Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Instrumentation and Experimental Procedures

  • Chapter
Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy

Part of the book series: Modern Analytical Chemistry ((MOAC))

Abstract

It shall be the guiding purpose of this chapter to answer the question: What do I, as an experimentalist, need to get my job done? The answer to this question is indeed one of the overriding goals of the whole book, but in this chapter we shall concentrate our attention on the technical aspects of the problem. We shall first break down the basic operations of an electron spectrometer into their various components and discuss for each element the different ways in which the operation can be accomplished, and which of the ways is preferable in terms of results desired and cost, both in time and money. What can and cannot be done will be indicated, and at the conclusion I shall do some crystal-ball-gazing into what one might expect for the future in the way of new equipment and techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J. R. Pierce, Theory and Design of Electron Beams (D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1949), p. 186.

    Google Scholar 

  2. V. Hughes and H. L. Schultz, ed., Methods of Experimental Physics, IVA, Atomic Sources and Detectors (Academic Press, New York, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. E. Holliday, in Soft X-Ray Spectrometry and Band Structures of Metals and Alloys, ed. by D. J. Farbian (Academic Press, London, New York, 1968), p. 101.

    Google Scholar 

  4. M. O. Krause, Chem. Phys. Lett. 10, 65 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. O. Krause, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. Fellner-Feldegg, U. Gelius, B. Wannberg, A. G. Nilsson, E. Basilier, and K. Siegbahn, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 643 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. K. Siegbahn, in Electron Spectroscopy—Proc. Int. Conf., Asilomar, September 1971, ed. by D. A. Shirley (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. L. Henke and M. A. Tester, Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 18 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  9. K. Siegbahn, C. Nordling, A. Fahlman, R. Nordberg, K. Hamerin, J. Hedman, G. Johansson, T. Bergmark, S.-E. Karlsson, I. Lindgren, and B. Lindberg, Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis—Atomic, Molecular, and Solid State Structure Studies by Means of Electron Spectroscopy (Almqvist and Wiksells Boktryekeri AB, Stockholm, Sweden, 1967); Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis, Ser. 1V 20 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  10. K. Siegbahn, D. Hammond, H. Fellner-Feldegg, and E. F. Barnett, Science 176, 245 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. P. Godwin, “Synchrotron Radiation as a Light Source,” in Springer Tracts in Modern Physics 51 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  12. K. Codling, Rep. Prog. Phys. 36, 544 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. D. L. Ederer, NBS, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  14. K. Thimm, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 755 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. E. M. Purcell (private communication), p. 31 in Godwin.(11)

    Google Scholar 

  16. D. E. Eastman and W. D. Grobman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 1378 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. P. Mitchell and K. Codling, Phys. Lett. 38A, 31 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. J. Lynch, K. Codling, and A. B. Gardner, Phys. Lett. 43A, 213 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  19. D. E. Eastman, W. D. Grobman, J. J. Freeouf, and M. Erbudak, Phys. Rev. B9, 3473 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  20. T. Sagawa, R. Kato, S. Sato, M. Watanabe, T. Ishii, I. Nagakura, S. Kono, and S. Suzuki, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 551 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. I. Lindau, P. Pianetta, S. Doniach, and W. E. Spicer (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  22. J. W. Taylor, in Chemical Spectroscopy and Photochemistry in the Vacuum-Ultraviolet, ed. by S. C. Sandorfy, P. J. Ausloos, and M. B. Robin (Reidel, Boston, 1974), p. 543

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. K. Codling, Physica Scripta 9, 247 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. A. R. Samson, Techniques of Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  25. L. Åsbrink and J. W. Rabalais, Chem. Phys. Lett. 12, 182 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J. A. R. Samson, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 40, 1174 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. T. Poole, J. Liesegang, R. C. G. Leckey, and J. G. Jenkin, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 773 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. F. Burger and J. P. Maier, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 783 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. W. Turner, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  30. J. A. Kinsinger, W. L. Stebbings, R. A. Valenzi, and J. W. Taylor, Anal. Chem. 44, 773 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. R. D. Deslattes, Jr., private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  32. K. Siegbahn, C. Nordling, G. Johansson, J. Hedman, P. F. Heden, K. Hamrin, U. Gelius, T. Bergmark, L. O. Werme, R. Manne, and Y. Baer, ESCA Applied to Free Molecules (North-Holland, Amsterdam-London, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  33. C. R. Brundle, M. W. Roberts, D. Latham, and K. Yates, J. Electron Spectros. 3, 241 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. M. Friedman, J. Gobel, J. Hudis, and M. L. Perlman, J. Electron Spectros. 1, 300 (1972/73).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. D. J. Hnatowich, J. Hudis, M. L. Perlman, and R. C. Ragaini, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 4883 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. D. Betteridge, J. C. Carver, and D. M. Hercules, J. Electron Spectros. 2, 327 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D. S. Urch and M. Webber, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 792 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  38. C. K. Jørgensen, Chimia 25, 213 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  39. W. E. Swartz, Jr., P. H. Watts, Jr., J. C. Watts, J. M. Brasch, and E. R. Lippincott, Anal. Chem. 44, 2001 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J. L. Ogilvie and A. Wolberg, Appl. Spect. 26, 401 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. S. Evans, Chem. Phys. Lett. 23, 134 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. P. H. Citrin and T. D. Thomas, J. Chem. Phys. 57, 4446 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Grimvall, Physica Scripta 9, 43 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. D. A. Huchital and R. T. McKeon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 158 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. D. T. Clark, D. Kilcast, and W. K. R. Musgrave, J. Chem. Soc. D: Chem. Comm. 1971, 516.

    Google Scholar 

  46. C. S. Fadley and D. A. Shirley, J. Res. NBS, Phys. Chem. 74A, 543 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. H. Siegbahn, L. Asplund, P. Kelfve, K. Hamrin, L. Karlsson, and K. Siegbahn, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 1059 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. Siegbahn and K. Siegbahn, J. Electron Spectros. 2, 319 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. J. Berkowitz and H. Ehrhardt, Phys. Lett. 21, 531 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Berkowitz, H. Ehrhardt, and T. Tekaat, Z. Physik 200, 69 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. A. R. Samson, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A268, 141 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. D. A. Vroom, A. R. Comeaux, and J. W. McGowan, Chem. Phys. Lett. 3, 476 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. T. A. Carlson and A. E. Jonas, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 4913 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. D. C. Mason, A. Kuppermann, and D. M. Mintz, in Electron Spectroscopy, ed. by D. A. Shirley (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), p. 269.

    Google Scholar 

  55. R. Morgenstern, A. Niehaus, and M. W. Ruf, Chem. Phys. Lett. 4, 635 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. O. Krause, Phys. Rev. 177, 151 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. D. L. Ames, J. P. Maier, F. Watt, and D. W. Turner, Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 54, 277 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. B. P. Pullen, T. A. Carlson, W. E. Moddeman, G. K. Schweitzer, W. E. Bull, and F. A. Grimm, J. Chem. Phys. 53, 768 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. C. Helmer and N. H. Weichert, Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 266 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. M. J. Weiss, J. Electron Spectros. 1, 179 (1972/73).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. B. Wannberg, U. Gelius, and K. Siegbahn, J. Phys. E 7, 149 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M. E. Gellender and A. D. Baker, J. Electron Spectros. 4, 249 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. F. H. Read, J. Comer, R. E. Imhof, J. N. H. Brunt, and E. Harting, J. Electron Spectros. 4, 293 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. H. Z. Sarel, Rev. Sci. Instr. 38, 1210 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. H. Hafner, J. A. Simpson, and C. E. Kuyatt, Rev. Sci. Instr. 39, 33 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. D. E. Golden and A. Zecca, Rev. Sci. Instr. 42, 210 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. D. Lee, Rev. Sci. Instr. 43, 2191 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  68. W. M. Riggs and R. P. Fedchenko, Am. Lab. 4, 65 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. K. D. Sevier, Low Energy Electron Spectrometry (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  70. K. Siegbahn, ed., Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1965).

    Google Scholar 

  71. C. S. Fadley, R. N. Healey, J. M. Hollander, and C. E. Miner, Electron Spectroscopy, ed. by D. A. Shirley (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), p. 121.

    Google Scholar 

  72. D. Betteridge, A. D. Baker, P. Bye, S. K. Hasannudin, N. R. Kemp, and M. Thompson, J. Electron Spectros. 4, 163 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. P. H. Citrin, R. W. Shaw, Jr., and T. D. Thomas, in Electron Spectroscopy, ed. by D. A. Shirley (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), p. 105

    Google Scholar 

  74. S. Aksela, Rev. Sci. Instr. 42, 810 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. J. L. Gardner and J. A. R. Samson, J. Electron Spectros. 2, 267 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. J. D. Allen, Jr., J. P. Wolfe, and G. K. Schweitzer, Int. J. Mass. Spectrom. Ion Phys. 8, 81 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. H. Boersch, J. Geiger, and W. Stickel, Z. Physik 180, 415 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. B. Tsai, T. Baer, and M. L. Horovitz, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 494 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. J. Berkowitz, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 2766 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. S. Evans, A. F. Orchard, and D. W. Turner, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 7, 261 (1971); Y. S. Khodeyev, H. Siegbahn, K. Hamrin, and K. Siegbahn, University of Uppsala report UUIP-802 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. C. J. Danby and J. H. D. Eland, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 8, 153 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. J. Daintith, J. P. Maier, D. A. Sweigart, and D. W. Turner, in Electron Spectroscopy, ed. by D. A. Shirley (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), p. 289.

    Google Scholar 

  83. R. E. Ballard, and G. A. Griffiths, in Electron Spectroscopy, ed. by D. A. Shirley (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), p. 151.

    Google Scholar 

  84. C. D. Moak, S. Datz, F. Garcia Santibáñez, and T. A. Carlson, J. Electron Spectros. 6, 151 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. J. A. Decker and M. O. Harwit, Appl. Optics 7, 2205 (1968); 8, 2552 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. J. D. Allen, Jr. and G. K. Schweitzer, J. Electron Spectros. 1, 507 (1972/73).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. L. D. Hulett and M. T. Kelley, unpublished calculations.

    Google Scholar 

  88. T. D. Thomas, J. Electron Spectros. 6, 81 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. M. O. Krause and J. Tarrant, private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  90. H. Ebel and N. Gurker, J. Electron Spectros. 5, 799 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. G. K. Wertheim, J. Electron Spectros. 6, 239 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA

    Thomas A. Carlson

Authors
  1. Thomas A. Carlson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carlson, T.A. (1975). Instrumentation and Experimental Procedures. In: Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy. Modern Analytical Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0118-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0118-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0120-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0118-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation