Abstract
The surface roughness in nucleate boiling is known to be an important parameter. It permits the trapping of vapor or gas which may preexist as an uncondensed phase in cavities prior to nucleation. This behavior is significant for room-temperature liquids because changes in the rms roughness values are known to affect the surface excess temperatures ΔT (above the saturation temperature of the bulk liquid). In contrast, in liquid He I (He4 above the λ point), no marked ΔT differences between various rough surfaces have been found [1] (though polishing caused an increase in ΔT). Optimum surface conditions, however, are desirable for efficient cooling in some components of liquid-helium cryosystems. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to provide additional details of this anomalous behavior by obtaining nucleate-cooling data for well-defined single-crystal surfaces (Ga). The crystal surface temperature was determined directly, i.e., without additional thermal-contact resistances between the heat-transfer surface and thermometer. This condition was realized by using the gallium single crystal as the resistance thermometer. The first part of this paper considers the experimental program with details of the gallium crystals used. This is followed by results of the study and conclusions concerned with optimum surface treatment for minimum solid excess temperatures, and with data interpretation.
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Purdy, V., Linnet, C., Frederking, T.H.K. (1971). Nucleate Boiling of Liquid Helium I on Gallium Single Crystals. In: Timmerhaus, K.D. (eds) Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, vol 16. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0244-6_45
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