Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Combination Chemotherapy for Advanced Disease

  • Chapter
Current Approaches to Therapy

Abstract

The chemical nonhormonal treatment of breast cancer has developed rapidly in the last three decades. In the first two decades, several reports indicated that responses could be achieved in patients with nitrogen mustard,(1) triethylenethiophosphoramide (thio-TEPA),(2) methotrexate,(3) cyclophosphamide,(4,5) and 5-fluorouracil.(6) With the demonstration in experimental animal tumors and clinically in patients with Hodgkin’s disease(7) and acute lymphocytic leukemia(8) that combinations of drugs were more effective than single agents, interest in the use of multiple-drug regimens also developed for patients with breast cancer. One of the earliest reports was by Greenspan et al. in 1963.(9) But it was not until 1969, when Cooper(10) reported that a five-drug program produced complete responses in 90% of patients with advanced breast cancer, that the trials with combination chemotherapy became more widespread. Since then, there has been a literal explosion of combination chemotherapy programs(11) producing high response rates in the 50–60% range. In the past two years, chemotherapy has played a major role combined with surgery in the management of primary operable breast cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. C. Rhoads, Report on a cooperative study of nitrogen mustard (HN2) therapy of neoplastic disease, Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 60, 110–117 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  2. C.G. Zubrod, M. Schneiderman, E. Frei, III, C. Brindley, G.L. Gold, B. Shnider, R. Oviedo, J. Gorman, R. Jones Jr., U. Jonsson, J. Colsky, T. Chalmers, B. Ferguson, M. Dederick, J. Holland, O. Selawry, W. Regelson, L. Lasagna, and A.H. Owens Jr., Appraisal of methods for the study of chemotherapy of cancer in man: Comparative therapeutic trial of nitrogen mustard and triethylenethiophosphoramide, J. Chronic Dis. 11, 7–33 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. E.B. Schoenbach, J. Colsky, and E.M. Greenspan, Observations on the effects of the folic acid antagonists, aminopterin and amethopterin, in patients with advanced neoplasms, Cancer 5, 1201–1220 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. R.W. Rundles, J. Laszlo, F.E. Garrison, and J.B. Hobson, The antitumor spectrum of cyclophosphamide, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 16, 407–411 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Atkins, H.G. Gregg, and G.A. Hyman, Clinical appraisal of cyclophosphamide in malignant neoplasms, Cancer 15, 1076–1080 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. F. Ansfield, J. Schroeder, and A. Curreri, Five years clinical experience with 5-fluorouradl, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 181, 295–299 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. V.T. DeVita, A.A. Serpick, and P.P. Carbone, Combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 73, 881–895 (1970).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Simone, R.A.J. Aur, H.O. Hustu, and D. Pinkel, Total therapy studies of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children, Cancer 30, 1488–1494 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. E.M. Greenspan, M. Fieber, G. Lesnick, and S. Edelman, Response of advanced breast carcinoma to the combination of the antimetabolite, methotrexate, and the alkylating atent, thio-TEPA, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp. N.Y. 30, 246–267 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. R.J. Cooper, Combination chemotherapy in hormone resistant breast cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 10, 15 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  11. L. Broder and D.C. Tormey, Combination chemotherapy of carcinoma of the breast: A review, Cancer Treat. Rev. 1, 183–203 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. P.P. Carbone, The role of chemotherapy in treatment for breast cancer, in: Cancer Chemotherapy—Fundamental Concepts and Recent Advances (M.D. Anderson Hospital, ed.), pp. 311–322, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  13. L.M. Axtell and M.H. Myers, Recent trends in survival of cancer patients 1960–1971, End Results in Cancer Report #4, DHEW Publication (NIH) (1975), #767.

    Google Scholar 

  14. D.C. Tormey and J.P. Neifeld, Chemotherapeutic approaches to disseminated breast cancer, in: Breast Cancer Management—Early and Late (B.A. Stoll, ed.) (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  15. S.J. Cutler, Classification of extent of disease in breast cancer, Semin. Oncol. 1, 91–96 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Fisher, R.G. Ravdin, and R.K. Ausman, Surgical adjuvant chemotherapy in cancer of the breast: Results of a decade of cooperative investigation, Ann. Surg. 168, 337–356 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. S.G. Taylor, III, S.J. Pocock, B.I. Shnider, J. Colsky, and T.C. Hall, Clinical studies of 5-fluorouracil + premarin in the treatment of breast cancer, Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1, 113–121 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. D.C. Tormey, P. Band, and M. Bauer for the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Results of analyses of combination chemotherapy trials (1976) (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  19. J. Ingle, D.C. Tormey, and J. Bull. Bone marrow involvement in breast cancer, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 16, 245 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  20. S.J. Cutler, A.J. Asire, and S.G. Taylor, III, Classification of Patients with disseminated cancer of the breast, Cancer 24, 861–869 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Cutler, Local extension and distant metastases, in: Tumors of the Breast, pp. 124–147, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  22. M.M. Romsdahl, M.E. Sears, and N.E. Eckles, Post treatment evaluation of breast cancer, in: Breast Cancer: Early and Late (M.D. Anderson Hospital, ed.), pp. 291–299, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  23. S.M. Levenson, J.J. Ingle, S.D. Richman, R.S. Frankel, D.C. Tormey, A.E. Jones, and G.S. Johnston, Liver scanning in metastatic carcinoma of the breast, J. Nucl. Med. 16, 545 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  24. D.C. Tormey and J.N. Ingle, Diagnostic considerations in breast cancer, in: Breast Cancer Diagnosis (G.S. Johnston and A.E. Jones, eds.), pp. 1–17, Plenum Medical Book Co., New York (1975).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. S.D. Richman, J.N. Ingle, S.M. Levenson, J.P. Neifeld, D.C. Tormey, A.E. Jones, and G.S. Johnston, The usefulness of gallium scintigraphy in primary and metastatic breast carcinoma, J. Nucl. Med. 16, 996–1001 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. J.A. Neifeld, J.N. Ingle, D.C. Tormey, M.E. Lippman, S.D. Richman, and L.L. Michaelis, Mediastinoscopy: A diagnostic aid in metastatic carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 37, 1973–1976 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. T.L. Dao and T. Nemoto, The clinical significance of skin recurrence after radical mastectomy in women with cancer of the breast, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 117, 447–453 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A.N. Papaioannou, F.J. Tanz, and H. Volk, Fate of patients with recurrent carcinoma of the breast; recurrence five or more years after initial treatment, Cancer 20, 371–376 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Bruce, D.C. Carter, and J. Fraser, Patterns of recurrent disease in breast cancer, Lancet 1, 433–435(1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. D.S. Martin and R.A. Fugmann, Clinical implications of the interrelationship of tumor size and chemotherapeutic response, Ann. Surg. 151, 97–100 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. F.M. Schabel, Jr., Concepts for systemic treatment of micrometastases, Cancer 35, 15–24 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J.J. van Dyk and G. Falkson, Extended survival and remission rates in metastatic breast cancer, Cancer 27, 300–303 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. R.V. Smalley, S. Murphy, Y.K. Chan, and C.M. Huguley, Comparison of two five-drug regimes vs. sequential chemotherapy in metastatic breast carcinoma, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 57, 110 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  34. H.E. Skipper and F.M. Schabel, Jr., Quantitative and cytokinetic studies in experimental tumor systems, in: Cancer Medicine (J. Holland and E. Frei, III, eds.), 2nd Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (1977), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. Howard and S.R. Pelc, Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in normal and irradiated cells and its relationship to chromosome breakage, Heredity 6 (Suppl.), 261–273 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. G.P. Wheeler and L. Simpson-Herren, Effects of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides and chemically related compounds on the cell cycle, in: Drugs and the Cell Cycle (A.M. Zimmerman, G.M. Padilla, and I.L. Cameron, eds.), pp. 250–306, Academic Press, New York (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  37. P. Calabresi and R.E. Parks, Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases, in: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (L.S. Goodman and A. Gilman, eds.), 4th ed., pp. 1348–1396, Macmillan, London (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  38. P. Brookes, Reaction of alkylating agents with nucleic acids, in: Chemotherapy of Cancer (P.A. Plattner, ed.), pp. 32–43, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  39. J.S. Johnson, J.G. Armstrong, M. Gorman, and J.P. Burnett, The vinca alkaloids: a new class of oncolytic agents, Cancer Res. 23, 1390–1427 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. S.K. Carter and M. Slavik, Chemotherapy of cancer, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 14, 157–183 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. H. Umezawa, M. Ishizuka, K. Maeda, and T. Takeuchi, Studies on bleomycin, Cancer 20, 891–895 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. W.R. Bruce, B.E. Meeker, and F.A. Valeriote, Comparison of the sensitivity of normal hematopoietic and transplanted lymphoma colony forming cells to chemotherapeutic agents administered in vivo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37, 233–245 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. F. Valeriote and L. van Putten, Proliferation-dependent cytotoxicity of anticancer agents: A review, Cancer Res. 35, 2619–2630 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. W.S. Wilcox, D.R. Griswold, W.R. Laster Jr., F.M. Schabel, Jr., and H.E. Skipper, Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents. XVII. Kinetics of growth and regression after treatment of certain solid tumors, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 47, 27–39 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H.E. Skipper, Kinetics of mammary tumor cell growth and implications for therapy, Cancer 28, 1479–1499 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. G.G. Steel, Cytokinetics of neoplasia, in: Cancer Medicine (J. Holland and E. Frei III, eds.), pp. 125–139, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  47. A.K. Laird, Dynamics of tumor growth, Br. J. Cancer 18, 490–502 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. W.S. Wilcox, The last surviving cancer cell: the changes of killing it, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 50, 541–542 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M.C. Berenbaum, The last surviving cancer cell: the changes of killing it, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 52, 539–541 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. M.C. Berenbaum, Dose-response curves for agents that impair cell reproductive integrity. The relation between dose-response curves and the design of selective regimens in cancer chemotherapy, Br. J. Cancer 23, 434–445 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. A.A. Sandberg and G.E. Moore, Examination of blood for tumor cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 19, 1–11 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. E. Philippe and Y. LeGal, Growth of seventy-eight recurrent mammary cancers; quantitative study, Cancer, 21, 461–467 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y.N. Lee and J.S. Spratt, Rate of growth of soft tissue metastases of breast cancer, Cancer 29, 344–348 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. E.P. Malaise, N. Chavaudra, A. Charbit, and M. Tubiana, Relationship between the growth rate of human metastases, survival and pathological type, Eur. J. Cancer 10, 451–459 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. L.M. Schiffer and P.G. Braunschweiger, Cytokinetics of human breast cancer, primary vs. metastatic lesions, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 238 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  56. R.C. Young and V.T. DeVita, The effect of chemotherapy on the growth characteristics and cellular kinetics of leukemia L1210, Cancer Res. 30, 1789–1794 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. D.S. Martin, R.A. Fugmann, R.L. Stolfi, and P.E. Hayworth, Solid tumor animal model therapeutically predictive for human breast cancer, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 5, 89–110 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  58. D.P. Griswold, Jr., The potential for murine tumor models in surgical adjuvant chemotherapy, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 5, 187–204 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  59. A.E. Bogden, H.J. Esber, D.J. Taylor, and J.H. Gray, Comparative study on the effects of surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, alone and in combination, on metastases of the 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma, Cancer Res. 34, 1627–1631, (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. S.I. Detre, A.J.S. Davies, and T.A. Connors, New models for cancer chemotherapy, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 5, 133–144 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  61. B.C. Giovanella, J.S. Stëhlin, and L.J. Williams, Jr., Heterotransplantation of human malignant tumor in nude thymusless mice. II. Malignant tumors induced by injection of cell cultures derived from human solid tumors, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52, 921–930 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. E.S. Greenwald, Cancer Chemotherapy, 2nd ed., pp. 28–346, Medical Outline Series, Medical Examination Publishing Co., Inc., New York (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  63. B.A. Chabner, C.E. Myers, C.N. Coleman, and D.G. Johns, The clinical pharmacology of antineoplastic agents, N. Engl. J. Med. 292, 1107–1113 and 1159–1168 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. E. Mihich, Pharmacologic principles and the basis of selectivity of drug action, in: Cancer Medicine (J. Holland and E. Frei, III, eds.), pp. 650–674, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  65. P.R. Bergevin, D.C. Tormey, and J. Blom, Guide to the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, Mod. Treat. 9, 185–273 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. L.E. Broder and P.P. Carbone, Pharmacokinetic considerations in the design of optimal chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of breast carcinoma: a conceptual approach, Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 2, 11–27 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. R.A. Minow, R.S. Benjamin, and J.A. Gottlieb, Adriamycin (NSC 123127) cardiomyopathy—an overview with determination of risk factors, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 6, 195–201 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  68. J.J. Rinehart, R.P. Lewis, and S.P. Balcerzak, Adriamycin cardiotoxicity in man, Ann. Intern. Med. 81, 475–478 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. D.L. Ahmann, H.F. Bisel, R.G. Hahn, R.T. Eagan, J.H. Edmonson, J.L. Steinfeld, D.C. Tormey, and W.F. Taylor, An analysis of a multiple drug program in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer utilizing 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and prednisone with or without vincristine, Cancer 36, 1925–1935 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. S.K. Carter, Study design principles for the clinical evaluation of new drugs as developed by the chemotherapy program of the NCI, in: The Design of Clinical Trials (M. Staquet, ed.), pp. 242–291, Futura Publishing Co., Mt. Kisco, New York (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  71. H.E. Skipper, Kinetic considerations associated with therapy of solid tumors, in: The Proliferation and Spread of Neoplastic Cells (University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Symposium, 1967), pp. 213–234, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  72. R.W. Talley, V.K. Vaitkevicius, and G.A. Leighton, Comparison of cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 6, 740–748 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Eastern Cooperative Group in Solid Tumor Chemotherapy, Comparison of antimetabolites in the treatment of breast and colon cancer, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 200, 770–778 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. D.C. Tormey, Adriamycin in breast cancer: an overview of studies, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 6, 319–327(1975).

    Google Scholar 

  75. S.G. Taylor, G.P. Canellos, P. Band, and S. Pocock, Combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: Randomized comparison with single drug therapy, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 15, 175 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  76. L.M. Baker, C.B. Vaughn, M. Al-Sarrof, M.L. Reed, and V.K. Vaitkevicius, Evaluation of combination vs. sequential cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer, Cancer 33, 513–518 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. P. Band, D. Tormey, and M. Bauer, Unpublished observations from Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  78. D. Ahmann, T. Dao, and J. Horton, Personal communication (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  79. M. DeLena, C. Brambilla, A. Morabito, and G. Bonadonna, Adriamycin plus vincristine compared to and combined with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil for advanced breast cancer, Cancer 35, 1108–1115 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. L. Simpson-Herren and D.P. Griswold, Jr., Studies of the cell population kinetics of induced and transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma in rats, Cancer Res. 33, 2415–2424 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. I.S. Goldenberg, N. Sedransk, H. Volk, A. Segaloff, R.M. Kelley, and C.R. Haines, Combined androgen and antimetabolite therapy of advanced female breast cancer; a report of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group, Cancer 36, 308–310 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. F.D. Moore, S.B. Vandevanter, C.M. Boyden, J. Lokich, and R.E. Wilson, Adrenalectomy with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer: Objective and subjective response rates; duration and quality of life, Surgery 76, 376–388 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. I.S. Goldenberg, Secondary chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer, Cancer 31, 660–663 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. P.B. Stott, L. Zelkowitz, and W.G. Tucker, Combination chemohormonal therapy for disseminated breast carcinoma, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 57, 106 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  85. E.M. Greenspan, Regression of metastatic hepatomegaly from mammary carcinoma. Cytotoxic combination chemotherapy with 5-FU, N.Y. State J. Med. 64, 2442–2449 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. T. Nemoto, J. Horton, T. Cunningham, R. Sponzo, D. Rosner, R. Diaz, and T.L. Dao, Update report. Comparison of combination chemotherapy vs. adriamycin vs. adrenalectomy in breast cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 16, 46 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  87. G. Falkson and L. Leone, Personal communication (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  88. C. Alford, A.C. Hollinshead, and R.B. Herberman, Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to extracts of malignant and normal human breast cells, Ann. Surg. 178, 20–24 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. A.C. Hollinshead, W.T. Jaffurs, L.K. Alpert, J.E. Harris, and R.B. Herberman, Isolation and identification of soluble skin reactive membrane antigens of malignant and normal breast cells, Cancer Res. 34, 2961–2968 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. M.M. Black, H.P. Leis, Jr., B. Shore, and R.E. Zachrau, Cellular hypersensitivity to breast cancer; assessment by a leukocyte migration procedure, Cancer 33, 952–958 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. R.B. Herberman, Cellular immunity to human tumor associated antigens, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 9, 300–307(1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. J.H. Dean, J.S. Silva, J.L. McCoy, C.M. Leonard, M. Middleton, G.B. Cannon, and R.B. Herberman, Lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by potassium chloride extracts of allogeneic breast carcinoma and lymphoid cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54, 1295–1298 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. M.M. Black and H.P. Leis, Jr., Human breast carcinoma. Part III. Cellular responses to autologous breast cancer: Skin-window procedure, N.Y. State J. Med. 70, 2583–2589 (1970).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. T.J. Cunningham, D. Daut, P.E. Wolfgang, M. Mellyn, S. Maciolek, R.W. Sponzo, and J. Horton, A correlation of DNCB-induced delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and the course of disease in patients with recurrent breast cancer, Cancer 37, 1696–1700 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. M.M. Black and H.P. Leis, Jr., Cellular responses to autologous breast cancer tissue; correlation with stage and lymphoreticuloendothelial reactivity, Cancer 28, 263–273 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. S.J. Cutler, C. Zippin, and A.J. Asire, The prognostic significance of palpable lymph nodes in cancer of the breast, Cancer 23, 243–250 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. R.L. Stolfi, R.A. Fugmann, L.M. Stolfi, and D.S. Martin, Synergism between host anti-tumor immunity and combined modality therapy against murine breast cancer, Int. J. Cancer 13, 389–403 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. B. Fisher, N. Wolmark, E. Saffer, and E.R. Fisher, Inhibitory effect of prolonged Corynebacterium parvum and cyclophosphamide administration on the growth of established tumors, Cancer 35, 134–143 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. L. Israel, A randomized study of chemotherapy versus chemotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in advanced breast cancer, in: Proceedings XI International Cancer Congress (P. Bucalossi, U. Veronesi, and N. Cascinelli, eds.), Vol. 6, pp. 77–79, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  100. J.U. Gutterman, G.R. Blumenschein, G. Hortobagyi, G. Mavligit, and E.M. Hersh, Immunotherapy for breast cancer, Breast, Diseases of the Breast 2, 29–34 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  101. A.F. Rojas, E. Mickiewicz, J.N. Feierstein, H. Glait, and A.J. Olivari, Levamisole in advanced human breast cancer, Lancet 1, 211–215 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. B. Fisher, P.P. Carbone, S.G. Economou, R. Frelick, A. Glass, H. Lerner, C. Redmond, M. Zelen, D.L. Katrych, N. Wolmark, P. Band, and E.R. Fisher, 1-Phenylalanine mustard (1-PAM) in the management of primary breast cancer: A report of early findings. N. Engl. J. Med. 292, 117–122 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. G. Bonadonna, P. Valagussa, and U. Veronesi, Results of ongoing trials with adjuvant therapy in operable breast cancer, in: Breast Cancer: Trends in Research and Treatment; A Monograph of the European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer (J.C. Heuson, W.H. Matthiem, and M. Rozencweig, eds.), pp. 239–258, Raven Press, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  104. K.W. Brunner, R.W. Sonntag, G. Martz, H.J. Senn, P. Obrecht, and P. Alberto, A controlled study in the use of combined drug therapy for metastatic breast cancer, Cancer 36, 1208–2119 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. D.C. Tormey, J. Bull, C. Falkson, P. Band, and J. Blom, Adriamycin and dibromodulcitol in metastatic breast cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 16, 129 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  106. E.B. van Eden, G. Falkson, A.M. van der Merwe, J.J. Van Dyk, and H.C. Falkson, FIVB—A new combination of drugs in the treatment of cancer, S. Afr. Med. J. 47, 982–984 (1973).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. C.A. Presant, J.F. Kolhouse, and C. Klahr, Adriamycin, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU-NSC 409462) and cyclophosphamide in refractory adenocarcinoma of the breast and other tumors, Cancer 37, 620–628 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. D.C. Tormey, Unpublished data (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  109. P. Longacre, T. Cunningham, K. Olson, J. Horton, and R. Sponzo, HOM chemotherapy in advanced neoplasms, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 17, 99 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  110. R. Zucali, C. Uslenghi, R. Kenda, and G. Bonadonna, Natural history and survival of inoperable breast cancer treated with radiotherapy and radiotherapy followed by radical mastectomy, Cancer 37, 1422–1431 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. M. DeLena, L. Brugnatelli, C. Uslenghi, R. Zucali, and G. Bonadonna, Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in inoperable (T3bT4) breast cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 16, 273 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  112. A. Bennett, A.M. McDonald, J.S. Simpson, and I.F. Stamford, Breast cancer, prostaglandins and bone metastases, Lancet 1, 1218–1220 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. T.J. Powles, S.A. Clark, D.M. Easty, G.C. Easty, and A.M. Neville, The inhibition by aspirin and indomethacin of osteolytic tumour deposits and hypercalcaemia in rats with Walker tumour and its possible application to human breast cancer, Br. J. Cancer 28, 316–321(1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. T. Powles, Personal communication (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  115. J.R. Little, A.J.D. Dale, and H. Okazuki, Meningeal carcinomatosis: clinical manifestations, Arch. Neurol 30, 138–143 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. M.E. Olson, N.L. Chernik, and J.B. Posner, Infiltration of the leptomeninges by systemic cancer—a clinical and pathologic study, Arch. Neurol. 30, 122–137 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. S. Kaufman and M. Goldstein, Combination chemotherapy in disseminated carcinoma of the breast, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 137, 83–86 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. B.J. Kennedy and A.S. Gilbertson, Increased erythropoiesis induced by androgenic hormone therapy, N. Engl. J. Med. 256, 719–726 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. P.P. Carbone, V. Bono, E. Frei, and C.O. Brindley, Clinical studies with vincristine, Blood 21, 640–647 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. N.V. Dimitrov, S. Andre, G. Eliopoulos, and B. Halpern, Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on animal and human bone marrow cultures, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 16, 151 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  121. J.M. Baron and J.E. Ultmann, The management of malignant serous effusions, in: Chemotherapy of Malignant Neoplasms (F.J. Ansfield, ed.), pp. 126–145, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  122. C.B. Anderson, G.W. Philpott, and T.B. Ferguson, The treatment of malignant pleural effusions, Cancer 33, 916–922 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. R.M. Rubinson and H. Bolooki, Intrapleural tetracycline for control of malignant pleural effusion: A preliminary report, South. Med. J. 65, 847–849 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. G.F. Robbins, J. Shah, P. Rosen, F. Chu, and J. Taylor, Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, Surg. Clin. North Am. 54, 801–810 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. D.L. Ellis and S.L. Teitelbaum, Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast; a pathological definition, Cancer 33, 1045–1047 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. J.T. Corail and T.L. Dao, The etiology of inflammatory reactions in breast carcinoma, Surg. Forum 9, 611–614 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  127. C.C. Wang, Management of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 201, 533 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. R.M. Yonemoto, J.L. Keating, R.L. Byron, and D.M. Reihiwaki, Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast treated by bilateral adrenalectomy, Surgery 68, 461–467 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. T.L. Dao and J.D. McCarthy, Treatment of inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 105, 289–294 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. C.C. Harris, The carcinogenicity of anticancer drugs: A hazard in man, Cancer 37, 1014–1023 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. I. Penn, Second malignant neoplasms associated with immunosuppressive medications, Cancer 37, 1024–1032 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. G.T. Ross, Congenital anomalies among children born of mothers receiving chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic neoplasms, Cancer 37, 1043–1047 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. D.H. Russell, B.G.M. Durie, and S.E. Salmon, Polyamines as predictors of success and failure in cancer chemotherapy, Lancet 2, 797–799 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. T.P. Waalkes, C.W. Gehrke, W.A. Bleyer, R.W. Zumwalt, C.L.M. Olweny, K.C. Kao, D.B. Lakings, and S.A. Jacobs, Potential biologic markers in Burkitt’s lymphoma, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 59, 721–727 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. D.C. Tormey and T.P. Waalkes, Biochemical markers in cancer of the breast, Recent Results Cancer Res. 57, 78–94 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Paul P. Carbone & Douglass C. Tormey

    Present address: Division of Clinical Oncology, Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Paul P. Carbone & Douglass C. Tormey

Authors
  1. Paul P. Carbone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Douglass C. Tormey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

    William L. McGuire M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carbone, P.P., Tormey, D.C. (1977). Combination Chemotherapy for Advanced Disease. In: McGuire, W.L. (eds) Current Approaches to Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0482-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0480-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation