Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Surgery of Primary Breast Cancer

  • Chapter
Current Approaches to Therapy

Abstract

Whereas for almost 100 years radical mastectomy was virtually unchallenged and accepted as standard therapy for clinically curable female breast cancer, there presently exists great controversy and actual confusion regarding the management of that disease. Women with breast cancers may have surgical procedures ranging from extended radical mastectomy with internal mammary node dissection to “lumpectomy,” depending entirely upon the belief of the surgeon. Unfortunately, more often than not the decision regarding which operation to employ has been based upon information obtained from poorly carried out retrospective analyses of heterogeneous groups of case records (the comparison of data which are worthless because they were acquired from divergent series of patients); peer pressure; emotionalism; and an outmoded concept of tumor biology. It is the latter which this reviewer considers the most significant factor responsible for the present period of clinical uncertainty.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. R. Virchow, Cellular Pathology, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia (1863).

    Google Scholar 

  2. W.S. Halsted, The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast, Ann. Surg. 46, 1–19 (1907).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. B. Fisher, N. Slack, D.L. Katrych, and N. Wolmark, Ten year follow-up of breast cancer patients in a cooperative clinical trial evaluating surgical adjuvant chemotherapy, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 140, 528–534 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. H.E. Skipper, Combination Therapy, Booklet 13, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (December, 1974), p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. I. Hellstrom, K.E. Hellstrom, and H.O. Sjogren, Serum mediated inhibition of cellular immunity to methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcomas, Cell. Immunol. 1, 18–30 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. G.H. Heppner, In vitro studies on cell-mediated immunity following surgery in mice sensitized to syngeneic mammary tumors, Int. J. Cancer 9, 119–125 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. B. Fisher, Unpublished information.

    Google Scholar 

  8. G.A. Currie and C. Basham, Serum mediated inhibition of the immunological reactions of the patient to his own tumour. A possible role for circulating antigen, Br. Cancer 26, 427–438(1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. S.M. Watkins, The effects of surgery on lymphocyte transformation in patients with cancer, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 14, 69–76 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. L.E. Hughes and W.D. McKay, Suppression of the tubercular response in malignant disease, Br. Med. J. 2, 1346–1348 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. L. Israel, J. Mugica, and P. Chahinian, Prognosis of early bronchogenic carcinoma. Survival curves of 451 patients after resection of lung cancer in relation to the results of the preoperative tuberculin skin test, Biomedicine 19, 68–72 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Y.H. Pilch and R.S. Riggins, Antibodies to spontaneous and MC-induced tumors in inbred mice, Cancer Res. 26, 871–875 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J.B. Graham and R.M. Graham, Antibodies elicited by cancer in patients, Cancer 8, 409–416 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J.L. Odili and G. Taylor, Transience of immune responses to tumor antigens in man, Br. Med. J. 4, 584–586 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. P.R. Riddle, Disturbed immune reactions following surgery, Br. Surg. 54, 882–886 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S.K. Park, J.I. Brody, H.A. Wallace, and W.S. Blakemore, Immunosuppressive effect of surgery, Lancet 1, 53–55 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Frindel, E.P. Malaise, E. Alpen, and M. Tubiana, Kinetics of cell proliferation of an experimental tumor, Cancer Res. 27, 1122–1131 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A.K. Laird, Dynamics of tumor growth, Br. Cancer 18, 490–502 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J.A. McCredie, W.R. Inch, J. Druuv, and T.A. Watson, The rate of tumor growth in animals, Growth 29, 331–347 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  20. W.D. DeWys, Studies correlating the growth rate of a tumor and its metastases and providing evidence for tumor related systemic growth retarding factors, Cancer Res. 32, 374–379(1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. F.M. Schabel, Jr., The use of tumor growth kinetics in planning “curative” chemotherapy of advanced solid tumors, Cancer Res. 29, 2384–2389 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. F.M. Schabel, Jr., Concepts for systemic treatment of micrometastases, Cancer 35, 15–24 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. L. Simpson-Herren, A.H. Sanford, and J.P. Holmquist, Cell population kinetics of transplanted and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma, Cell Tissue Kinet. 7, 349–362 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B. Fisher and E.R. Fisher, Role of the lymphatic system in dissemination of tumor, in: Lymph and the Lymphatic System (H.S. Mayerson, ed.), pp. 324–347, Charles C. Thomas, New York (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  25. B. Fisher and E.R. Fisher, Transmigration of lymph nodes by tumor cells, Science 152, 1397–1398 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B. Fisher and E.R. Fisher, The barrier function of the lymph node to tumor cells and erythrocytes. I. Normal nodes, Cancer 20, 1907–1914 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. B. Fisher and E.R. Fisher, The barrier function of the lymph node to tumor cells and erythrocytes. II. Effect of x-ray, inflammation, sensitization and tumor growth, Cancer 20, 1914–1919 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. B. Fisher and E.R. Fisher, Interrelationship of hematogenous and lymphatic tumor cell dissemination, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 122, 791–798 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. B. Fisher, E.A. Saffer, and E.R. Fisher, Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. III. Response of regional lymph node cells from breast and colon cancer patients to PHA stimulation, Cancer 30, 1202–1215 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. G.L. Cheatle and M. Cutler, Tumours of the Breast—Their Pathology Symptoms and Diagnosis and Treatment, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  31. F.W. Foote and F.W. Stewart, Comparative studies of cancerous versus noncancerous breasts, Ann. Surg. 121, 5–53 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  32. H.S. Gallager and J.E. Martin, The study of mammary carcinoma by mammography and whole organ sectioning, Cancer 23, 855–878 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. G.W. Nicholson, Carcinoma of breast, Br. J. Surg. 8, 527–528 (1921).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. G.M. Bosner, Microscopical study of evolution of mouse mammary cancer—Effect of milk factor and comparison with human disease, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 57, 413–422 (1945).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. R.A. Willis, Pathology of Tumours, 2nd Edition, Butterworths, London (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  36. J. A. Urban, Bilaterality of cancer of the breast. Biopsy of the opposite breast, Cancer 20, 1867–1870 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J.A. Urban, Biopsy of the “normal” breast in treating breast cancer, Surg. Clin. North Am. 49, 291–301(1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. N.H. Slack, E.J. Bross, T. Nemoto, and B. Fisher, Experience with bilateral primary carcinoma of the breast in a cooperative study, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 136, 433–440 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. W.M. Kramer and B.F. Rush, Mammary duct proliferation in the elderly—A histopathologic study, Cancer 31, 130–137 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. F.M. Burnet, Immunological aspects of malignant disease, Lancet 1, 1171–1174 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. CD. Haagensen and A.P. Stout, Carcinoma of the breast. I. Results of treatment, Ann. Surg. 116, 801–815(1942).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. CD. Haagensen and A.P. Stout, Carcinoma of the breast. II. Criteria of operability, Ann. Surg. 118, 859–870 and 1032–1051 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  43. CD. Haagensen and A.P. Stout, Carcinoma of the breast. III. Results of treatment, 1935–1942. Ann. Surg. 134, 151–172 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. B. Fisher, R.G. Ravdin, R.K. Ausman, N.H. Slack, G.E. Moore, R.J. Noer, and Cooperating Investigators, Surgical adjuvant chemotherapy in cancer of the breast: Results of a decade of cooperative investigation, Ann. Surg. 168, 337–356 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. B. Fisher, G.E. Moore, R.G. Ravdin, R.K. Ausman, N.H. Slack, R.J. Noer, and Cooperating Investigators, in: Breast Cancer: Early and Late (Thirteenth Annual Clinical Conference on Cancer, 1968, at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute), pp. 135–153, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  46. B. Fisher, N.H. Slack, I.D.J. Bross, and Cooperating Investigators, Cancer of the breast: Size of neoplasm and prognosis, Cancer 24, 1071–1080 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. R.T. Turner-Warwick, The lymphatics of the breast, Br. Surg. 46, 574–582 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. R.S. Handley, The early spread of breast carcinoma and its bearing on operative treatment, Br. Surg. 51, 206–208 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. E. Dahl-Iversen, Recherches sur le métastases microscopiques des ganglions lym-phatiques parasternaux dans le cancer du sein, J. Int. Chir. 11, 492 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. M. Andreassen and E. Dahl-Iversen, Recherches sur le metastases microscopiques des ganglions lymphatiques sus-clavicularis dous de cancer du sein, J. Int. Chir. 9, 27 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  51. M. Andreassen, E. Dahl-Iversen, and B. Sorensen, Glandular metastases in carcinoma of the breast: Results of a more radical operation, Lancet 1, 176–182 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. E. Caceres, An evaluation of radical mastectomy and extended radical mastectomy for cancer of the breast, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 125, 337–341 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  53. M. Margottini and P. Bucalossi, El metastasi lymphoghiandolari mammario interne nel cancro della mammella, Boll. Oncol. 23, 79 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  54. M. Margottini, G. Jacobelli, and M. Cau, The end results of enlarged radical mastectomy, Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 19, 1555–1559 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J.A. Urban, Discussion on radical mastectomy in breast cancer with supraclavicular and/or internal mammary node dissection, Proc. Natl. Cancer Conf. 2, 243–246 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  56. J.A. Urban, Radical mastecotmy with en bloc in-continuity resection of internal mammary lymph node chain, Surg. Clin. North Am. 36, 1065–1082 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  57. J.A. Urban, Clinical experience and results of excision of the internal mammary lymph node chain in primary operable breast cancer, Cancer 12, 14–22 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J.A. Urban, Extended radical mastectomy for breast cancer, Am. J. Surg. 106, 399–404 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J.A. Urban, What is the rationale for an extended radical procedure in early cases? J. Am. Med. Assoc. 199, 742–743 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. J.A. Urban, Primary operable breast cancer. Current status of treatment, Rocky Mount. Med.]. 65, 39–46 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. E.D. Sugarbaker, Extended radical mastectomy. Its superiority in the treatment of breast cancer, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 187, 96–99 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. U. Veronesi and L. Zingo, Extended mastectomy for cancer of the breast, Cancer 20, 677–680 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. J. Lacour, The place of the Halsted operation in treatment of breast cancer, Int. Surg. 47, 282–287(1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. E. Dahl-Iversen and T. Tobiassen, Radical mastectomy with parasternal and supraclavicular dissection for mammary carcinoma, Ann. Surg. 157, 170–175 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. S. Kaae and H. Johansen, Breast cancer. A comparison of the results of simple mastectomy with postoperative roentgen irradiation by the McWhirter method with those of extended radical mastectomy, Acta Radiol. Suppl. 188, 155–161 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. M. Andreassen, E. Dahl-Iversen, and B. Sorensen, Extended exeresis of regional lymph nodes at operation for carcinoma of breast and result of 5-year follow-up of first 98 cases with removal of axillary as well as supraclavicular glands, Acta Chir. Scand. 107, 206–213(1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. A. Abrao and F. Genril, Mastectomia radical ampliada com esvaziamento ganglionar supraclavicular, axillar a da codlia mammaris interna em monobloco, Rev. Paul. Med. 46, 217–226 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. E. A. Gould, Prognosis of carcinoma involving the medial half of the breast, Am. Surg. 30, 9–11 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. W.L. Donegan, An experience with extended radical mastectomy for mammary carcinoma, Mo. Med. 65, 109–112 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. T.H. Ackland, Extended mastectomy, Med. J. Aust. i, 715–720 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  71. P. Bucalossi and V. Veronesi, Long-term results of radical mastectomy with removal of internal mammary chain, Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 15, 1052–1055 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. H.C. Chin, T.T. Chang, T.Y. Wang, P.C. Cheng, Y.Y. Li, and T.T. Huang, A comparison of results of radical mastectomy and that combined with resection of internal mammary lymph node chains, Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 19, 1572–1574 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. S.A. Kholdin, Extended radical operations for mammary cancer, Prog. Clin. Cancer 1, 438–149 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  74. O.F. Noel, Extended operation for carcinoma of breast—surgical techniques, Surgery 38, 423–431(1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. A. Prudente, L’amputation inter-scapulo-mammo-thoracique, J. Chir. 65, 729–746 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. H.J. Gray, Relation of the lymphatic vessels to the spread of cancer, Br. J. Surg. 26, 462–495 (1939).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. . D.H. Patey and W.H. Dyson, The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast in relation to the type of operation performed, Br.J. Cancer 2, 7–13 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. R.S. Handley, The technic and results of conservative radical mastectomy (Patey’s operation), Prog. Clin. Cancer 1, 462–470 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  79. R. McWhirter, The value of simple mastectomy and radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the breast, Br. J. Radiol. 21, 599–610 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. R. McWhirter, Discussion: The treatment of cancer of the breast, abridged, Proc. R. Soc. Med. 41, 122–129 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  81. R. McWhirter, Treatment of cancer of the breast by simple mastectomy and roentgenotherapy, Arch. Surg. 59, 830–842 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. R. McWhirter, The principles of treatment by radiotherapy in breast cancer, Br. J. Cancer 4, 368–371(1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. R. McWhirter, Simple mastectomy and radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer, Br. J. Radiol. 28, 128–139 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. R. McWhirter, Should more radical treatment be attempted in breast cancer? Caldwell lecture, 1963, Am. J. Roentgenol. 92, 3–13 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. J.G. Williams, R.S. Murley, and M.P. Curwen, Carcinoma of the female breast: Conservative radical surgery, Br. Med. J. 2, 787–796 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. L. Den Besten and S.E. Ziffren, Simple and radical mastectomy: A comparison of survival, Arch. Surg. 90, 755–759 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. J.E. Devitt and W.G. Beattie, Rational treatment of carcinoma of the breast? Ann. Surg. 160, 71–80 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. S. Kaae and H. Johansen, Breast cancer. Five-year results: Two random series of simple mastectomy with postoperative irradiation versus extended radical mastectomy, Am. J. Roentgenol. 87, 82–88 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. S. Kaae and H. Johansen, Simple mastectomy plus postoperative irradiation by the method of McWhirter for mammary carcinoma, Prog. Clin. Cancer 1, 453–454 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  90. G. Crile, Jr., Results of simple mastectomy without irradiation in the treatment of operative stage I cancer of the breast, Ann. Surg. 168, 330–336 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. S. Mustakallio, Treatment of breast cancer by tumor extirpation and roentgen therapy instead of radical operation, J. Рас. Radiol. 6, 23–26 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  92. S. Mustakallio, Conservative treatment of breast carcinoma—review of 25 years follow-up, Clin. Radiol. 23, 110–116 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. A. Porritt, Early carcinoma of the breast, Br.J. Surg. 51, 214–216 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. V.M. Peters, Wedge resection and irradiation, an effective treatment in early breast cancer, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 200, 134–135 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. G. Crile, Jr., Treatment of breast cancer by local excision, Am. J. Surg. 109, 400–403 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. G. Crile, Jr. and S. О. Hoerr, Results of treatment of carcinoma of the breast by local excision, Surg. Gynecol Obstet. 132, 780–782 (1971).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. G. Crile, Jr., The case for local excision of breast cancer in selected cases, Lancet 1, 549–554 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. H. Atkins, J.L. Hayward, D.L. Klugman, and A.B. Wayte, Treatment of breast cancer: A report after ten years of a clinical trial. Br. Med. J. 20, 423–429 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. F.C. Nance, D.H. DeLoach, R.A. Welsh, and W.F. Becker, Pageťs disease of the breast, Ann. Surg. 171, 864–874 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. W.P. Maier, G.P. Rosemond, E.L. Harasym, T.I. Al Saleem, E.M. Tassoni, and S.S. Shor, Pageťs disease in the female breast, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 128, 1253–1263 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. F.W. Foote, Jr. and F.W. Stewart, Lobular carcinoma in situ: Rare form of mammary cancer, Am. J. Pathol. 17, 491–495 (1941).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. N.E. Warner, Lobular carcinoma of the breast, Cancer 23, 840–846 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. W. Newman, Lobular carcinoma of the female breast: Report of 73 cases, Ann. Surg. 164, 305–314 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. R.V.P. Hutter and F.W. Foote, Jr., Lobular carcinoma in situ. Long term follow-up, Cancer 24, 1081–1085 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. J.H. Farrow, Clinical considerations and treatment of in situ lobular breast cancer, Am. J. Roentgenol. 102, 652–656 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. J.R. Benfield, M. Jacobson, and N.E. Warner, In situ lobular carcinoma of the breast, Arch. Surg. (Chicago) 91, 130–135 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. J.W. Berg and G.F. Robbins, 20 year follow-ups of breast cancer, Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 19, 1575–1577 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. W. Newman, In situ lobular carcinoma of the breast: Report of 26 women with 32 cancers, Ann. Surg. 157, 591–599 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. R.E. Snyder, Mammography and lobular carcinoma in si tu, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 122, 255–260 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. H.P. Leis, Jr., W.L. Mersheimer, M.M. Black, and A. de Chabon, The second breast, N.Y. State J. Med. 65, 2460–2468 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. R.W. McDivitt, R.V.P. Hutter, F.W. Foote, Jr., and F.W. Stewart, In situ lobular carcinoma. A prospective follow-up study indicating cumulative patient risks, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 201, 82–86 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. F.W. Foote, Jr. and F.W. Stewart, A histologic classification of carcinoma of the breast, Surgery 19, 74–99 (1946).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. F.W. Stewart, Tumors of the breast, in: Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Section DC, Fascicle 34, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. (1950), pp. 7–13, 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  114. F.R. Benfield, A.G. Fingerhut, and N.E. Warner, Lobular carcinoma of the breast— 1969. A therapeutic proposal, Arch. Surg. (Chicago) 99, 129–131 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. E.F. Lewison and G.G. Finney, Jr., Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast, Surg. Gynecol Obstet. 126, 1280–1286 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. A.R. Kilgore, The incidence of cancer in the second breast, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 77, 454–457 (1921).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. W.T. Fitts, Jr. and L.T. Patterson, The spread of mammary cancer, Surg. Clin. North Am. 35, 1539–1551 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  118. E.F. Lewison, The management of the contralateral breast, Hosp. Pract. 5, 101–106 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  119. G.T. Pack, Bilateral mastectomy, Surgery 29, 929–931 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. G.F. Robbins and J.W. Berg, Bilateral primary breast cancers. A prospective clinicopathological study, Cancer 17, 1501–1527 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. T.B. Hubbard, Jr., Nonsimultaneous bilateral carcinoma of the breast, Surgery 34, 706–723 (1953).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. A.R. Kilgore, H.G. Bell, and R.E. Ahlquist, Jr., Cancer in the second breast, Am.J. Surg. 92, 156–161 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. P. Mustacchi, A Pandolfi, and P. Bucalossi, Bilateral mammary cancer in Italian women, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 19, 1035–1042 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. E.C. White, G.H. Fletcher, and R.L. Clark, Surgical experience with preoperative irradiation for carcinoma of the breast, Ann. Surg. 155, 948–956 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. E.H. Grubbe, X-Ray Treatment, Its Origin, Birth, and Early History, Bruce Publishing Company, St. Paul (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  126. V.P. Collins, Changing concepts of breast cancer and radiotherapy, Proc. Natl. Cancer. Conf. 4, 239–250(1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. R. Paterson and M. H. Russell, Clinical trials in malignant disease, Part III. Evaluation of postoperative radiotherapy, J. Fac. Radiol. 10, 175–180 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. B. Fisher, N.H. Slack, P.J. Cavanaugh, B. Gardner, R.G. Ravdin, and Cooperating Investigators, Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer: Results of the NSABP clinical trial, Ann. Surg. 172, 711–732 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. B. Fisher, P. Carbone, S. G. Economou, R. Frelick, A. Glass, H. Lerner, C. Redmond, M. Zelen, D.L. Katrych, N. Wolmark, P. Band, E. R. Fisher, and Other Cooperating Investigabors, L-Phenylalanine mustard (1-PAM) in the management of primary breast cancer: A report of early findings, N. Engl.J. Med. 292, 117–122 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Bernard Fisher

Authors
  1. Bernard Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

    William L. McGuire M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fisher, B. (1977). Surgery of Primary Breast Cancer. In: McGuire, W.L. (eds) Current Approaches to Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0480-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0482-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0480-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation