–20 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. M. G. Whittaker, K. Rees, and C. G. Clark, Reduced lymphocyte transformation in breast cancer, Lancet 1, 892–893 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. R.H. Whitehead, J. Thatcher, C. Teasdale, G.P. Roberts, and L.H. Hughes, T- and B-Lymphocytes in breast cancer—Stage, relationship, and abrogation of T-lymphocyte depression by enzyme treatment in vitro, Lancet 1, 330–333 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. B. Fisher, E. A. Saffer, and E. R. Fisher, Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. III. Response of regional lymph node cells from breast and colon cancer patients in PHA stimulation, Cancer 30, 1202–1215 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. B. Fisher, E. A. Saffer, and E.R. Fisher, Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. VII. Thymidine uptake by cells from nodes of breast cancer patients relative to axillary location and histopathologic discriminants, Cancer 33, 271–279 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. U. Ambus, G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, C. M. McBride, and E. M. Hersh, Specific and non-specific immunologic reactivity of regional lymph node lymphocytes in human malignancy, Int. J. Cancer 14, 291–300 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. A. V. Jubert, C. M. McBride, G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, and E. M. Hersh, Immunoglobulin on the surface of human appendix lymphocytes, Immunol. Commun. 3, 1–9 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. A. Buda, N. Suciu-Foca, E. Blomain, S. McManus, and K. Reemtsma, Impaired cell mediated immunity in patients with cancer, J. Surg. Oncol. 7, 525–529 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. E. J. Field and E. A. Caspary, Lymphocyte sensitization in advanced malignant disease: A study of serum lymphocyte depressive factor, Br. J. Cancer 26, 164–173 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. A.M. Steward, H.Z. Kupchick, and N. Zamcheck, Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen levels and serum suppression of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte DNA synthesis: An inverse correlation in the cancer patient, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 3–9 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. R. H. Whitehead, P. M. Bolton, and R. G. Newcombe, Is there factor in the sera from cancer patients that inhibits lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin? Eur. J. Cancer 10, 815–818 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. H. Blomgren, J. Wasserman, and U. Glas, Capacity of sera from patients with mammary carcinoma to promote PHA-stimulation of human lymphocytes, Acta Radiol. 14, 127–138 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. D. R. Burger, D. P. Lilley, M. Reid, L. Irish, and R. M. Vetto, Alpha globulin changes during the development of cellular immunity, Cell. Immunol. 8,. 147–154 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. O. H. Plescia, A. H. Smith, and K. Grinwich, Subversion of the immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1848–1851 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Friedman and C. Southam (eds.), International Conference on Immunobiology of Cancer (New York Academy of Sciences), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 276, 1–591 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  81. R. T. Prehn, The immune reaction as a stimulator of tumor growth, Science 176, 170–171 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. R. T. Prehn, Perspectives on oncogenesis: Does immunity stimulate or inhibit neoplasia? J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 10, 1–16 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. G. H. Heppner, Neonatal thymectomy and mouse mammary tumorigenesis, in: Immunity and Tolerance in Oncogenesis (L. Severi, ed.), pp. 503–524, University of Perugia, Italy (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  84. E. J. Yunis, C. Martinez, J. Smith, O. Stutman, and R. A. Good, Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in mice: Influence of thymectomy and reconstitution with thymus grafts or spleen cells, Cancer Res. 29, 174–178 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. M. A. Lappe and P. B. Blair, Interference with mammary tumorigenesis by antilymphocyte serum, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. 11, 47 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  86. P. B. Blair, Immunologic aspects of tumor induction by mammary tumor virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1121–1124 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. D. L. Morton, Acquired immunological tolerance and carcinogenesis by the mammary tumor virus. I. Influence of neonatal infection with the mammary tumor virus on the growth of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 42, 311–320 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. D. W. Weiss, D. H. Lavrin, M. Dezfulian, J. Vaage, and P. B. Blair, Studies on the immunology of spontaneous mammary carcinomas of mice, in: Viruses Inducing Cancer (W. J. Burdette, ed.), pp. 138–168, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  89. R. V. P. Hutter and D. U. Kim, The problem of multiple lesions of the breast, Cancer 28, 1591–1607 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. S. Roberts, J. Hengesh, R. McGrath, E. McGrew, J. Valaitis, and W. Cole, Five to ten year follow up studies on circulating cancer cells, Proc. Ninth Int. Cancer Congr., p. 69 (1966) (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  91. J. Song, P. From, W. J. Morrissey, and J. Sams, Circulating cancer cells: Pre- and post-chemotherapy observations, Cancer 28, 553–561 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. M. H. Edwards, M. Baum, and C. J. Magarey, Regression of axillary lymph nodes in cancer of the breast Br. J. Surg. 59, 776–779 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. L. E. Hughes and B. Lytton, Antigenic properties of human tumors: Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction, Br. Med. J. 1, 209–212 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. T. H. M. Stewart, The presence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients toward cellular extracts of their malignant tumors. II. A correlation between the histologic picture of lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor stroma, the presence of such a reaction and a discussion of the significance of this phenomenon, Cancer 23, 1380–1387 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. C. Alford, A. Hollinshead, and R. Herberman, Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to extracts of malignant and normal human breast cells, Ann. Surg. 178, 20–24 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. A.C. Hollinshead, W.T. Jaffurs, L.K. Alpert, J.E. Harris, and R.B. Herberman, Isolation and identification of soluble skin-reactive membrane antigens of malignant and normal human breast cells, Cancer Res. 34, 2961–2968 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. G. M. Mavligit, U. Ambus, J. U. Gutterman, E. M. Hersh, and C. M. McBride, Antigen solubilized from human solide tumors: Lymphocyte stimulation and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity, Nature (London) New Biol. 243, 188–190 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. J. Stjernsward, L. E. Almgard, S. Franzen, T. Von Schreeb, and L. B. Wadstrom, Tumor distinctive cellular immunity to renal carcinoma, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 6, 963–968 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. F. Vanky and J. Stjernsward, Lymphocyte stimulation tests for detection of tumor specific reactivity in humans, in: In Vitro Methods in Cell Mediated and Tumor Immunity (B.R. Bloom and J.R. David, eds.), pp. 597–606, Academic Press, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  100. A. Richters and R. P. Sherwin, The significance of autochthonous lymphocyte interactions with human breast cancer cells in primary tissue cultures, Cancer 27, 274–277 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. S. D. Deodhar, G. Crile, and C. B. Esselstyn, Study of the tumor cell-lymphocyte interaction in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 29, 1321–1325 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. I. Hellstrom, K. E. Hellstrom, H. O. Sjogren, and G. A. Warner, Demonstration of cell mediated immunity to human neoplasms of various histological types, Int. J. Cancer 7, 1–16 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. G. Fossati, S. Canevari, G. Delia Porta, G. P. Balzarini, and U. Veronesi, Cellular immunity to human breast carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 10, 391–396 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Takusugi, M. R. Mickey, and P. I. Terasaki, Reactivity of lymphocytes from normal persons on cultured tumor cells, Cancer Res. 33, 2898–2902 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  105. H. F. Jeejeebhoy, Immunological studies of women with primary breast carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 15, 867–878 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, and E. M. Hersh, In vitro antitumor reactivity of mononuclear leukocytes from cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with BCG, In preparation (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  107. K. E. Hellstrom and I. Hellstrom, Lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity and blocking serum activity to tumor antigens, Adv. Immunol. 18, 209–277 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. H. O. Sjogren, I. Hellstrom, S. C. Bansal, G. A. Warner, and K. E. Hellstrom, Elution of “blocking factors” from human tumors, capable of abrogating tumor cell destruction by specifically immune lymphocytes, Int. J. Cancer 9, 274–283 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. R. Baldwin, M. R. Price, and R. A. Robins, Significance of serum factors modifying cellular immune responses to growth of tumors, Br. J. Cancer 28, 37–39 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  110. I. Hellstrom, K. E. Hellstrom, and G. A. Warner, Increase of lymphocyte mediated tumor cell destruction by certain patient sera, Int. J. Cancer 12, 348–353 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. I. Hellstrom and K. Hellstrom, Microcytotoxicity assays of cell mediated tumor immunity and blocking serum factors, in: In Vitro Methods in Cell Mediated and Tumor Immunity (B. R. Bloom and J. R. David, eds.), pp. 533–540, Academic Press, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  112. N. L. Levy, Use of an in vitro microcytotoxicity test to assess human tumor specific cell mediated immunity and its serum mediated abrogation, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 37, 85–92(1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. F. Avis, I. Mosonov, and G. Haughton, Antigenic cross reactivity between benign and malignant neoplasms of the human breast. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52. 1041–1049 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. G. H. Heppner, Is there evidence that immunity influences tumor host balance in breast cancer? in: Breast Cancer: A Challenging Problem (M. L. Griem, E. V. Jensen, J. E. Ultman, and R. W. Wissler, eds.), pp. 63–72, Springer-Verlag, New York (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  115. S. H. Golub, Host immune response to human tumor antigens, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise (F. F. Becker, ed.), Vol. 4, pp. 259–302, Plenum Press, New York (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  116. V. S. Byers, L. LeCam. A. S. Levin, W. H. Stone, and A. J. Hackett, Identification of human populations with a high incidence of cellular immunity against breast carcinoma: Use in transfer factor immunotherapy, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  117. R. H. Yonemoto, T. Fujisawa, and S. R. Waldman, Selection of donors for transfer factor immunotherapy, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 150 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  118. F. Avis, I. Avis, J. F. Newsome, and G. Haughton, Antigenic cross reactivity between adenocarcinoma of the breast and fibrocystic disease of the breast, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56, 17–25 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. V. Anderson, O. Bjerrum, G. Bendixen, T. Schiodt, and I. Dissing, Effect of autologous mammary tumor extracts on human leukocyte migration in vitro, Int. J. Cancer 5, 357–363 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. A. Segall, O. Weiler, J. Genin. J. Lacour, and F. Lacour, In vitro study of cellular immunity against autochthonous human cancer, Int. J. Cancer 9, 417–425 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. J. L. McCoy, L. F. Jerome, J. H. Dean, G. B. Cannon, T. C. Alford, T. Doering, and R. B. Herberman, Inhibition of leukocyte migration by tumor associated antigens in soluble extracts of human breast carcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 11–17 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. A. J. Cochran, R. M. Grant, W. G. Spilg, R. M. Mackie, C. E. Ross, D. E. Hoyle, and J. M. Russell, Sensitization to tumor associated antigens in human breast carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 14, 19–25 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. M. M. Black, H. P. Leis, B. Shore, and R. E. Zachrau, Cellular hypersensitivity to breast cancer. Assessment by a leukocyte migration procedure, Cancer 33, 952–958 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. R. J. Ellis, G. Wernick, J. B. Zabriske, and L. J. Goldman, Immunologic competence of regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 35, 655–659 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. W. J. Halliday, A. Maluish, and W. H. Isbister, Detection of anti-tumor cell mediated immunity and serum blocking factors in cancer patients by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test, Br. J. Cancer 29, 31–35 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. N. Grosser and D. M. P. Thomson, Cell mediated antitumor immunity in breast cancer patients evaluated by antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition in test tubes, Cancer Res. 35, 2571–2579 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. V. Holan, M. Hasek, J. Bubenik, and J. Chutna, Antigen mediated macrophage adherence inhibition, Cell. Immunol. 13, 107–116 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. E. Rowinska-Zakrewska, P. Lazar, and P. Burtin, Dosage des immunoglobulines dans le sérum des cancéreux, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 119, 621–625 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. N. R. Hughes, Serum concentration of IgG, IgA, and IgM in patients with carcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 46, 1015–1028 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. M. M. Roberts, E. M. Bathgate, and A. Stevenson, Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 36, 221–224 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. E. M. Edynak, Y. Hirshaut, M. Bernhard, and G. Trempe, Fluorescent antibody studies of human breast cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1137–1143 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. L. J. Humphrey, N. C. Estes, P. A. Morse, W. R. Jewell, R. A. Boudet, M. J. K. Hudson, P. G. Tsolakidis, and F. A. Mantz, Serum antibody in patients with breast disease, Ann. Surg. 180, 124–129 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. M. J. K. Hudson, L. J. Humphrey, F. A. Mantz, and P. A. Morse, Correlation of circulating serum antibody to the histologic findings in breast cancer, Am. J. Surg. 128, 756–762 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. W. F. Feller, S. E. Stewart, and J. Kantor, Primary tissue culture expiants of human breast cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1117–1120 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. R. E. Nordquist, D. R. Ishmael, C. A. Lovig, D. M. Hyder, and A. F. Hoge, The tissue culture and morphology of a human breast tumor cell line (BOT-2), J. Lab. Clin. Med. 89, 257–261 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. R. E. Nordquist, F. B. Schafer, N. E. Manning, D. R. Ishmael, and A. F. Hoge, Anti-tumor antibodies in human breast cancer sera as detected by fixed cell immunofluorescence and living cell membrane immunoflorescence assays, Cancer Res. 35, 3100–3105 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. R. W. Baldwin, M. J. Embleton, J. S. Jones, and M. J. S. Langman, Cell mediated and humoral immune reactions to human tumors, Int. J. Cancer 12, 73–83 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. G. F. Springer, P. R. Desai, and I. Banatwala, Blood group MN specific substances and precursors in normal and malignant human breast tissues, Naturwissenchaften 61, 457–458 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. G. F. Springer, R. P. Desai, and I. Banatwala, Blood group MN antigens and precursors in normal and malignant human breast glandular tissue, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54, 335–339 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. G. F. Springer, P. R. Desai, and E. F. Scanlon, Blood group MN precursors as human breast carcinoma associated antigens and “naturally”, occurring humans cytotoxins against them, Cancer 37, 169–176 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. H. J. Hansen, L. J. Snyder, E. Miller, J. P. Vandevoorde, O. N. Miller, L. R. Hines, and J. J. Burns, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. A laboratory adjunct in the diagnosis and management of cancer, Hum. Pathol. 5, 139–147 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. M. K. Schwarz, Biochemical Markers in breast cancer: Hormone receptors and tumor associated antigen, Breast Dis. Breast 2, 7–11 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  143. T. M. Chu, Evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen in human mammary carcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst 51, 1119–1122 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. A. M. Stewart, D. Nixon, N. Zamcheck, and A. Aisenberg, Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer patients: Serum levels and disease progress, Cancer 33, 1246–1252 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. D. M. Marcus and N. Zinberg, Isolation of ferritin from human mammary and pancreatic carcinomas by means of antibody immunoadsorbents, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162, 493–501(1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. A. Jacobs, B. Jones, C. Ricketts, R. D. Bulbrook, and D. Y. Wang, Serum ferritin concentrations in early breast cancer, Br. J. Cancer 34, 280–290 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  147. R. K. Gupta and R. Schuster, Isoantigens A, B, and H in benign and malignant lesions of breast, Am. J. Pathol 72, 253–260 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. I. Davidson and N. Ly, Loss of isoantigens in carcinomas of lung, Am. J. Pathol. 57, 307–334 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  149. A. V. Richman, Immunofluorescence studies of benign and malignant human mammary tissue, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 57, 263–267 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. K. Irie, R. F. Irie, and D. L. Morton, Detection of antibody and complement complexed in vivo on membranes of human cancer cells by mixed hemadsorption techniques, Cancer Res. 35, 1244–1248 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. O. Tonder and S. Thunold, Receptors for immunoglobulin Fc in human malignant tissues, Scand. J. Immunol. 2, 207–215 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. I. Witz, S. Argov, and D. Cohen, Non-specific fixation of immunoglobulin by tumor cells in vitro, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 8, 669 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  153. D. H. Moore, Mammary tumor virus, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise; Etiology: Viral Carcinogenesis (F. F. Becker, ed.) Vol. 2, pp. 131–167, Plenum Press, New York (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  154. L. Dmochowski, The importance of studies on the mammary tumor-inducing virus in the problem of breast cancer, in: International Symposium on Mammary Cancer (L. Seven, ed.), pp. 655–708, University of Perugia, Italy (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  155. D. H. Moore, J. Charney, B. Kramarsky, E. Y. Lasfargues, N. H. Sarkar, M. J. Brennan, J. H. Burrows, S. M. Sirsat, J. C. Paymaster, and A. B. Vaidya, Search for a human breast cancer virus, Nature 229, 611–615 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. J. Schlom, S. Spiegelman, and D. H. Moore, Reverse transcriptase and high molecular weight RNA in particles from mouse and human milk, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1197–1203 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. S. Spiegelman, R. Axel, and J. Schlom, Virus-related RNA in human and mouse mammary tumors, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1205–1211 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. E. S. Priori, G. Seman, L. Dmochowski, H. S. Gallager, and D. E. Anderson, Immunofluorescence studies on sera of patients with breast carcinoma, Cancer 28, 1462–1471 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. E. S. Priori, D. E. Anderson, W. C. Williams, and L. Dmochowski, Immunological studies on human breast carcinoma and mouse mammary tumors, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 48, 1131–1135 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. M. Muller and J. Grossmann, An antigen in human breast cancer sera related to the murine mammary tumor virus, Nature (London) New Biol. 237, 116–117 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. J. M. Bowen, L. Dmochowski, M. F. Miller, E. S. Priori, G. Seman, M. L. Dodson, and K. Maruyama, Implications of humoral antibody in mice and humans to breast tumor and mouse mammary tumor virus associated antigens, Cancer Res. 36, 759–764 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. K. W. Newgard, R. D. Cardiff, and P. B. Blair, Human antibodies binding to the mouse mammary tumor virus: A nonspecific reaction? Cancer Res. 36, 765–768 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. O. Stutman and R. B. Herberman, Immunological control of breast cancer: Discussion, Cancer Res. 36, 781–782 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. M. M. Black, R. E. Zachrau, B. Shore, and H. P. Leis, Biological considerations of tumor specific and virus associated antigens of human breast cancers, Cancer Res. 36, 769–774 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. S. Cunningham-Rundles, W. F. Feller, C. Cunningham-Rundles, B. Dupont, H. Wanebo, R. O’Reilly, and R. A. Good, Lymphocyte transformation in vitro to R111 mouse milk antigen among women with breast disease, Cell. Immunol. 25, 322–327 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. A. C. Hollinshead, Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  167. C. J. Magarey and M. Baum, Reticulo-endothelial activity in humans with cancer, Br. J. Surg. 57, 748–752 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. L. J. Old, B. Benacerraf, D. A. Clark, E. A. Carswell, and E. Stockert, The role of the reticuloendothelial system in the host reaction to neoplasia, Cancer Res. 21, 1281–1300 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. C. J. Magarey and M. Baum, Oestrogen as a reticuloendothelial stimulant in patients with cancer, Br. Med. J. 2, 367–370 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. C. R. Pentycross, D. Toussis, J. A. McKinna, S. D. Lawler, and W. P. Greening, Effect of Hormone therapy on mitogenic responses of lymphocytes from patients with cancer of the breast, Lancet 2, 177–179 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. B. Benacerraf, B. N. Halpern, G. Biozzi, and S. A. Bencos, Quantitative study of the granulopectic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. III. The effect of cortisone and nitrogen mustard on the regenerative capacity of the R.E.S. after saturation with carbon, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 35, 97–106 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. T. Nicol, Female reproductive system in the guinea pig; intra-vital staining; fat production; influence of hormones, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 58, 449–486 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  173. J. Thompson and R. Van Furth, The effect of glucocorticosteriods on the kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes, J. Exp. Med. 131, 429–442 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. H. G. Iversen, Influence of cortisone on frequency of tumor metastases, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 41, 273–280 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. P. Sherlock and W. H. Hartmann, Adrenal steroids and the pattern of metastases of breast cancer, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 181, 313–317 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. J. A. McCredie, W. R. Inch, and R. M. Sutherland, Effect of postoperative radiotherapy on peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 29, 349–356 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. A. B. Cosimi, F. H. Brunster, W. T. Kemmerer, and B. N. Miller, Cellular immune competence of breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy, Arch. Surg. 107, 531–535 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. J. Stjernsward, M. Jondal, F. Vanky, H. Wigzell, and R. Dealey, Lymphopenia and change in distribution of human B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood induced by irradiation for mammary carcinoma, Lancet 1, 1352–1356 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. H. Blomgren, R. Berg, J. Wasserman, and U. Glas, Effect of radiotherapy on blood lymphocyte population in mammary carcinoma, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1, 177–188 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. P. Alexander, The bogey of the immuno-suppressive action of local radiotherapy, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1, 369–371 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. W. B. Coley, A report of recent cases of inoperable sarcoma successfully treated with mixed toxins of erysipelas and Bacillus prodigiosus, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 13, 174–190 (1911).

    Google Scholar 

  182. H. C. Nauts, The apparently beneficial effects of bacterial infection on host resistance to cancer, New York Cancer Research Institute, Monograph 8 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  183. E. Klein and O. A. Holterman, Immunotherapeutic approaches to the management of neoplasms, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 35, 379–499 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. J. Stjernsward and A. Levin, Delayed hypersensitivity induced regression of human neoplasms, Cancer 28, 628–640 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. G. V. Smith, P. A. Morse, Jr., G. D. Deraps, S. Raju, and J. D. Hardy, Immunotherapy of patients with cancer, Surgery 74, 59–68 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. D. H. Partridge, F. C. Sparks, A. G. Wile, and D. L. Morton, Intratumor injection of BCG for chest wall recurrence of breast carcinoma, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 18, 325 (1977) (abstract#C-238).

    Google Scholar 

  187. M. J. Mastrangelo, D. Berd, and R. E. Bellet, Critical review of previously reported clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy with nonspecific immunostimulants, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 94–123 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. N. V. Dimitrov, T. Singh, and E. Balcueva, Intralesional injections of C. parvum in local skin recurrences of breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 18, 270 (1977) (abstract # C-15).

    Google Scholar 

  189. P. W. A. Mansell, N. R. DiLuzio, R. McNamee, G. Rowden, and J. W. Proctor, Recognition factors and nonspecific macrophage activation in the treatment of neoplastic disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 20–44 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. G. Mathe, J. L. Amiel, L. Schwarzenberg, L. Schneider, A. Cattan, J. R. Schlumberger, M. Hazat, and F. DeVassal, Active immunotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Lancet 1, 697–699 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, J. A. Gottlieb, M. A. Burgess, C. M. McBride, L. Einhorn, E. J. Freireich, and E. M. Hersh, Chemoimmunotherapy of disseminated malignant melanoma with dimethyl triazeno carboxamide and bacillus Calmette-Guérin, N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 592–597 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. W. R. Vogler and Y. K. Chan, Prolonging remission in myeloblastic leukemia by Tice strain bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Lancet 2, 128–131 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. J. U. Gutterman, E. M. Hersh, V. Rodriguez, K. B. McCredie, G. Mavligit, R. Reed, M. A. Burgess, T. Smith, E. A. Gehan, G. P. Bodey, Sr., and E. J. Freireich, Chemoimmunotherapy of adult acute leukemia: Prolongation of remission in myeloblastic leukemia with BCG, Lancet 2 1405–1409 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. J. A. Whittaker and A. J. Slater, The immunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia using intravenous BCG, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  195. B. Hoerni, J. Chauvergne, G. Hoerni-Simon, M. Durand, and C. Lagarde, BCG in the immunotherapy of malignant lymphomas, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  196. L. Israel, Immunochemotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in disseminated cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 241–251 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. J. A. Gottlieb, G. R. Blumenschein, J. U. Gutterman, E. J. Freireich, and J. O. Cardenas, Adriamycin in the treatment of breast cancer, in: Adriamycin Review (M. Staquert, ed.), pp. 249–256, European Press, Medikon (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  198. J. U. Gutterman, J. O. Cardenas, G. R. Blumenschein, G. Hortobagyi, R. B. Livingston, G. M. Mavligit, E. J. Freireich, J. A. Gottlieb, and E. M. Hersh, Chemoimmunotherapy of disseminated breast cancer: Prolongation of remission and survival, Br. Med. J. 2, 1222–1225 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, G. Hortobagyi, G. R. Blumenschein, M. A. Burgess, A. V. Jubert, and E. M. Hersh, BCG immunotherapy of disseminated breast cancer and colorectal cancer: Prolongation of remission and survival, in: BCG in Cancer Immunotherapy (G. Lamoureux, R. Turcotte, and V. Portelance, eds.), pp. 227–238, Grune and Stratton, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  200. G. Hortobagyi, J. U. Gutterman, G. R. Blumenschein, C. K. Tashima, M. Schwarz, M. A. Burgess, and E. M. Hersh, The use of BCG and MER plus combination chemotherapy in the management of patients with disseminated breast carcinoma, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  201. C. M. Pinsky, Y. Hirshaut, H. J. Wanebo, J. Former, V. Mike, D. Schottenfeld, and H. Oettgen, Surgical adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG in patients with malignant melanoma. Results of a prospective, randomized trial, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  202. J. U. Gutterman, G. Mavligit, C. McBride, E. Frei, III, E. J. Freireich, and E. M. Hersh, Active immunotherapy with BCG for recurrent malignant melanoma, Lancet 1, 1208–1212 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. D. L. Morton, F. R. Eilber, E. C. Holmes, J. S. Hunt, A. S. Ketcham, M. F. Silverstein, and F. C. Sparks, BCG immunotherapy of malignant melanoma: Summary of a seven year experience, Ann. Surg. 180, 635–643 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, M. A. Burgess, J. O. Cardenas, G. R. Blumenschein, J. A. Gottlieb, C. M. McBride, E. M. Hersh, K. B. McCredie, G. P. Bodey Sr., V. Rodriguez, and E. J. Freireich, Immunotherapy of human solid tumors and acute leukemia with BCG: Prolongation of disease free interval and survival, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1, 99–107 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. F. R. Eilber, D. L. Morton, E. C. Holmes, F. C. Sparks, and K. P. Ramming, Adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG in treatment of regional lymph node metastases from malignant melanoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 237–240 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. G. Beretta, Controlled study for prolonged chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy plus immunotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  207. G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, M. A. Burgess, N. Khankhanian, G. B. Seibert, J. F. Speer, A. V. Jubert, R. C. Martin, C. M. McBride, E. M. Copeland, E. A. Gehan, and E. M. Hersh, Prolongation of postoperative disease free interval and survival in human colorectal cancer by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or BCG plus 5-fluorouracil, Lancet 1, 871–875 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. M. F. McKneally, C. Maver, and H. W. Kausel, Regional immunotherapy of lung cancer with intrapleural BCG, Lancet 1, 377–382 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. J. E. Sokal, C. W. Aungst, and M. Snyderman, Delay in progression of malignant lymphoma after BCG vaccination, N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 1226–1230 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. A. Buzdar, J. Gutterman, G. Blumenschein, E. Hersh, C. Tashima, E. Gehan, and E. Freireich, An intensive new adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy program containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin (AD), cyclophosphamide (CYT), and BCG (FAC-BCG) for operable breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 18, 313 (1977) (abstract #C-187).

    Google Scholar 

  211. E. Ribi, K. C. Milner, D. L. Granger, M. T. Kelly, K. I. Yamamoto, W. Grehmer, R. Parker, R. F. Smith, and S. M. Strain, Immunotherapy with nonviable microbial components, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 228–238 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. E. Lederer, A. Adam, R. Clorbaru, J.-F. Petit, and J. Wietzerbin, Cell walls of mycobacteria and related organisms. Chemistry and immunostimulant properties, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 7, 87–104 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Y. Yamamura, I. Azuma, T. Taniyama, E. Ribi, and B. Zbar, Suppression of tumor growth and regression of established tumor with oil-attached mycobacterial fractions, Gann 65, 179–181 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. D. W. Weiss, MER and other mycobacterial fractions in the immunotherapy of cancer, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 473–497 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. D. W. Weiss, Y. Stupp, N. Many, and G. Izak, Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients with the MER tubercle bacillus fraction. A preliminary report, Transplant. Proc. 7, 545–548 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  216. J. Cuttner, J. G. Bekesi, and J. F. Holland, Chemoimmunotherapy of acute leukemia using MER, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 196 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  217. M. Perloff, J. F. Holland, and J. G. Bekesi, Chemoimmunotherapy of breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 17, 308 (1976) (abstract #C-288).

    Google Scholar 

  218. C. K. Tashima, G. R. Blumenschein, and J. U. Gutterman, Comparison of adriamycin combination drug program with BCG immunotherapy versus MER immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 17, 288 (1976) (abstract #C-207).

    Google Scholar 

  219. L. Milas, J. U. Gutterman, I. Basic, N. Hunter, G. Mavligit, E. M. Hersh, and H. R. Withers, Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy for a murine fibrosarcoma with C. granulosum and C. parvum, Int. J. Cancer 14, 493–504 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. R. W. Baldwin and M. V. Pimm, BCG immunotherapy of pulmonary growths from intravenously transferred rat tumor cells, Br. J. Cancer 27, 48–54 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. R. C. Reed, J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, M. A. Burgess, and E. M. Hersh, Corynebacterium parvum: Preliminary report of a phase 1 clinical and immunological study in cancer patients, in: Corynebacterium parvum (B. Halpern, ed.), pp. 349–366, Plenum Press, New York (1975).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  222. L. Israel, R. Edelstein, A. DePierre, and N. Dimitrov, Brief communication: Daily intravenous infusion of Corynebacterium parvum in twenty patients with disseminated cancer. A preliminary report of clinical and biological findings, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55, 29–33 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. P. R. Band, C. Jao-King, and R. C. Urtasun, Phase 1 study of Corynebacterium parvum in patients with solid tumors, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 59, 1139–1145 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. J. Gutterman, E. Hersh, R. Benjamin, G. Mavligit, M. Burgess, and G. P. Bodey, An effective new chemoimmunotherapy regimen for disseminated malignant melanoma, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol 18, 300 (1977) (abstract #C-135).

    Google Scholar 

  225. K. Oyama, Y. Takagaki, R. Niki, T. Sato, and T. Akiba, Studies on the interrelation between clinical effects and immune response of a streptococcal antitumor agent, OK432. I. Immunological findings in animals sensitized with OK432, Jpn. J. Clin. Cancer 21, 253–256 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. E. Ribi, D. L. Granger, K. C. Milner, and S. M. Strain, Tumor regression caused by endotoxins and mycobacterial fractions, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55, 1253–1257 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. E. A. Carswell, L. J. Old, R. L. Kassel, S. Green, N. Fiore, and B. Williamson, an endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3666–3670(1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. I. Hunter-Craig, K. A. Newton, G. Westbury, and B. W. Lacey, Use of vaccinia virus in the treatment of malignant melanoma, Br. Med. J. 2, 512–515 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. J. Lindemann, Viruses as immunological adjuvants in cancer, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 355, 49–75(1974).

    Google Scholar 

  230. D. S. Martin, P. Hayworth, R. A. Fugmann, R. English, and H. W. McNeill, Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and zymosan on a spontaneous mammary cancer in mice, Cancer Res. 24, 652–654 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. W. K. Amery, Double-blind levamisole trial in resectable lung cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 260–268 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. A. Rojas, J. Feierstein, E. Mickiewicz, and H. Glait, Levamisole in advanced human breast cancer, Lancet 1, 211–214 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. G. N. Hortobagyi, J. U. Gutterman, G. R. Blumenschein, C. K. Tashima, A. U. Buzdar, and E. M. Hersh, Levamisole in the treatment of breast cancer, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  234. S. E. Grossberg, The interferons and their inducers. Molecular and therapeutic considerations, N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 122–128 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. W. Regelson, Clinical immunoadjuvant studies with tilorone, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 269–287 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. H. Strander, K. Cantell, G. Carlstrom, and P. A. Jakobsson, Clinical and laboratory investigations in man: Systemic administration of potent interferon to man, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51, 733–742 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  237. D. Habis, Report summary, in: Proc. Int. Workshop on Interferon in the Treatment of Cancer, pp. 49–50 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  238. M. D. Prager and F. S. Baechtel, Methods for modification of cancer cells to enhance their antigenicity, in: Methods in Cancer Research (H. Busch, Ed.) Vol. IX, pp. 339–400, Academic Press, New York (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  239. G. A. Currie and T. J. McElwain, Active immunotherapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma. A pilot study, Br. J. Cancer 31, 143–156 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. R. Powles, D. Crowther, C. T. J. Bateman, M. E. J. Beard, T. J. McElwain, J. Russell, T. A. Lister, M. A. Whitehouse, P. F. M. Wrigley, M. Pike, P. Alexander, and G. Hamilton-Fairley, Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia, Br. J. Cancer 28, 365–376 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. J. F. Holland and J. G. Bekesi, Immunotherapy of human leukemia with neuraminidase modified cells, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 539–549 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. C. M. Southam, B. C. Marcove, A. G. Levin, H. J. Buchsbaum, and V. Mike, Clinical trials of autogenous tumor vaccine for treatment of osteogenic sarcoma, in: Proc. 7th Natl. Cancer Conf., pp. 91–100, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  243. R. L. Ikonopisov, M. G. Lewis, I. D. Hunter-Craig, D. C. Bodenham, T. M. Phillips, C. I. Cooling, J. Proctor, G. Hamilton-Fairley, and P. Alexander, Autoimmunization with irradiated tumor cells in human malignant melanoma, Br. Med. J. 2, 752–754 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. R. L. Powles, L. A. Balchin, G. Hamilton-Fairley, and P. Alexander, Recognition of leukemia cells as foreign before and after autoimmunization, Br. Med. J. 1, 486–489 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, E. M. Hersh, K. B. McCredie, and E. J. Freireich, Auto-immunization with acute leukemia cells: Demonstration of increased lymphocyte responsiveness, Int. J. Cancer 11, 521–526 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. T. H. M. Stewart, A. C. Hollinshead, J. E. Harris, R. Belanger, A. Crepeau, G. D. Hooper, H. J. Sacks, D. J. Klaassen, W. Hirte, E. Rapp, A. F. Crook, M. Orizaga, D. P. S. Singar, and S. Raman, Immunochemotherapy of lung cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 277, 436–466 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. N. P. Czajkowski, M. Rosenblatt, P. L. Wolfe, and J. Vazquez, A new method of active immunization to autologous human tumor tissue, Lancet 2, 905–909 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. T. J. Cunningham, K. B. Olson, R. Laffin, J. Horton, and J. Sullivan, Treatment of advanced cancer with active immunization, Cancer 24, 932–937 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. J. M. Anderson, Prolonged survival after autograft immunotherapy of mammary cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 186 (1976) (abstract #744).

    Google Scholar 

  250. L. J. Humphrey, O. R. Boehm, B. J. Boehm, and W. R. Jewell, Adoptive and passive immunotherapy, in: Proc. 7th Natl. Cancer Conf., pp. 85–89, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  251. P. Alexander, E. J. Delorme, L. D. G. Hamilton, and J. D. Hall, Effect of nucleic acids from immune lymphocytes on rat sarcomata, Nature 213, 569–572 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Y. H. Pilch, D. Fritze, and D. H. Kern, Immune RNA in the immunotherapy of cancer, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 567–583 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. H. S. Lawrence, Transfer factor, in: Advances in Immunology (F. J. Dixon and H. G. Kunkel, eds.), Vol. 11, pp. 195–266, Academic Press, New York (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  254. L. J. Brandes and G. J. Goldenberg, Peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition reactivity to breast cancer antigens in patients with breast cancer and normal control, Cancer Res. 36, 3707–3710(1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. H. F. Oettgen, L. J. Old, J. H. Farrow, F. T. Valentine, H. S. Lawrence, and L. Thomas, Effect of dialyzable transfer factor in patients with breast cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 2319–2323 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. B. W. Papermaster, O. A. Holterman, E. Klein, I. Djerassi, D. Rosner, T. Dao, and J. J. Costanzi, Preliminary observations on tumor regressions induced by local administration of a lymphoid cell culture supernatant fraction in patients with cutaneous metastatic lesions, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 5, 31–47 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. A. L. Goldstein, G. H. Cohen, J. L. Rossio, G. B. Thurman, C. N. Brown, and J. T. Ulrich, Use of thymosin in the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases and cancer, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 591–606 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. L. Israel, P. Mannoni, E. Radot, and E. Greenspan, Réactions immunitaires et tumorales à l’échange de plasma dans les cancers avancés, Nouv. Presse Med. 5, 433 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. E. M. Hersh, Modification of host defense mechanisms, in: Cancer Medicine (J. F. Holland and E. Frei, eds.), pp. 681–699, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  260. H. W. Bruckner, M. B. Mokyr, and M. S. Mitchell, Effect of DTIC on immunity in patients with malignant melanoma, Cancer Res. 34, 181–183 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. J. A. DiLorenzo, D. E. Griswold, C. R. Bareham, and P. Calabresi, Selective alteration of immunocompetence with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, Cancer Res. 34, 124–128 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. J. L. Turk and L. W. Poulter, Selective depletion of lymphoid tissue by cyclophosphamide, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 10, 285–296 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. G. B. Mackaness, P. H. Lagrange, and T. Ishibashi, The modifying effect of BCG on the immunological induction of T cells, J. Exp. Med. 139, 1540–1552 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. A. R. Cheema and E. M. Hersh, Patient survival After chemotherapy and its relationship to in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis, Cancer 28, 851–855 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. L. Borella and R. G. Webster, The immunosuppressive effects of long-term combination chemotherapy in children with acute leukemia in remission, Cancer Res. 31, 420–427 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. D. Farquhar, T. L. Loo, J. U. Gutterman, E. M. Hersh, and M. A. Luna, Inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes in the rat after bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment, Biochem. Pharmacol. 25, 1529–1535 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. B. Fisher, N. Wolmark, and H. Rubin, Further observation on the inhibition of tumor growth by Corynebacterium parvum with cyclophosphamide. Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on cyclophosphamide metabolism, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 57, 225–229 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. G. M. Hahn, J. Braun, and I. Har-Keder, Thermochemotherapy: Synergism between hyperthermia (42–43°) and adriamycin (or bleomycin) in mammalian cell inactivation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 937–940 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. B. Fisher, H. Rubin, E. Saffer, and N. Wolmark, Effect of Corynebacterium parvum in combination with 5-FU, l-phenylalanine mustard or methotrexate on the inhibition of tumor growth, Cancer Res. 36, 2714–2719 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, R. C. Reed, and E. M. Hersh, Immunochemotherapy of human cancer, Semin. Oncol. 1, 409–423 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. G. Mathe, L. Schwarzenberg, O. H. Halle-Pannenko, and M. C. Simmler, Discussion paper: Experimental and clinical immunopharmacology data applicable to cancer immunotherapy, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 467–491 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. G. L. Slemmer, Host response to premalignant mammary tissues, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 35, 57–71 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. L. Davignon, P. Lemode, P. Robillard, and A. Frappier, BCG vaccination and leukemia mortality, Lancet 2, 638 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. S. R. Rosenthal, R. G. Crispen, M. G. Thorne, N. Piekarski, N. Raisys, and P. G. Rettig, BCG vaccination and leukemia mortality, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 222, 1543–1544 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gutterman, J.U., Mavligit, G.M., Hersh, E.M., Hortobagyi, G., Blumenschein, G. (1977). Immunology and Immunotherapy of Human Breast Cancer. In: McGuire, W.L. (eds) Current Approaches to Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0482-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0480-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics