Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins induce in higher organisms a great number of different acute pathophysiological effects such as fever, hypotension, leukopenia followed by leukocytosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and, in higher doses, irreversible shock (Galanos et al, 1977). In view of the obvious similarity between these biological effects and the symptoms of gram-negative bacteremia, endotoxins (released from multiplying or disintegrating bacteria), these appear to be important causative agents of certain manifestations of sepsis. Because of their pathogenic role, endotoxins have (for several decades) received worldwide scientific attention, research having been and being performed with the aim to immunologically or pharmacologically control endotoxicosis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brade, H., 1985, Occurrence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid 5-phosphate in lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae Ogawa and Inaba, J.Bacteriol., 161: 795.
Brade, H., Brade, L. and Rietschel, E.Th., 1988, Structure-activity relationships of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), Zbl.Bakt. Hyg.A., 268: 151.
Brade, L., Brandenburg, K., Kuhn, H-M., Kusumoto, S., Macher, I., Rietschel, E.Th. and Brade, H., 1987, The immunogenicity and antigenicity of lipid A are influenced by its physiochemical state and environment, Infect.Immun. 55: 2636.
Brandenburg, K. and Seydel, U., 1988, Orientation measurements on membrane systems made from lipopolysaccharides and free lipid A by FT-IR spectroscopy, Eur.Biophys.J., 16: 83.
Caroff, M., Lebbar, S. and Szabo, L., 1987, Detection of 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid in thiobarbiturate-negative endotoxins, Carb.Res., 161: 04.
Galanos, C., Lüderitz, O., Rietschel, E.Th. and Westphal, O., 1977, Newer aspects of the chemistry and biology of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, with special reference to their lipid A component, in: “International review of Biochemistry, Biochemistry of lipids II”, T.W. Goodwin, ed., University Park Press, Baltimore.
Haselberger, A., Hildebrandt, J., Lam, C., Liehl, E., Loibner, H., Macher, I., Rosenwirth, B., Schütze, E., Vyplel, H. and Uhger, F.M., 1987, Immunopharmacology of lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) from gramnegative bacteria, Triangle, Sandoz Journal of Medical Science, 26: 33.
Haeffner-Cavaillon, N., Bacle, F., Caroff, M. and Cavaillon, J-M., 1988, Characteristics of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 production by human monocytes. Clinical relevance in patients undergoing hemodialysis, Progr.Clin.Biol.Res., 272: 89, Alan R. Liss Inc., New York.
Helander, I., Lindner, B., Brade, H., Altmann, K., Lindberg, A.A., Rietschel, E.Th. and Zähringer, U., 1988, Chemical structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae strain I-69 Rd- /b+. Description of a novel deep rough chemo type, Eur.J.Biochem., in press.
Hitchcock, P., Leive, L., Mäkelä, P.H., Rietschel, E.Th., Strittmatter, W. and Morrison, D., 1986, Lipopolysaccharide nomenclature — past, present and future, J.Bacteriol., 166: 699.
Imoto, M., Yoshimura, H., Shimamoto, T., Sakaguchi, N., Kusumoto, S. and Shiba, T., 1987, Total synthesis of E. coli lipid A, the endotoxically active principle of cell-surface lipopolysaccharide, Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn., 60: 2205.
Jann, K. and Jann, B., 1984, Structure and biosynthesis of O-antigens, in: “Handbook of Endotoxins”, R. Proctor, ed., Vol. 1, “Chemistry of Endotoxin” E.Th. Rietschel, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kaca, W., Brade, L., Rietschel, E.Th. and Brade H., 1986, The effect of removal of D-fructose on the antigenicity of the lipopolysaccharide from a rough mutant of Vibrio cholerae OGAWA, Carb.Res., 149: 293.
Kawahara, K., Brade, H., Rietschel, E.Th. and Zähringer, U., 1987, Studies on the chemical structure of the core-lipid A region of the lipopolysaccharide of Acinetobacter calcoceticus NCTC 10305. Detection of a new 2-octulosonic acid interlinking the core oligosaccharide and lipid A component, Eur.J.Biochem., 163: 489.
Kondo, S., Iguchi, T. and Hisatsune, K., 1988, Occurrence of thiobarbituric acid test-positive substances in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Vibriolnaceae, in: “Adv. Res. Cholera and Related Diarrheas”, Vol. 4, KTK Scientific Publishers, Tokyo.
Kumazawa, Y., Nakatsuka, M., Takimoto, H., Furuya, T., Nagurao, T., Yamamoto, A., Homma, J.Y., Inada, K., Yoshida, M., Kiso, M. and Hasegawa, A., 1988, Importance of fatty acid substituents of chemically synthesized lipid A-subunit analogs in the expression of immunopharmacological activity, Infect.Immun., 56: 149.
Lebbar, S., Cavaillon, J-M., Caroff, M., Ledur, A., Brade, H., Sarfati, R. and Haeffner-Cavaillon, N., 1986, Molecular requirement for interleukin 1 induction by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes: Involvement of the heptosyl-2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate region, Eur.J. Immunol., 16: 87.
Loppnow, H., Brade, L., Brade, H., Rietschel, E.Th. and Flad, H-D., 1986, Induction of human interleukin 1 by bacterial and synthetic lipid A, Eur.J. Immunol., 16: 1263.
Loppnow, H., Brade, H., Dinarello, C.A., Kusumoto, S., Rietschel, E.Th. and Flad, H-D., 1988, Interleukin 1 induction — capacity of defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures, J. Immunol., Submitted.
Lüderitz, O., Freudenberg, M.A., Galanos, C., Lehmann, V., Rietschel, E.Th. and Shaw, D.H., 1982, Lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria, in: “Membrane Lipids of Procaryotes. Current Topics in Membranes and Transport”, S. Razin and S. Rottem, eds., Academic Press, New York.
Lüderitz, O., Galanos, C., Mayer, H. and Rietschel, E.Th., 1988, Lipopolysaccharides, the O-antigens and endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria: relationships of chemical structure and biological activity, in: “Vaccines: New Concepts and Developments”, H. Kohler, P.T. LoVerde, eds., Longman Scientific and Technical.
McIntire, F., Hargie, M.P., Schenck, J.R., Finley, R.A., Sievert, H.W., Rietschel, E.Th. and Rosenstreich, D.L., 1976, Biological properties of non-toxic derivatives of a lipopolysaccharide from E. coli K235, J. Immunol., 117: 674.
Mayer, H. and Weckesser, J., 1988, Different lipid A types in lipopolysaccharides of phototrophic and related non-phototrophic bacteria, FEMS Microbiol.Rev., 54: 143.
Moxon, E.R., 1985, Antigen expression influencing tissue invasion of Haemophilus influenzae type B, in: “Bayer-Symposium VIII. The Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections”, G.G. Jackson and H. Thomas, eds., Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.
Naumann, D., Schultz, C., Born, J., Labischinski, H., Brandenburg, K., von Busse, G., Brade, H. and Seydel, U., 1987, Investigations on the polymorphism of lipid A from lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Eur.J.Biochem., 164: 1597
Nowotny, A., ed., 1983, “The Beneficial Effects of Endotoxin”, Plenum, New York.
Nowotny, A., 1984, Heterogeneity of endotoxins, in: “Handbook of Endotoxin”, R. Proctor, ed., Vol. 1, Chemistry of Endotoxin, E.Th. Rietschel, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Proctor, R.A., ed., “Handbook of Endotoxins”, Vol. 1, “Chemistry of Endotoxin”, 1984; Vol. 2, “Pathophysiology of Endotoxin”, 1985; Vol. 3, “Cellular Biology of Endotoxins”, 1985; Vol. 4, “Clinical Aspects of Endotoxin Shock”, 1986, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Raetz, C.R.H., 1987, Structure and biosynthesis of lipid A, in: “Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular and Molecular Biology”, C. Neidhardt, J.L. Ingraham, K. Brooks Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter and H.E. Umbarger, eds., Am.Soc.Microbiol., Washington, DC.
Rietschel, E.Th., Brade, H., Brade, L., Brandenburg, K., Schade, U.F., Seydel, U., Zähringer, U., Galanos, C., Lüderitz O., Westphal, O., Labischinski, O., Kusumoto, S. and Shiba, T., 1987, Lipid A, the endotoxic center of bacterial lipopolysaccharides: relation of chemical structure to biological activity, Prog.Clin.Biol.Res., 231: 25.
Rietschel, E.Th., Brade, L., Schade, U.F., Seydel, U., Zähringer, U. and Brade, H., 1988, Bacterial endotoxins: properties and structure of biologically active domains, in: “Surface Structures of Microorganisms and their Interaction with the Mammalian Host”, E. Schrinner, M. Richmond, G. Seibert and U. Schwartz, eds., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
Rietschel, E.Th., Wollenweber, H.W., Brade, H., Zähringer, U., Lindner, B., Seydel, U., Bradaczek, H., Barnickel, G., Labischinski, H. and Giesbrecht, P., 1984, Structure and conformation of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides, in: “Handbook of Endotoxins” R. Proctor, ed., Vol. 1, “Chemistry of Endotoxin”, E.Th. Rietschel, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Salimath, V., Tharanthan, R., Weckesser, J. and Mayer, H., 1984, The structure of the polysaccharide moiety of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 lipopolysaccharide, Eur.J.Biochem., 144: 227.
Shiba, T. and Kusumoto, S., 1984, Chemical synthesis and biological activity of lipid A analogs, in: “Handbook of Endotoxin” R. Proctor, ed., Vol. 1, Chemistry of Endotoxin, E.Th. Rietschel, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Tacken, A., Rietschel, E.Th. and Brade, H., 1986, Methylation analysis of the heptose/3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid region (inner core) of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella minnesota rough mutants, Carb. Res., 149: 279.
Takahashi, I., Kotani, S., Takada, H., Tsujimoto, M., Ogowa, T., Shiba, T., Kusumoto, S., Yamamoto, M., Hasegawa, A., Kiso, M., Nishijima, M., Amano, F., Akamatsu, Y., Harada, K., Tanaka, S., Okamura, H., and Tamura, T., 1987, Requirement of a properly acylated β(l-6)-D-glucosamine disaccharide bisphosphate structure for efficient manifestation of full endotoxic and associated bioactivities of lipid A, Infect. Immun., 65: 57.
Takayama, K., Quereshi, N., Hyver, K., Honovich, J., Cotter, R.J., Mascagni, P. and Schneider, H., 1986, Characterization of a structural series of lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of Neisseria gonorrhoea, J.Biol.Chem., 261: 106
Takayama, K., Quereshi, N., Ribi, E. and Centrell, J.L., 1984, Separation and characterization of toxic and nontoxic forms of lipid A, Rev.Inf. Dis., 6: 439.
Westphal, O. and Lüderitz, O., 1954, Chemische Erforschung von Lipopolysacchariden Gram-negativer Bakterien, Angew.Chem., 66: 407.
Wollenweber, H-W., Seydel, U., Lindner, B., Lüderitz, O., Rietschel, E.Th., 1984, Nature and location of amide-bound (R)-3-acyloxyacyl groups in lipid A of lipopolysaccharides from various gram-negative bacteria, Eur.J.Biochem., 145: 265.
Zamze, S.E., Ferguson, M.A.J., Moxon, E.R., Dwek, R.A. and Rademacher, T.W., 1987, Identification of phosphorylated 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid as a component of Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide, Biochem. J., 245: 583.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rietschel, E.T. et al. (1989). Bacterial Endotoxins: Relationships Between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity. In: Gregoriadis, G., Allison, A.C., Poste, G. (eds) Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines. NATO ASI Series, vol 179. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0283-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0283-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0285-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0283-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive