Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Solute Effects on Grain Boundary Electromigration and Diffusion

  • Chapter
The Nature and Behavior of Grain Boundaries

Abstract

The grain boundary transport of aluminum chromium, and copper resulting from electromigration at 175°C in aluminum-chromium and aluminum-copper thin film conductors has been measured. The forces acting on the various types of atoms are estimated from other experiments or from theoretical derivations. It is then possible to calculate the diffusion constants of the different atomic species. The values obtained for aluminum grain boundary diffusion in aluminum-chromium correspond well to values which have been found through different means in the grain boundary of pure silver. It is concluded that chromium does not reduce the rate of grain boundary diffusion of aluminum, but copper reduces this rate by a factor of about 80. The results of a series of electromigration experiments in aluminum-copper thin films are interpreted in terms of the information they yield on the diffusion of adsorbed copper atoms in aluminum-copper grain boundaries. The conclusions reached are compared to the previously reported results on the effect of alloy additions on grain boundary diffusion in a variety of different elements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. W. Jost,‘Diffusion in Solids, Liquids and Gases’, Academic Press, New York, (1952), p. 324.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Verhoeven, Metal, Reviews, 8, 311–368 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. H. B. Huntington, TMS-AIME, 245, 2571–2579 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Adda and J. Philibert, ‘La Diffusion dans les Solides’, Presses Universitaires, Paris (1966), p. 893.

    Google Scholar 

  5. F. M. d’Heurle, Proc. IEEE, 59, 1409–1418 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. A. Dayananda, Met. Trans., 2, 334–335 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Gerl, Z. Naturforsch, 26a, 1–9 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  8. S. G. Epstein, Adv. Phys., 16, 325–332 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J. R. Wilson, R.G.R. Sellors and J.N. Pratt, Adv. Phys., 16, 357 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. D. O. Olson, J. L. Blough and D. A. Rigney, Conference Abstracts, Joint AIME and ASM Fall Meeting, Detroit, (Oct., 1971), p. 1571.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. C. Blair, P. B. Ghate and T. C. Haywood, Appl. Phys. Letters, 17, 281–283 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. R. E. Hummel and H. M. Breitling, Z. Naturforsch, 26a, 36–39 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  13. P. S. Ho and L. D. Glowinski, Z. Natur forsch, 26a, 32–35 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  14. L. Berenbaum, J. Appl. Phys., 42:, 880–882 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J. K. Howard and R. Ross, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2996–2998 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Gonzales and E. M. Philofsky, Proc. IEEE, 59, 1429–1433 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. R. E. Hummel and H. M. Breitling, Appl. Phys. Letters, 18, 373–375 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. P. Adam, Z. Naturforsch, 26a, 40–44 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  19. M. Ohring, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2653–2661 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Ohring, Mat. Sci. and Eng., 7, 158–167 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. R. Rosenberg and M. Ohring, J. Appl. Phys., to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. Rosenberg, J. Vac. Sci. Technology, 9, Jan/Feb (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  23. M. Ohring and P. H. Sun, J. Vac. Sci. Technology, 9, Jan/Feb (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  24. M. Ohring and P. H. Sun, Thin Solid Films, to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  25. D. L. Kennedy, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 6102–6104 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. I. Ames, F. M. d’Heurle and R. E. Horstmann, IBM J. Res. Develop., 14, 461–463 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. F. M. d’Heurle, Met. Trans., 2, 681–689 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  28. L. Berenbaum and B. Patnaik, Appl. Phys. Letters, 18, 284–286 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. L. Berenbaum and R. Rosenberg, IEEE Proc. 9th Reliability Physics Symposium, Las Vegas (1971), pp. 136–141.

    Google Scholar 

  30. J. K. Howard and R. Ross, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2996–2998 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. E. Hall, E. Philofsky and A. Gonzales, J. Electronic Mat., to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  32. M. C. Shine and F. M. d’Heurle, IBM J. Res. Dev., 15, 378–383 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. B. N. Agarwala, B. Patnaik and R. Schwitzel, J. Vac. Sci Technology, 9, Jan/Feb (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  34. F. M. d’Heurle, N. G. Ainslie, A. Gangulee and M. C. Shine, J. Vac. Sci. Technology, 9, Jan/Feb (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. Gangulee and F. M. d’Heurle, Appl. Phys. Letters, 19, 76–77 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. H. B. Huntington and A. R. Grone, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 23, 76–87 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. C. Bosvieux and J. Friedel, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 23, 123–126 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. F. M. d’Heurle, L. Berenbaum and R. Rosenberg, TMS-AIME, 242, 502–511 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. I. Ames, J. Hoekstra and G. Folchi, Rev. Scient. Instrum., 42, 1049–1051 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. T. Federighi, ‘Lattice Defects in Quenched Metals’, R. Cotterill, M. Doyama, J. Jackson and M. Meshii, Eds, Academic Press, New York (1965), pp. 217–268.

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. K. Hardy, J. Inst. Met., 80, 483–492 (1951–52).

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. V. Penny, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 335–345 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Rosenberg and L. Berenbaum, Appl. Phys. Letters, 12, 201–204 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. I. A. Blech and E. S. Meieran, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 485–491 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. J. Attardo and R. Rosenberg, J. Appl. Phys., 41, 2381–2386 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. V. N. Kaygorogdov, S. M. Klotsman, A. N. Timofeyev and I. S. Trakhtenberg, Fiz. Met. Metalloved 25, 910–923 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  47. D. Turnbull and R. E. Hoffman, Acta Met., 2, 419–426 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. R. Rosenberg, Appl. Phys. Letters, 16, 27–29 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. K. T. Aust and J. W. Rutter, TMS-AIME, 215, 119–127 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. K. T. Aust and J. W. Rutter, TMS-AIME, 215, 820–830 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. D. McLean, ‘Grain Boundaries in Metals’,Oxford U. Press, London (1957), p.125.

    Google Scholar 

  52. D. R. Beaman, R. W. Baluffi and R.O. Simons, Phys. Rev., 134A, 532–542 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. D. R. Beaman, R. W. Baluffi and R. O. Simons, Phys. Rev., 137A, 917–924 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  54. M. Hansen, ‘Constitution of Binary Alloys,’ McGraw Hill Co., New York (1958), pp. 81–84.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nguyen Van Doan, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 31, 2079–2085 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Friedel, Can. J. Phys., 34, 1190–1211 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. P. Gordon and R. A. Vandermeer, TMS-AIME, 224, 917–928 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. N. L. Peterson and S. J. Rothman, Phys. Rev.,B1,(1970).

    Google Scholar 

  59. W. Alexander and L. Silfkin, Phys. Rev., Bl, 3275–3282 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. E. Hilliard, B. L. Averbach and M. Cohen, Acta Met., 7, 86–92 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. G. M. Hood, Phil. Mag., 21, 305–328 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. G. P. Tiwari and B. S. Sharma, Phil. Mag., 24, 739–743 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. G. M. Hood and R. J. Schultz, Phil. Mag., 23, (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  64. V. I. Arkharov, K. A. Efremova, S.I. Ivanovskaya, A.K. Sholts and B. A. Yulinov, Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 89, 269–270 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. P. Guivaldenq and P. Lacombe, ‘Proprietes des Joints de Grains’, 4° Colloque de Metallurgie, Saclay (1960), Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  66. C. Leymonie and P. Lacombe, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., 57, 285–290 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. S. Z. Bokshtein, ‘Diffusion Processes, Structure and Properties of Metals’, S. Z. Bokshtein Ed., Consultants Bureau, New York (1965) pp. 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  68. A. Austin and N. Richards, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 3569–3574 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. V. I. Arkharov, S. M. Klotsman and A. N. Timofeyev, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 6, 255–260 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. V. I. Arkharov and A. A. Pentina, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 5, 52–56 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  71. G. Barreau, G. Brunei, G. Cizeron and P. Lacombe, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., 68, 358–366 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  72. V. I. Arkharov, S. M. Klotsman and A. N. Timofeyev, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 8, 709–713 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. S. M. Klotsman, A. N. Timofeyev and I. S. Trakhtenberg, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 20, 78–83 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. R. E. Hoffman and D. Turnbull, J. Appl. Phys., 22, 634–639 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. W. Schintlmeister and K. Richter, Planseeberichte für Pulvermetallurgie, 18, 3–6 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. V. T. Borisov, V. M. Golikov and G. V. Scherbedinsky, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 17, 881–885 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. A. M. Huntz, P. Guivaldenq, M. Aucouturier and P. Lacombe, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., 66, 85–104 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. T. Rosso, M. Aucouturier and P. Lacombe, Scripta Met., 2, 393–398 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. M. Aucouturier, T. Araki. T. Rosso and P. Lacombe, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., 65, 255–265 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. V. N. Kaygorodov, S. M. Klotsman, A. N. Timofeyev and I. S. Trakhtenberg, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 27, 1048–1053 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  81. V. N. Kaygorodov, Y. A. Rabovsky and V. K. Talinsky, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 24, 117–124 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  82. V. N. Kaygorodov, S. M. Klotsman, A. N. Timofeyev and I. S. Trakhtenberg, Fiz. Met. Metalloved., 28, 120–128 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  83. V. N. Kaygorodov, Y. A. Rabovsky and V. K. Talinsky, Fiz. Met. Metalloved, 24, 661–668 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  84. J. B. Murphy, Acta Met., 9 563–569 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. S. Lundy and J. F. Murdock, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 1671–1673 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. M. Beyeler and D. Lazarus, Mem. Sci. Rev. Met., 67, 395–400 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. T. Rosso and C. Sabatini, Scripta Met. 6, 51–54 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA

    F. M. d’Heurle & A. Gangulee

Authors
  1. F. M. d’Heurle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Gangulee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Laboratory, United States Steel Corporation, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, USA

    Hsun Hu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

d’Heurle, F.M., Gangulee, A. (1972). Solute Effects on Grain Boundary Electromigration and Diffusion. In: Hu, H. (eds) The Nature and Behavior of Grain Boundaries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0181-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0181-4_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0183-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0181-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation