Abstract
The discovery of tumor-specific antigens and tumor-specific immune responses in both animals and humans with malignant disease has increased understanding of the host defense mechanisms in the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer. However, before these tumor-specific immunological phenomena were clearly documented in man, it was strongly suspected that host defense mechanisms or their failure played a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors. As these tumor-specific immune mechanisms were discovered in man, the concept of immunological surveillance was developed.(1)
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
R. T. Prehn, Do tumors grow because of the immune response of the host? Transplant. Rev. 28, 34–42 (1976).
T. C. Everson, Spontaneous regression of cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 114, 721–735 (1964).
M. M. Black, S. R. Opler, and F. D. Speer, Microscopic structure of gastric carcinomas and their regional lymph nodes in relation to survival, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 98, 725–734 (1954).
A. C. Allison, Immunological surveillance against tumor cells, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise (F. F. Becker, ed.) Vol. 4, pp. 237–258, Plenum Press, New York (1975).
L. Thomas, Reactions to homologous tissue antigens, in: Cellular and Humoral Aspects of the Hypersensitive State (H. S. Lawrence, ed.), pp. 504–534, Cassell, London (1959).
F. M. Burnet, Immunological surveillance in neoplasia, Transplant. Rev. 7, 3–25 (1971).
R. T. Smith and M. Lande (eds.), Immune Surveillance, Academic Press, New York (1970).
A. C. Aisenberg, Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in Hodgkin’s disease, J. Clin. Invest. 41, 1964–1970 (1962).
A. G. Levin, E. F. McConough, D. G. Miller, and C. M. Southam, Delayed hypersensitivity responses to DNCB in sick and healthy persons, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 120, 400–409, (1964).
A. K. Y. Lee, M. Rowley, and I. R. MacKay, Antibody-producing capacity in human cancer, Br. J. Cancer 24, 454–463 (1970).
P. Alexander and J. G. Hall, The role of immunoblasts in host resistance and immunotherapy of primary sarcomata, in: Advances in Cancer Research (G. Klein and S. Weinhouse, eds.), Vol. 13, pp. 1–38, Academic Press, New York (1970).
J. Stjernsward, Immune status of the primary host towards its own methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 40, 13–22 (1968).
R. Virchow, Krankhaften, Geschwulste, Berlin (1863).
W. S. Handley, The pathology of melanotic growths in relation to their operative treatment, Lancet 1, 927–996 (1907).
H. Wade, An experimental investigation of infective sarcoma in the dog with a consideration of its relationship to cancer, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 12, 384–425 (1908).
W. C. MacCarty, Factors which influence longevity in cancer, Ann. Surg. 76, 9–12, (1922).
R. V. Greenough, Varying degrees of malignancy in cancer of the breast, Cancer Res. 9, 453–463(1925).
O. S. Moore, and F. W. Foote, The relatively favorable prognosis of medullary carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 2, 635–642 (1949).
H. J. G. Bloom, Prognosis in carcinoma of the breast, Br. J. Cancer 4, 259–288 (1950).
M. M. Black, S. Kerpe, and F. D. Speer, Lymph node structure in patients with cancer of the breast, Am. J. Pathol. 29, 505–521 (1953).
M. M. Black, Structural antigenic and biological characteristics of precancerous mastopathy, Cancer Res. 36, 2596–2604 (1976).
M. M. Black, Cellular and biologic manisfestations of immunogenicity to precancerous mastopathy, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 35, 73–82 (1972).
M. M. Black, T. H. C. Barclay, and B. F. Hankey, Prognosis in breast cancer utilizing histological characteristics of the primary tumor, Cancer 36, 2048–2055 (1975).
I. M. E. Hamlin, Possible host resistance in carcinoma of the breast: A histological study, Br. J. Cancer 22, 383–401 (1968).
J. W. Berg, Inflammation and prognosis in breast cancer: A search for host resistance, Cancer 12, 714–720 (1959).
H. R. Champion, I. W. Wallace, and R. J. Prescott, Histology in breast cancer prognosis, Br. J. Cancer 26, 129–138 (1972).
R. Scarff and H. Torlomi, Histologic Typing of Breast Tumors, World Health Organization, Geneva (1968).
S. C. Sommers, Histologic changes in incipient carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 23, 822–825 (1969).
S. G. Silverberg, A. R. Chitale, A. D. Hind, A. B. Frazier, and S. H. Leavitt, Sinus histiocytosis and mammary carcinoma. Study of 366 radical mastectomies and a histological review, Cancer 26, 1177–1185 (1970).
M. Zelen, A hypothesis of the natural time history of breast cancer, Cancer Res. 28, 207–216 (1968).
J. J. DiRe and N. Lane, The relation of sinus histiocytosis in axillary lymph nodes to surgical curability of carcinoma of breast, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 40, 508–515 (1963).
S. J. Kister, S. C. Sommers, C. D. Haagensen, G. H. Friedell, E. Cooley, and A. Varma, Nuclear grade in sinus histiocytosis in cancer of the breast, Cancer 23, 570–574 (1969).
J. W. Berg, Sinus histiocytosis: A fallacious measure of host resistance to cancer, Cancer 9, 935–939 (1956).
J. W. Berg, A. G. Houvos, L. M. Axtell, and G. F. Robbins, A new sign of favorable prognosis in mammary cancer: Hyperplastic reactive lymph nodes in the apex of the axilla, Ann. Surg. 177, 8–12 (1973).
E. R. Fisher, R. Gregorio, C. Redmond, A. Dekker, and B. Fisher, Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (Protocol #4). II. The significance of regional node histology other than sinus histiocytosis in invasive mammary cancer, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 65, 21–30 (1976).
E. R. Fisher, R. M. Gregorio, and B. Fisher, The pathology of invasive breast cancer, Cancer 36, 1–85 (1975).
V. Tsakraklides, P. Olson, J. H. Kersey, and R. A. Good, Prognostic significance of the regional lymph node histology in cancer of the breast, Cancer 34, 1259–1267 (1974).
R. L. Hunter, D. Ferguson, and L. W. Coppleson, Survival with mammary cancer related to the interaction of germinal center hyperplasia and sinus histiocytosis in axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes, Cancer 36, 528–539 (1975).
J.L. Turk, Frontiers of Biology: Delayed Hypersensitivity (A. Neuberger and E. L. Tatum, eds.), Vol. 4, American Elsevier, New York (1967).
J.R. David and R.A. David, Cellular hypersensitivity and immunity, Prog. Allergy 16, 300–499 (1972).
E. M. Hersh and G. P. Bodey, Leukocytic mechanism of inflammation, Annu. Rev. Med. 21, 105–132 (1970).
E. M. Hersh, J. E. Curtis, J. E. Harris, C. McBride, R. Alexanian, and R. Rossen, Host defense mechanisms in lymphoma and leukemia, in: Leukemia-Lymphoma (The XIV Annual Clinical Conference on Cancer), pp. 149–168, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago (1970).
F. R. Eilber and D. L. Morton, Impaired immunologic reactivity and recurrence following cancer surgery, Cancer 25, 362–367 (1970).
F. R. Eilber, J. A. Nizze, and D. L. Morton, Sequential evaluation of general immune competence in cancer patients: Correlation with clinical course, Cancer 35, 660–665 (1975).
P.M. Bolton, A.M. Mander, J.M. Davidson, S.L. James, R.G. Newcombe, and L.E. Hughes, Cellular immunity in cancer: Comparison of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in three common cancers, Br. Med. J. 3, 18–20 (1975).
C. M. Pinsky, H. Wanebo, V. Mike, and H. Oettgen, Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and prognosis in patients with cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 276, 407–410 (1976).
H. J. Wanebo, P. P. Rosen, T. Thaler, J. A. Urban, and H. F. Oettgen, Immunobiology of operable breast cancer: An assessment of biologic risk by immunoparameters, Ann. Surg. 184, 258, 266 (1976).
S. Golub, T. X. O’Connell, and D. L. Morton, Correlation in in vivo and in vitro assays of immunocompetence in cancer patients, Cancer Res. 34, 1833–1837 (1974).
T. J. Cunningham, D. Daut, P. Wolfgang, M. Mellyn, S. Maciolek, R. Sponzo, and J. Horton, A correlation of DNCB-induced delayed cutaneous hypersensiviity reactions and the course of disease in patients with recurrent breast cancer, Cancer 37, 1696–1700 (1976).
M. M. Roberts and W. J. Williams, Delayed hypersensivity in breast cancer, Br. J. Surg. 55, 869 (1968) (abstract #53).
M. M. Roberts and W. J. Williams, The delayed hypersensivity reaction in breast cancer, Br. J. Surg. 61, 549–552 (1974).
P. M. Bolton, C. Teasdale, A. M. Mander, S. L. James, J. M. Davidson, R. H. Whitehead, R. G. Newcombe, and L. E. Hughes, Immune competence in breast cancer—Relationship of pretreatment immunologic tests to diagnosis and tumor stage, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1, 251–258 (1976).
E. M. Hersh, J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, C. W. Mountain, C. M. McBride, M. A. Burgess, P. M. Lurie, M. Zelen, H. Takita, and R. G. Vincent, Immunocompetence, immunodeficiency, and prognosis in cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 276, 386–406 (1976).
E. M. Hersh, J. U. Gutterman, and G. M. Mavligit, Immunodeficiency in cancer and the importance of immune evaluation of the cancer patient, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 623–639 (1976).
T. Nemoto, T. Han, J. Minowada, V. Angkur, A. Chamberlain, and T. L. Dao, Cell mediated immune status of breast cancer patients: Evaluation by skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation, and counts of rosette forming cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 641–645 (1974).
M. J. Krant, G. Manskope, C. S. Brandrup, and M. A. Madoff, Immunologic alteration in bronchogenic cancer. Sequential study, Cancer 21, 623–631 (1968).
A. Riesco, Five year cancer cure: Relation to total amount of peripheral lymphocytes and neutrophils, Cancer 25, 135–140 (1970).
W. J. Pendergrast, O.R. Boehm, and L. J. Humphrey, Effect of immunotherapy on peripheral lymphocyte count, Arch. Surg. 103, 184–188 (1971).
A. E. Papatestas, G. J. Lesnick, G. Genkins, and A. H. Aufses, The prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocyte counts in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 37, 164–168 (1976).
J. Wybran and H. H. Fundenberg, Rosette formation: A test for cellular immunity, Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 84, 239–247 (1971).
C. Martinez, Effect of Early thymectomy on development of mammary tumors in mice, Nature 203, 1188 (1964).
T. Sakakura and Y. Nishizuka, Effect of thymectomy on mammary tumorigenesis, nodaligenesis, and mammogenesis in the mouse, Gann 58, 441–450 (1967).
M. M. Roberts, Lymphocyte transformation in breast cancer, Br. J. Surg. 57, 381 (1970).
E. Robinson, S. Sher, and T. Mekoni, Lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin and tumor cells of malignant effusions, Cancer Res. 34, 1548–1551 (1974).
L. A. Knight and W. M. Davidson, Reduced lymphocyte transformation in early cancer of the breast, J. Clin. Pathol. 28, 372–376 (1975).
J. J. Miller, P. R. Gaffney, J. A. Rees, and M. O. Symes, Lymphocyte reactivity in patients with carcinoma of the breast and large bowel, Br. J. Cancer 32, 16–20 (1975).
M. G. Whittaker, K. Rees, and C. G. Clark, Reduced lymphocyte transformation in breast cancer, Lancet 1, 892–893 (1971).
R.H. Whitehead, J. Thatcher, C. Teasdale, G.P. Roberts, and L.H. Hughes, T- and B-Lymphocytes in breast cancer—Stage, relationship, and abrogation of T-lymphocyte depression by enzyme treatment in vitro, Lancet 1, 330–333 (1976).
B. Fisher, E. A. Saffer, and E. R. Fisher, Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. III. Response of regional lymph node cells from breast and colon cancer patients in PHA stimulation, Cancer 30, 1202–1215 (1972).
B. Fisher, E. A. Saffer, and E.R. Fisher, Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. VII. Thymidine uptake by cells from nodes of breast cancer patients relative to axillary location and histopathologic discriminants, Cancer 33, 271–279 (1974).
U. Ambus, G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, C. M. McBride, and E. M. Hersh, Specific and non-specific immunologic reactivity of regional lymph node lymphocytes in human malignancy, Int. J. Cancer 14, 291–300 (1974).
A. V. Jubert, C. M. McBride, G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, and E. M. Hersh, Immunoglobulin on the surface of human appendix lymphocytes, Immunol. Commun. 3, 1–9 (1974).
J. A. Buda, N. Suciu-Foca, E. Blomain, S. McManus, and K. Reemtsma, Impaired cell mediated immunity in patients with cancer, J. Surg. Oncol. 7, 525–529 (1975).
E. J. Field and E. A. Caspary, Lymphocyte sensitization in advanced malignant disease: A study of serum lymphocyte depressive factor, Br. J. Cancer 26, 164–173 (1972).
A.M. Steward, H.Z. Kupchick, and N. Zamcheck, Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen levels and serum suppression of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte DNA synthesis: An inverse correlation in the cancer patient, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 3–9 (1974).
R. H. Whitehead, P. M. Bolton, and R. G. Newcombe, Is there factor in the sera from cancer patients that inhibits lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin? Eur. J. Cancer 10, 815–818 (1974).
H. Blomgren, J. Wasserman, and U. Glas, Capacity of sera from patients with mammary carcinoma to promote PHA-stimulation of human lymphocytes, Acta Radiol. 14, 127–138 (1975).
D. R. Burger, D. P. Lilley, M. Reid, L. Irish, and R. M. Vetto, Alpha globulin changes during the development of cellular immunity, Cell. Immunol. 8,. 147–154 (1973).
O. H. Plescia, A. H. Smith, and K. Grinwich, Subversion of the immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1848–1851 (1975).
H. Friedman and C. Southam (eds.), International Conference on Immunobiology of Cancer (New York Academy of Sciences), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 276, 1–591 (1976).
R. T. Prehn, The immune reaction as a stimulator of tumor growth, Science 176, 170–171 (1972).
R. T. Prehn, Perspectives on oncogenesis: Does immunity stimulate or inhibit neoplasia? J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 10, 1–16 (1971).
G. H. Heppner, Neonatal thymectomy and mouse mammary tumorigenesis, in: Immunity and Tolerance in Oncogenesis (L. Severi, ed.), pp. 503–524, University of Perugia, Italy (1970).
E. J. Yunis, C. Martinez, J. Smith, O. Stutman, and R. A. Good, Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in mice: Influence of thymectomy and reconstitution with thymus grafts or spleen cells, Cancer Res. 29, 174–178 (1969).
M. A. Lappe and P. B. Blair, Interference with mammary tumorigenesis by antilymphocyte serum, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. 11, 47 (1970).
P. B. Blair, Immunologic aspects of tumor induction by mammary tumor virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1121–1124 (1972).
D. L. Morton, Acquired immunological tolerance and carcinogenesis by the mammary tumor virus. I. Influence of neonatal infection with the mammary tumor virus on the growth of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 42, 311–320 (1969).
D. W. Weiss, D. H. Lavrin, M. Dezfulian, J. Vaage, and P. B. Blair, Studies on the immunology of spontaneous mammary carcinomas of mice, in: Viruses Inducing Cancer (W. J. Burdette, ed.), pp. 138–168, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City (1966).
R. V. P. Hutter and D. U. Kim, The problem of multiple lesions of the breast, Cancer 28, 1591–1607 (1971).
S. Roberts, J. Hengesh, R. McGrath, E. McGrew, J. Valaitis, and W. Cole, Five to ten year follow up studies on circulating cancer cells, Proc. Ninth Int. Cancer Congr., p. 69 (1966) (abstract).
J. Song, P. From, W. J. Morrissey, and J. Sams, Circulating cancer cells: Pre- and post-chemotherapy observations, Cancer 28, 553–561 (1971).
M. H. Edwards, M. Baum, and C. J. Magarey, Regression of axillary lymph nodes in cancer of the breast Br. J. Surg. 59, 776–779 (1972).
L. E. Hughes and B. Lytton, Antigenic properties of human tumors: Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction, Br. Med. J. 1, 209–212 (1964).
T. H. M. Stewart, The presence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in patients toward cellular extracts of their malignant tumors. II. A correlation between the histologic picture of lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor stroma, the presence of such a reaction and a discussion of the significance of this phenomenon, Cancer 23, 1380–1387 (1969).
C. Alford, A. Hollinshead, and R. Herberman, Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to extracts of malignant and normal human breast cells, Ann. Surg. 178, 20–24 (1973).
A.C. Hollinshead, W.T. Jaffurs, L.K. Alpert, J.E. Harris, and R.B. Herberman, Isolation and identification of soluble skin-reactive membrane antigens of malignant and normal human breast cells, Cancer Res. 34, 2961–2968 (1974).
G. M. Mavligit, U. Ambus, J. U. Gutterman, E. M. Hersh, and C. M. McBride, Antigen solubilized from human solide tumors: Lymphocyte stimulation and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity, Nature (London) New Biol. 243, 188–190 (1973).
J. Stjernsward, L. E. Almgard, S. Franzen, T. Von Schreeb, and L. B. Wadstrom, Tumor distinctive cellular immunity to renal carcinoma, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 6, 963–968 (1970).
F. Vanky and J. Stjernsward, Lymphocyte stimulation tests for detection of tumor specific reactivity in humans, in: In Vitro Methods in Cell Mediated and Tumor Immunity (B.R. Bloom and J.R. David, eds.), pp. 597–606, Academic Press, New York (1976).
A. Richters and R. P. Sherwin, The significance of autochthonous lymphocyte interactions with human breast cancer cells in primary tissue cultures, Cancer 27, 274–277 (1971).
S. D. Deodhar, G. Crile, and C. B. Esselstyn, Study of the tumor cell-lymphocyte interaction in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 29, 1321–1325 (1972).
I. Hellstrom, K. E. Hellstrom, H. O. Sjogren, and G. A. Warner, Demonstration of cell mediated immunity to human neoplasms of various histological types, Int. J. Cancer 7, 1–16 (1971).
G. Fossati, S. Canevari, G. Delia Porta, G. P. Balzarini, and U. Veronesi, Cellular immunity to human breast carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 10, 391–396 (1972).
M. Takusugi, M. R. Mickey, and P. I. Terasaki, Reactivity of lymphocytes from normal persons on cultured tumor cells, Cancer Res. 33, 2898–2902 (1973).
H. F. Jeejeebhoy, Immunological studies of women with primary breast carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 15, 867–878 (1975).
G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, and E. M. Hersh, In vitro antitumor reactivity of mononuclear leukocytes from cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with BCG, In preparation (1977).
K. E. Hellstrom and I. Hellstrom, Lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity and blocking serum activity to tumor antigens, Adv. Immunol. 18, 209–277 (1974).
H. O. Sjogren, I. Hellstrom, S. C. Bansal, G. A. Warner, and K. E. Hellstrom, Elution of “blocking factors” from human tumors, capable of abrogating tumor cell destruction by specifically immune lymphocytes, Int. J. Cancer 9, 274–283 (1972).
R. Baldwin, M. R. Price, and R. A. Robins, Significance of serum factors modifying cellular immune responses to growth of tumors, Br. J. Cancer 28, 37–39 (1973).
I. Hellstrom, K. E. Hellstrom, and G. A. Warner, Increase of lymphocyte mediated tumor cell destruction by certain patient sera, Int. J. Cancer 12, 348–353 (1973).
I. Hellstrom and K. Hellstrom, Microcytotoxicity assays of cell mediated tumor immunity and blocking serum factors, in: In Vitro Methods in Cell Mediated and Tumor Immunity (B. R. Bloom and J. R. David, eds.), pp. 533–540, Academic Press, New York (1976).
N. L. Levy, Use of an in vitro microcytotoxicity test to assess human tumor specific cell mediated immunity and its serum mediated abrogation, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 37, 85–92(1973).
F. Avis, I. Mosonov, and G. Haughton, Antigenic cross reactivity between benign and malignant neoplasms of the human breast. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52. 1041–1049 (1974).
G. H. Heppner, Is there evidence that immunity influences tumor host balance in breast cancer? in: Breast Cancer: A Challenging Problem (M. L. Griem, E. V. Jensen, J. E. Ultman, and R. W. Wissler, eds.), pp. 63–72, Springer-Verlag, New York (1973).
S. H. Golub, Host immune response to human tumor antigens, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise (F. F. Becker, ed.), Vol. 4, pp. 259–302, Plenum Press, New York (1975).
V. S. Byers, L. LeCam. A. S. Levin, W. H. Stone, and A. J. Hackett, Identification of human populations with a high incidence of cellular immunity against breast carcinoma: Use in transfer factor immunotherapy, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (1977), in press.
R. H. Yonemoto, T. Fujisawa, and S. R. Waldman, Selection of donors for transfer factor immunotherapy, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 150 (1976).
F. Avis, I. Avis, J. F. Newsome, and G. Haughton, Antigenic cross reactivity between adenocarcinoma of the breast and fibrocystic disease of the breast, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56, 17–25 (1976).
V. Anderson, O. Bjerrum, G. Bendixen, T. Schiodt, and I. Dissing, Effect of autologous mammary tumor extracts on human leukocyte migration in vitro, Int. J. Cancer 5, 357–363 (1970).
A. Segall, O. Weiler, J. Genin. J. Lacour, and F. Lacour, In vitro study of cellular immunity against autochthonous human cancer, Int. J. Cancer 9, 417–425 (1972).
J. L. McCoy, L. F. Jerome, J. H. Dean, G. B. Cannon, T. C. Alford, T. Doering, and R. B. Herberman, Inhibition of leukocyte migration by tumor associated antigens in soluble extracts of human breast carcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53, 11–17 (1974).
A. J. Cochran, R. M. Grant, W. G. Spilg, R. M. Mackie, C. E. Ross, D. E. Hoyle, and J. M. Russell, Sensitization to tumor associated antigens in human breast carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 14, 19–25 (1974).
M. M. Black, H. P. Leis, B. Shore, and R. E. Zachrau, Cellular hypersensitivity to breast cancer. Assessment by a leukocyte migration procedure, Cancer 33, 952–958 (1974).
R. J. Ellis, G. Wernick, J. B. Zabriske, and L. J. Goldman, Immunologic competence of regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 35, 655–659 (1975).
W. J. Halliday, A. Maluish, and W. H. Isbister, Detection of anti-tumor cell mediated immunity and serum blocking factors in cancer patients by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test, Br. J. Cancer 29, 31–35 (1974).
N. Grosser and D. M. P. Thomson, Cell mediated antitumor immunity in breast cancer patients evaluated by antigen-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition in test tubes, Cancer Res. 35, 2571–2579 (1975).
V. Holan, M. Hasek, J. Bubenik, and J. Chutna, Antigen mediated macrophage adherence inhibition, Cell. Immunol. 13, 107–116 (1974).
E. Rowinska-Zakrewska, P. Lazar, and P. Burtin, Dosage des immunoglobulines dans le sérum des cancéreux, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 119, 621–625 (1970).
N. R. Hughes, Serum concentration of IgG, IgA, and IgM in patients with carcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 46, 1015–1028 (1971).
M. M. Roberts, E. M. Bathgate, and A. Stevenson, Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with breast cancer, Cancer 36, 221–224 (1975).
E. M. Edynak, Y. Hirshaut, M. Bernhard, and G. Trempe, Fluorescent antibody studies of human breast cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1137–1143 (1972).
L. J. Humphrey, N. C. Estes, P. A. Morse, W. R. Jewell, R. A. Boudet, M. J. K. Hudson, P. G. Tsolakidis, and F. A. Mantz, Serum antibody in patients with breast disease, Ann. Surg. 180, 124–129 (1974).
M. J. K. Hudson, L. J. Humphrey, F. A. Mantz, and P. A. Morse, Correlation of circulating serum antibody to the histologic findings in breast cancer, Am. J. Surg. 128, 756–762 (1974).
W. F. Feller, S. E. Stewart, and J. Kantor, Primary tissue culture expiants of human breast cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1117–1120 (1972).
R. E. Nordquist, D. R. Ishmael, C. A. Lovig, D. M. Hyder, and A. F. Hoge, The tissue culture and morphology of a human breast tumor cell line (BOT-2), J. Lab. Clin. Med. 89, 257–261 (1977).
R. E. Nordquist, F. B. Schafer, N. E. Manning, D. R. Ishmael, and A. F. Hoge, Anti-tumor antibodies in human breast cancer sera as detected by fixed cell immunofluorescence and living cell membrane immunoflorescence assays, Cancer Res. 35, 3100–3105 (1975).
R. W. Baldwin, M. J. Embleton, J. S. Jones, and M. J. S. Langman, Cell mediated and humoral immune reactions to human tumors, Int. J. Cancer 12, 73–83 (1973).
G. F. Springer, P. R. Desai, and I. Banatwala, Blood group MN specific substances and precursors in normal and malignant human breast tissues, Naturwissenchaften 61, 457–458 (1974).
G. F. Springer, R. P. Desai, and I. Banatwala, Blood group MN antigens and precursors in normal and malignant human breast glandular tissue, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54, 335–339 (1975).
G. F. Springer, P. R. Desai, and E. F. Scanlon, Blood group MN precursors as human breast carcinoma associated antigens and “naturally”, occurring humans cytotoxins against them, Cancer 37, 169–176 (1976).
H. J. Hansen, L. J. Snyder, E. Miller, J. P. Vandevoorde, O. N. Miller, L. R. Hines, and J. J. Burns, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay. A laboratory adjunct in the diagnosis and management of cancer, Hum. Pathol. 5, 139–147 (1974).
M. K. Schwarz, Biochemical Markers in breast cancer: Hormone receptors and tumor associated antigen, Breast Dis. Breast 2, 7–11 (1976).
T. M. Chu, Evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen in human mammary carcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst 51, 1119–1122 (1973).
A. M. Stewart, D. Nixon, N. Zamcheck, and A. Aisenberg, Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer patients: Serum levels and disease progress, Cancer 33, 1246–1252 (1974).
D. M. Marcus and N. Zinberg, Isolation of ferritin from human mammary and pancreatic carcinomas by means of antibody immunoadsorbents, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162, 493–501(1974).
A. Jacobs, B. Jones, C. Ricketts, R. D. Bulbrook, and D. Y. Wang, Serum ferritin concentrations in early breast cancer, Br. J. Cancer 34, 280–290 (1976).
R. K. Gupta and R. Schuster, Isoantigens A, B, and H in benign and malignant lesions of breast, Am. J. Pathol 72, 253–260 (1973).
I. Davidson and N. Ly, Loss of isoantigens in carcinomas of lung, Am. J. Pathol. 57, 307–334 (1969).
A. V. Richman, Immunofluorescence studies of benign and malignant human mammary tissue, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 57, 263–267 (1976).
K. Irie, R. F. Irie, and D. L. Morton, Detection of antibody and complement complexed in vivo on membranes of human cancer cells by mixed hemadsorption techniques, Cancer Res. 35, 1244–1248 (1975).
O. Tonder and S. Thunold, Receptors for immunoglobulin Fc in human malignant tissues, Scand. J. Immunol. 2, 207–215 (1973).
I. Witz, S. Argov, and D. Cohen, Non-specific fixation of immunoglobulin by tumor cells in vitro, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 8, 669 (1972).
D. H. Moore, Mammary tumor virus, in: Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise; Etiology: Viral Carcinogenesis (F. F. Becker, ed.) Vol. 2, pp. 131–167, Plenum Press, New York (1975).
L. Dmochowski, The importance of studies on the mammary tumor-inducing virus in the problem of breast cancer, in: International Symposium on Mammary Cancer (L. Seven, ed.), pp. 655–708, University of Perugia, Italy (1958).
D. H. Moore, J. Charney, B. Kramarsky, E. Y. Lasfargues, N. H. Sarkar, M. J. Brennan, J. H. Burrows, S. M. Sirsat, J. C. Paymaster, and A. B. Vaidya, Search for a human breast cancer virus, Nature 229, 611–615 (1971).
J. Schlom, S. Spiegelman, and D. H. Moore, Reverse transcriptase and high molecular weight RNA in particles from mouse and human milk, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1197–1203 (1972).
S. Spiegelman, R. Axel, and J. Schlom, Virus-related RNA in human and mouse mammary tumors, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 1205–1211 (1972).
E. S. Priori, G. Seman, L. Dmochowski, H. S. Gallager, and D. E. Anderson, Immunofluorescence studies on sera of patients with breast carcinoma, Cancer 28, 1462–1471 (1971).
E. S. Priori, D. E. Anderson, W. C. Williams, and L. Dmochowski, Immunological studies on human breast carcinoma and mouse mammary tumors, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 48, 1131–1135 (1972).
M. Muller and J. Grossmann, An antigen in human breast cancer sera related to the murine mammary tumor virus, Nature (London) New Biol. 237, 116–117 (1972).
J. M. Bowen, L. Dmochowski, M. F. Miller, E. S. Priori, G. Seman, M. L. Dodson, and K. Maruyama, Implications of humoral antibody in mice and humans to breast tumor and mouse mammary tumor virus associated antigens, Cancer Res. 36, 759–764 (1976).
K. W. Newgard, R. D. Cardiff, and P. B. Blair, Human antibodies binding to the mouse mammary tumor virus: A nonspecific reaction? Cancer Res. 36, 765–768 (1976).
O. Stutman and R. B. Herberman, Immunological control of breast cancer: Discussion, Cancer Res. 36, 781–782 (1976).
M. M. Black, R. E. Zachrau, B. Shore, and H. P. Leis, Biological considerations of tumor specific and virus associated antigens of human breast cancers, Cancer Res. 36, 769–774 (1976).
S. Cunningham-Rundles, W. F. Feller, C. Cunningham-Rundles, B. Dupont, H. Wanebo, R. O’Reilly, and R. A. Good, Lymphocyte transformation in vitro to R111 mouse milk antigen among women with breast disease, Cell. Immunol. 25, 322–327 (1976).
A. C. Hollinshead, Personal communication.
C. J. Magarey and M. Baum, Reticulo-endothelial activity in humans with cancer, Br. J. Surg. 57, 748–752 (1970).
L. J. Old, B. Benacerraf, D. A. Clark, E. A. Carswell, and E. Stockert, The role of the reticuloendothelial system in the host reaction to neoplasia, Cancer Res. 21, 1281–1300 (1961).
C. J. Magarey and M. Baum, Oestrogen as a reticuloendothelial stimulant in patients with cancer, Br. Med. J. 2, 367–370 (1971).
C. R. Pentycross, D. Toussis, J. A. McKinna, S. D. Lawler, and W. P. Greening, Effect of Hormone therapy on mitogenic responses of lymphocytes from patients with cancer of the breast, Lancet 2, 177–179 (1973).
B. Benacerraf, B. N. Halpern, G. Biozzi, and S. A. Bencos, Quantitative study of the granulopectic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. III. The effect of cortisone and nitrogen mustard on the regenerative capacity of the R.E.S. after saturation with carbon, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 35, 97–106 (1954).
T. Nicol, Female reproductive system in the guinea pig; intra-vital staining; fat production; influence of hormones, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 58, 449–486 (1935).
J. Thompson and R. Van Furth, The effect of glucocorticosteriods on the kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes, J. Exp. Med. 131, 429–442 (1970).
H. G. Iversen, Influence of cortisone on frequency of tumor metastases, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 41, 273–280 (1957).
P. Sherlock and W. H. Hartmann, Adrenal steroids and the pattern of metastases of breast cancer, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 181, 313–317 (1962).
J. A. McCredie, W. R. Inch, and R. M. Sutherland, Effect of postoperative radiotherapy on peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 29, 349–356 (1972).
A. B. Cosimi, F. H. Brunster, W. T. Kemmerer, and B. N. Miller, Cellular immune competence of breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy, Arch. Surg. 107, 531–535 (1973).
J. Stjernsward, M. Jondal, F. Vanky, H. Wigzell, and R. Dealey, Lymphopenia and change in distribution of human B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood induced by irradiation for mammary carcinoma, Lancet 1, 1352–1356 (1972).
H. Blomgren, R. Berg, J. Wasserman, and U. Glas, Effect of radiotherapy on blood lymphocyte population in mammary carcinoma, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1, 177–188 (1976).
P. Alexander, The bogey of the immuno-suppressive action of local radiotherapy, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1, 369–371 (1976).
W. B. Coley, A report of recent cases of inoperable sarcoma successfully treated with mixed toxins of erysipelas and Bacillus prodigiosus, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 13, 174–190 (1911).
H. C. Nauts, The apparently beneficial effects of bacterial infection on host resistance to cancer, New York Cancer Research Institute, Monograph 8 (1969).
E. Klein and O. A. Holterman, Immunotherapeutic approaches to the management of neoplasms, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 35, 379–499 (1972).
J. Stjernsward and A. Levin, Delayed hypersensitivity induced regression of human neoplasms, Cancer 28, 628–640 (1971).
G. V. Smith, P. A. Morse, Jr., G. D. Deraps, S. Raju, and J. D. Hardy, Immunotherapy of patients with cancer, Surgery 74, 59–68 (1973).
D. H. Partridge, F. C. Sparks, A. G. Wile, and D. L. Morton, Intratumor injection of BCG for chest wall recurrence of breast carcinoma, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 18, 325 (1977) (abstract#C-238).
M. J. Mastrangelo, D. Berd, and R. E. Bellet, Critical review of previously reported clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy with nonspecific immunostimulants, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 94–123 (1976).
N. V. Dimitrov, T. Singh, and E. Balcueva, Intralesional injections of C. parvum in local skin recurrences of breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 18, 270 (1977) (abstract # C-15).
P. W. A. Mansell, N. R. DiLuzio, R. McNamee, G. Rowden, and J. W. Proctor, Recognition factors and nonspecific macrophage activation in the treatment of neoplastic disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 20–44 (1976).
G. Mathe, J. L. Amiel, L. Schwarzenberg, L. Schneider, A. Cattan, J. R. Schlumberger, M. Hazat, and F. DeVassal, Active immunotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Lancet 1, 697–699 (1969).
J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, J. A. Gottlieb, M. A. Burgess, C. M. McBride, L. Einhorn, E. J. Freireich, and E. M. Hersh, Chemoimmunotherapy of disseminated malignant melanoma with dimethyl triazeno carboxamide and bacillus Calmette-Guérin, N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 592–597 (1974).
W. R. Vogler and Y. K. Chan, Prolonging remission in myeloblastic leukemia by Tice strain bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Lancet 2, 128–131 (1974).
J. U. Gutterman, E. M. Hersh, V. Rodriguez, K. B. McCredie, G. Mavligit, R. Reed, M. A. Burgess, T. Smith, E. A. Gehan, G. P. Bodey, Sr., and E. J. Freireich, Chemoimmunotherapy of adult acute leukemia: Prolongation of remission in myeloblastic leukemia with BCG, Lancet 2 1405–1409 (1974).
J. A. Whittaker and A. J. Slater, The immunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia using intravenous BCG, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.
B. Hoerni, J. Chauvergne, G. Hoerni-Simon, M. Durand, and C. Lagarde, BCG in the immunotherapy of malignant lymphomas, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (1977), in press.
L. Israel, Immunochemotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in disseminated cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 241–251 (1976).
J. A. Gottlieb, G. R. Blumenschein, J. U. Gutterman, E. J. Freireich, and J. O. Cardenas, Adriamycin in the treatment of breast cancer, in: Adriamycin Review (M. Staquert, ed.), pp. 249–256, European Press, Medikon (1975).
J. U. Gutterman, J. O. Cardenas, G. R. Blumenschein, G. Hortobagyi, R. B. Livingston, G. M. Mavligit, E. J. Freireich, J. A. Gottlieb, and E. M. Hersh, Chemoimmunotherapy of disseminated breast cancer: Prolongation of remission and survival, Br. Med. J. 2, 1222–1225 (1976).
J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, G. Hortobagyi, G. R. Blumenschein, M. A. Burgess, A. V. Jubert, and E. M. Hersh, BCG immunotherapy of disseminated breast cancer and colorectal cancer: Prolongation of remission and survival, in: BCG in Cancer Immunotherapy (G. Lamoureux, R. Turcotte, and V. Portelance, eds.), pp. 227–238, Grune and Stratton, New York (1976).
G. Hortobagyi, J. U. Gutterman, G. R. Blumenschein, C. K. Tashima, M. Schwarz, M. A. Burgess, and E. M. Hersh, The use of BCG and MER plus combination chemotherapy in the management of patients with disseminated breast carcinoma, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.
C. M. Pinsky, Y. Hirshaut, H. J. Wanebo, J. Former, V. Mike, D. Schottenfeld, and H. Oettgen, Surgical adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG in patients with malignant melanoma. Results of a prospective, randomized trial, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.
J. U. Gutterman, G. Mavligit, C. McBride, E. Frei, III, E. J. Freireich, and E. M. Hersh, Active immunotherapy with BCG for recurrent malignant melanoma, Lancet 1, 1208–1212 (1973).
D. L. Morton, F. R. Eilber, E. C. Holmes, J. S. Hunt, A. S. Ketcham, M. F. Silverstein, and F. C. Sparks, BCG immunotherapy of malignant melanoma: Summary of a seven year experience, Ann. Surg. 180, 635–643 (1974).
J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, M. A. Burgess, J. O. Cardenas, G. R. Blumenschein, J. A. Gottlieb, C. M. McBride, E. M. Hersh, K. B. McCredie, G. P. Bodey Sr., V. Rodriguez, and E. J. Freireich, Immunotherapy of human solid tumors and acute leukemia with BCG: Prolongation of disease free interval and survival, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1, 99–107 (1976).
F. R. Eilber, D. L. Morton, E. C. Holmes, F. C. Sparks, and K. P. Ramming, Adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG in treatment of regional lymph node metastases from malignant melanoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 237–240 (1976).
G. Beretta, Controlled study for prolonged chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy plus immunotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery, in: Immunotherapy of Cancer: Present Status of Trials in Man (W. D. Terry and D. Windhorst, eds.), Raven Press, New York (1977), in press.
G. M. Mavligit, J. U. Gutterman, M. A. Burgess, N. Khankhanian, G. B. Seibert, J. F. Speer, A. V. Jubert, R. C. Martin, C. M. McBride, E. M. Copeland, E. A. Gehan, and E. M. Hersh, Prolongation of postoperative disease free interval and survival in human colorectal cancer by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or BCG plus 5-fluorouracil, Lancet 1, 871–875 (1976).
M. F. McKneally, C. Maver, and H. W. Kausel, Regional immunotherapy of lung cancer with intrapleural BCG, Lancet 1, 377–382 (1976).
J. E. Sokal, C. W. Aungst, and M. Snyderman, Delay in progression of malignant lymphoma after BCG vaccination, N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 1226–1230 (1974).
A. Buzdar, J. Gutterman, G. Blumenschein, E. Hersh, C. Tashima, E. Gehan, and E. Freireich, An intensive new adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy program containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin (AD), cyclophosphamide (CYT), and BCG (FAC-BCG) for operable breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 18, 313 (1977) (abstract #C-187).
E. Ribi, K. C. Milner, D. L. Granger, M. T. Kelly, K. I. Yamamoto, W. Grehmer, R. Parker, R. F. Smith, and S. M. Strain, Immunotherapy with nonviable microbial components, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 228–238 (1976).
E. Lederer, A. Adam, R. Clorbaru, J.-F. Petit, and J. Wietzerbin, Cell walls of mycobacteria and related organisms. Chemistry and immunostimulant properties, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 7, 87–104 (1975).
Y. Yamamura, I. Azuma, T. Taniyama, E. Ribi, and B. Zbar, Suppression of tumor growth and regression of established tumor with oil-attached mycobacterial fractions, Gann 65, 179–181 (1974).
D. W. Weiss, MER and other mycobacterial fractions in the immunotherapy of cancer, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 473–497 (1976).
D. W. Weiss, Y. Stupp, N. Many, and G. Izak, Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients with the MER tubercle bacillus fraction. A preliminary report, Transplant. Proc. 7, 545–548 (1975).
J. Cuttner, J. G. Bekesi, and J. F. Holland, Chemoimmunotherapy of acute leukemia using MER, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 196 (1976).
M. Perloff, J. F. Holland, and J. G. Bekesi, Chemoimmunotherapy of breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 17, 308 (1976) (abstract #C-288).
C. K. Tashima, G. R. Blumenschein, and J. U. Gutterman, Comparison of adriamycin combination drug program with BCG immunotherapy versus MER immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 17, 288 (1976) (abstract #C-207).
L. Milas, J. U. Gutterman, I. Basic, N. Hunter, G. Mavligit, E. M. Hersh, and H. R. Withers, Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy for a murine fibrosarcoma with C. granulosum and C. parvum, Int. J. Cancer 14, 493–504 (1974).
R. W. Baldwin and M. V. Pimm, BCG immunotherapy of pulmonary growths from intravenously transferred rat tumor cells, Br. J. Cancer 27, 48–54 (1973).
R. C. Reed, J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, M. A. Burgess, and E. M. Hersh, Corynebacterium parvum: Preliminary report of a phase 1 clinical and immunological study in cancer patients, in: Corynebacterium parvum (B. Halpern, ed.), pp. 349–366, Plenum Press, New York (1975).
L. Israel, R. Edelstein, A. DePierre, and N. Dimitrov, Brief communication: Daily intravenous infusion of Corynebacterium parvum in twenty patients with disseminated cancer. A preliminary report of clinical and biological findings, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55, 29–33 (1975).
P. R. Band, C. Jao-King, and R. C. Urtasun, Phase 1 study of Corynebacterium parvum in patients with solid tumors, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 59, 1139–1145 (1975).
J. Gutterman, E. Hersh, R. Benjamin, G. Mavligit, M. Burgess, and G. P. Bodey, An effective new chemoimmunotherapy regimen for disseminated malignant melanoma, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol 18, 300 (1977) (abstract #C-135).
K. Oyama, Y. Takagaki, R. Niki, T. Sato, and T. Akiba, Studies on the interrelation between clinical effects and immune response of a streptococcal antitumor agent, OK432. I. Immunological findings in animals sensitized with OK432, Jpn. J. Clin. Cancer 21, 253–256 (1975).
E. Ribi, D. L. Granger, K. C. Milner, and S. M. Strain, Tumor regression caused by endotoxins and mycobacterial fractions, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55, 1253–1257 (1975).
E. A. Carswell, L. J. Old, R. L. Kassel, S. Green, N. Fiore, and B. Williamson, an endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3666–3670(1975).
I. Hunter-Craig, K. A. Newton, G. Westbury, and B. W. Lacey, Use of vaccinia virus in the treatment of malignant melanoma, Br. Med. J. 2, 512–515 (1970).
J. Lindemann, Viruses as immunological adjuvants in cancer, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 355, 49–75(1974).
D. S. Martin, P. Hayworth, R. A. Fugmann, R. English, and H. W. McNeill, Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and zymosan on a spontaneous mammary cancer in mice, Cancer Res. 24, 652–654 (1964).
W. K. Amery, Double-blind levamisole trial in resectable lung cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 260–268 (1976).
A. Rojas, J. Feierstein, E. Mickiewicz, and H. Glait, Levamisole in advanced human breast cancer, Lancet 1, 211–214 (1976).
G. N. Hortobagyi, J. U. Gutterman, G. R. Blumenschein, C. K. Tashima, A. U. Buzdar, and E. M. Hersh, Levamisole in the treatment of breast cancer, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. (1977), in press.
S. E. Grossberg, The interferons and their inducers. Molecular and therapeutic considerations, N. Engl. J. Med. 287, 122–128 (1972).
W. Regelson, Clinical immunoadjuvant studies with tilorone, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 269–287 (1976).
H. Strander, K. Cantell, G. Carlstrom, and P. A. Jakobsson, Clinical and laboratory investigations in man: Systemic administration of potent interferon to man, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51, 733–742 (1975).
D. Habis, Report summary, in: Proc. Int. Workshop on Interferon in the Treatment of Cancer, pp. 49–50 (1974).
M. D. Prager and F. S. Baechtel, Methods for modification of cancer cells to enhance their antigenicity, in: Methods in Cancer Research (H. Busch, Ed.) Vol. IX, pp. 339–400, Academic Press, New York (1973).
G. A. Currie and T. J. McElwain, Active immunotherapy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma. A pilot study, Br. J. Cancer 31, 143–156 (1975).
R. Powles, D. Crowther, C. T. J. Bateman, M. E. J. Beard, T. J. McElwain, J. Russell, T. A. Lister, M. A. Whitehouse, P. F. M. Wrigley, M. Pike, P. Alexander, and G. Hamilton-Fairley, Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia, Br. J. Cancer 28, 365–376 (1973).
J. F. Holland and J. G. Bekesi, Immunotherapy of human leukemia with neuraminidase modified cells, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 539–549 (1976).
C. M. Southam, B. C. Marcove, A. G. Levin, H. J. Buchsbaum, and V. Mike, Clinical trials of autogenous tumor vaccine for treatment of osteogenic sarcoma, in: Proc. 7th Natl. Cancer Conf., pp. 91–100, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1972).
R. L. Ikonopisov, M. G. Lewis, I. D. Hunter-Craig, D. C. Bodenham, T. M. Phillips, C. I. Cooling, J. Proctor, G. Hamilton-Fairley, and P. Alexander, Autoimmunization with irradiated tumor cells in human malignant melanoma, Br. Med. J. 2, 752–754 (1970).
R. L. Powles, L. A. Balchin, G. Hamilton-Fairley, and P. Alexander, Recognition of leukemia cells as foreign before and after autoimmunization, Br. Med. J. 1, 486–489 (1971).
J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, E. M. Hersh, K. B. McCredie, and E. J. Freireich, Auto-immunization with acute leukemia cells: Demonstration of increased lymphocyte responsiveness, Int. J. Cancer 11, 521–526 (1973).
T. H. M. Stewart, A. C. Hollinshead, J. E. Harris, R. Belanger, A. Crepeau, G. D. Hooper, H. J. Sacks, D. J. Klaassen, W. Hirte, E. Rapp, A. F. Crook, M. Orizaga, D. P. S. Singar, and S. Raman, Immunochemotherapy of lung cancer, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 277, 436–466 (1976).
N. P. Czajkowski, M. Rosenblatt, P. L. Wolfe, and J. Vazquez, A new method of active immunization to autologous human tumor tissue, Lancet 2, 905–909 (1967).
T. J. Cunningham, K. B. Olson, R. Laffin, J. Horton, and J. Sullivan, Treatment of advanced cancer with active immunization, Cancer 24, 932–937 (1969).
J. M. Anderson, Prolonged survival after autograft immunotherapy of mammary cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 186 (1976) (abstract #744).
L. J. Humphrey, O. R. Boehm, B. J. Boehm, and W. R. Jewell, Adoptive and passive immunotherapy, in: Proc. 7th Natl. Cancer Conf., pp. 85–89, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1973).
P. Alexander, E. J. Delorme, L. D. G. Hamilton, and J. D. Hall, Effect of nucleic acids from immune lymphocytes on rat sarcomata, Nature 213, 569–572 (1967).
Y. H. Pilch, D. Fritze, and D. H. Kern, Immune RNA in the immunotherapy of cancer, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 567–583 (1976).
H. S. Lawrence, Transfer factor, in: Advances in Immunology (F. J. Dixon and H. G. Kunkel, eds.), Vol. 11, pp. 195–266, Academic Press, New York (1969).
L. J. Brandes and G. J. Goldenberg, Peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition reactivity to breast cancer antigens in patients with breast cancer and normal control, Cancer Res. 36, 3707–3710(1976).
H. F. Oettgen, L. J. Old, J. H. Farrow, F. T. Valentine, H. S. Lawrence, and L. Thomas, Effect of dialyzable transfer factor in patients with breast cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 2319–2323 (1974).
B. W. Papermaster, O. A. Holterman, E. Klein, I. Djerassi, D. Rosner, T. Dao, and J. J. Costanzi, Preliminary observations on tumor regressions induced by local administration of a lymphoid cell culture supernatant fraction in patients with cutaneous metastatic lesions, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 5, 31–47 (1976).
A. L. Goldstein, G. H. Cohen, J. L. Rossio, G. B. Thurman, C. N. Brown, and J. T. Ulrich, Use of thymosin in the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases and cancer, Med. Clin. North Am. 60, 591–606 (1976).
L. Israel, P. Mannoni, E. Radot, and E. Greenspan, Réactions immunitaires et tumorales à l’échange de plasma dans les cancers avancés, Nouv. Presse Med. 5, 433 (1976).
E. M. Hersh, Modification of host defense mechanisms, in: Cancer Medicine (J. F. Holland and E. Frei, eds.), pp. 681–699, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (1973).
H. W. Bruckner, M. B. Mokyr, and M. S. Mitchell, Effect of DTIC on immunity in patients with malignant melanoma, Cancer Res. 34, 181–183 (1974).
J. A. DiLorenzo, D. E. Griswold, C. R. Bareham, and P. Calabresi, Selective alteration of immunocompetence with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, Cancer Res. 34, 124–128 (1974).
J. L. Turk and L. W. Poulter, Selective depletion of lymphoid tissue by cyclophosphamide, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 10, 285–296 (1972).
G. B. Mackaness, P. H. Lagrange, and T. Ishibashi, The modifying effect of BCG on the immunological induction of T cells, J. Exp. Med. 139, 1540–1552 (1974).
A. R. Cheema and E. M. Hersh, Patient survival After chemotherapy and its relationship to in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis, Cancer 28, 851–855 (1971).
L. Borella and R. G. Webster, The immunosuppressive effects of long-term combination chemotherapy in children with acute leukemia in remission, Cancer Res. 31, 420–427 (1971).
D. Farquhar, T. L. Loo, J. U. Gutterman, E. M. Hersh, and M. A. Luna, Inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes in the rat after bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment, Biochem. Pharmacol. 25, 1529–1535 (1976).
B. Fisher, N. Wolmark, and H. Rubin, Further observation on the inhibition of tumor growth by Corynebacterium parvum with cyclophosphamide. Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on cyclophosphamide metabolism, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 57, 225–229 (1976).
G. M. Hahn, J. Braun, and I. Har-Keder, Thermochemotherapy: Synergism between hyperthermia (42–43°) and adriamycin (or bleomycin) in mammalian cell inactivation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 937–940 (1975).
B. Fisher, H. Rubin, E. Saffer, and N. Wolmark, Effect of Corynebacterium parvum in combination with 5-FU, l-phenylalanine mustard or methotrexate on the inhibition of tumor growth, Cancer Res. 36, 2714–2719 (1976).
J. U. Gutterman, G. M. Mavligit, R. C. Reed, and E. M. Hersh, Immunochemotherapy of human cancer, Semin. Oncol. 1, 409–423 (1974).
G. Mathe, L. Schwarzenberg, O. H. Halle-Pannenko, and M. C. Simmler, Discussion paper: Experimental and clinical immunopharmacology data applicable to cancer immunotherapy, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 277, 467–491 (1976).
G. L. Slemmer, Host response to premalignant mammary tissues, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 35, 57–71 (1972).
L. Davignon, P. Lemode, P. Robillard, and A. Frappier, BCG vaccination and leukemia mortality, Lancet 2, 638 (1970).
S. R. Rosenthal, R. G. Crispen, M. G. Thorne, N. Piekarski, N. Raisys, and P. G. Rettig, BCG vaccination and leukemia mortality, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 222, 1543–1544 (1972).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gutterman, J.U., Mavligit, G.M., Hersh, E.M., Hortobagyi, G., Blumenschein, G. (1977). Immunology and Immunotherapy of Human Breast Cancer. In: McGuire, W.L. (eds) Current Approaches to Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0482-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0480-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive