Abstract
During the last decade many estimates have been made of the energy cost during incubation in free living birds. The two methods most often used to determine energy expenditure during incubation are loss of body mass (Prince et al. 1981, Croxall 1982, Croxall and Ricketts 1983, Grant and Whittow 1983) or measurements of oxygen consumption (Norton 1973, Biebach 1979. Gessaman and Findell 1979, Vleck 1981, Haftorn and Reinertsen 1985. Gabrielsen and Unander 1987). While most studies have been performed in the laboratory there are few on free-living birds on the nest site (Grant and Whittow 1983, Brown 1984, Brown and Adams 1984).
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Gabrielsen, G.W. (1989). Energy Saving in Incubating Eiders. In: Bech, C., Reinertsen, R.E. (eds) Physiology of Cold Adaptation in Birds. NATO ASI Series, vol 173. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0031-2_34
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0031-2_34
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