Abstract
One of the earliest empirical generalizations concerning the specific heat of solids was enunciated by Dulong and Petit in 1819. Its theoretical justification was advanced by Boltzmann in 1871, and in 1907 Einstein showed why it failed at low temperatures. These dates are among the principal landmarks in the study of specific heats. To appreciate the significance of these developments, consider the specific heats of several common elements at room temperatures, as collected in Table 2.I. The specific heat per gram of the element varies considerably, being small for the elements of high atomic weight and large for those of low atomic weight. However, the heat capacity per gram-atom of all of them is nearly equal to 6.2 cal/moledeg,
which is the rule found by Dulong and Petit in 1819. A closer inspection shows that for “light and hard” elements (silicon, boron, and carbon) the atomic heat capacity falls much below the Dulong-Petit value.
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Gopal, E.S.R. (1966). Lattice Heat Capacity. In: Specific Heats at Low Temperatures. The International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9081-7_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9081-7_3
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