Abstract
Rapid and efficient deposition of muscle tissue is the primary goal of meat- animal production. Because numerous events that occur during embryonic de- velopment influence the number, size, and type of muscle fibers present in a particular muscle, alterations in the timing or the duration of these events could potentially result in changes in muscle mass or efficiency of muscle deposition in the postnatal animal. Thus, an increased knowledge of the mechanism and regulation of myogenesis, the embryonic development of muscle, is potentially of great significance to our ultimate goal of understanding and regulating mus- cle growth. The aim of this chapter is to briefly describe the events that occur during myogenesis and to discuss the factors that may regulate this process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, S. O., S. P. Nissley, S. Handwerger and M. M. Rechler. 1983. Developmental patterns of insulin-like growth factor-I and -II synthesis and regulation in rat fibroblasts. Nature 302:150.
Albertsson-Wikland, K. and O. Isaksson. 1976. Development of responsiveness of young normal rats to growth hormone. Metabolism 25:747.
Allen, R. E., M. V. Dodson and L. S. Luiten. 1984. Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation by bovine pituitary fibroblast growth factor. Exp. Cell Res. 152:154.
Allen, R. E., P. K. McAllister and K. C. Masak. 1980. Myogenic potential of satellite cells in skeletal muscle of old rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 13:105.
Allen, R. E., P. K. McAllister, K. C. Masak and G. R. Anderson. 1982. Influence of age on accumulation of α-actin in satellite cell-derived myotubes in vitro. Mech. Ageing Dev. 18:89.
Allen, R., K. C. Masak, P. K. McAllister and R. A. Merkel. 1983. Effects of growth hormone, testosterone and serum concentration on actin synthesis in cultured satellite cells. J. Anim. Sci. 56:833.
Bala, R. M. and B. Bhaumick. 1979. Radioimmunoassay of a basic somatomedin: comparison of various assay techniques and somatomedin levels in various sera. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49:770.
Ball, E. H. and B. D. Sanwall. 1980. A synergistic effect of glucocorticoids and insulin on the differentiation of myoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 102:27.
Ballard, F. J., L. C. Read, G. L. Francis, C. J. Bagley and J. C. Wallace. 1986. Binding prop- erties and biological potencies of insulin-like growth factors in L6 myoblasts. Biochem. J. 233:223.
Baxter, R. C, Z. Zaltsman and J. R. Turtle. 1982. Induction of somatogenic receptors in livers of hypersomatotropic rats. Endocrinology 111:1020.
Beguinot, F., C. R. Kahn, A. C. Moses and R. J. Smith. 1985. Distinct biologically active recep- tors for insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and insulin-like growth factor II in cultured skeletal muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 260:15892.
Bischoff, R. 1974. Enzymatic liberation of myogenic cells from adult rat muscle. Anat. Rec. 180:645.
Breuer, C. B. 1969. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cartilage of hypophysectomized rats by native and modified placental lactogen and anabolic hormones. Endocrinology 85:989.
Buckley, P. A. and I. R. Konigsberg. 1974. Myogenic fusion and the duration of the post-mitotic gap(G1). Dev. Biol. 37:193.
Buckley, P. A. and I. R. Konigsberg. 1977. Do myoblasts in vivo withdraw from the cell cycle? A reexamination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:2031.
Campion, D. E., R. W. Purchas, R. A. Merkel and D. R. Romsos. 1984. Genetic obesity and the muscle satellite cell. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 176:143.
Caplan, A. I., M. Y. Fiszman and H. M. Eppenberger. 1983. Molecular and cell isoforms during development. Science 221:921.
Chung, C. S., Etherton, T. D. and Wiggins, J. P. 1985. Stimulation of swine growth of porcine growth hormone. J. Anim. Sci. 60:118.
Clemmons, D. R. and D. S. Shaw. 1986. Purification and biologic properties of fibroblast soma- tomedin. J. Biol. Chem. 261:10293.
Cossu, G., P. Cicinelli, C. Fieri, M. Coletta and M. Molinaro. 1985. Emergence of TPA-resistant satellite cells during muscle histogenesis of human limb. Exp. Cell Res. 160:403.
Cossu, G., F. Eusebi, F. Grassi and E. Wanke. 1987. Acetylcholine receptor channels are present in undifferentiated satellite cells but not in embryonic myoblasts in culture. Dev. Biol. 123:43.
Cossu, G., M. Molinaro and M. Pacifici. 1983. Differential response of satellite cells and embry- onic myoblasts to a tumor promoter. Dev. Biol. 98:520.
Cossu, G., M. I. Senni, F. Eusebi, D. Giacomoni and M. Molinaro. 1986. Effect of phorbol esters and liposome-delivered phospholipids on the differentiation program of normal and dystrophic satellite cells. Dev. Biol. 118:182.
Cossu, G., B. Zani, M. Coletta, M. Bouche, M. Pacifici and M. Molinaro. 1980. In vitro differ- entiation of satellite cells isolated from normal and dystrophic mammalian muscle. A compar- ison with embryonic myogenic cells. Cell Differ. 9:357.
Czech, M. P. 1985. The nature and regulation of the insulin receptor structure and function. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 47:357.
Czech, M. P. 1986. Structure and functions of the receptors for insulin and the insulin-like growth factors. J. Anim. Sci. 63 (Suppl. 2): 27.
Davis, S. L., U. S. Garrigus and F. C. Hinds. 1969. Metabolic effects of growth hormone and diethylstilbestrol in lambs. II. Effects of daily ovine growth hormone injections on plasma metabolites and nitrogen-retention in fed lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 30:236.
D’Ercole, A. J., D. J. Hill, A. J. Strain and L. E. Underwood. 1986. Tissue and plasma somato- medin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (SmC/IGF I) concentrations in the human fetus during the first half of gestation. Pediatr. Res. 20:253.
D’Ercole, A. J., A. D. Stiles and L. E. Underwood. 1984. Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:935.
De Vroede, M. A., J. A. Romanus, M. L. Standaert, R. J. Pollett, S. P. Nissley and M. M. Rechler. 1984. Interaction of insulin-like growth factors with a nonfusing mouse muscle cell line: binding, action, and receptor down-regulation. Endocrinology 114:1917.
Dodson, M. V., R. E. Allen and K. L. Hossner. 1985. Ovine somatomedin, multiplication-stim- ulating activity, and insulin promote skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in vitro. Endocrinology 117:2357.
Dollenmeier, P., D. C. Turner and H. M. Eppenberger. 1981. Proliferation of chick skeletal mus- cle cells cultured in a chemically defined medium. Exp. Cell Res. 135:47.
Ebina, Y., L. Ellis, K. Jarnagin, M. Edery, L. Graf, E. Clauser, J. H. Ou, F. Maslarz, Y. W. Kan, I. D. Goldfine, R. A. Roth and W. J. Rutler. 1985. The human insulin receptor cDNA: the structural basis for hormone-activated transmembrane signaling. Cell 40:747.
Elk, B., B. Westermark, A. Wasteson and C.-H. Heldin. 1982. Stimulation of tyrosine-specific phosphorylation by platelet-derived growth factor. Nature 295:419.
Esch, F., A. Baird, N. Ling, N. Veno, F. Hill, L. Denoroy, R. Klepper, D. Gospodarowicz, P. Bohlen and R. Guillemin. 1985. Primary structure of bovine pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and comparison with the amino-terminal sequence of bovine brain acidic FGF. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6507.
Evinger-Hodges, M. J., D. Ewton, Z. S. C. Seifert and J. R. Florini. 1982. Inhibition of myoblast differentiation in vitro by a protein isolated from liver cell medium. J. Cell Biol. 93:395.
Ewton, D. Z., S. L. Falen and J. R. Florini. 1987. The type II insulinlike growth factor (IGF) receptor has low affinity for IGF-I analogs: pleiotypic actions of IGFs on myoblasts are apparently mediated by the type I receptor. Endocrinology 120:115.
Ewton, D. Z. and J. R. Florini. 1980. Relative effects of the somatomedins, MSA and growth hormone on myoblasts and myotubes in culture. Endocrinology 106:577.
Ewton, D. Z. and J. R. Florini. 1981. Effects of the somatomedins and insulin on myoblast differentiation in vitro. Dev. Biol. 86:31.
Flaim, K. E., M. E. Copenhaver and L. S. Jefferson. 1980. Effects of diabetes on protein synthesis in fast- and slow-twitch rat skeletal muscle. Amer. J. Physiol. 239:E88.
Florini, J. R. 1985. Hormonal control of muscle cell growth. J. Anim. Sci. 61 (Suppl. 2):21.
Florini, J. R. and D. Z. Ewton. 1981. Insulin acts as a somatomedin analog in stimulating myob- last growth in serum-free medium. In Vitro 17:763.
Florini, J. R., D. Z. Ewton, M. J. Evinger-Hodges, S. L. Fallen, S. L. Lau, J. F. Ragan and B. M. Vertel. 1984. Stimulation and inhibition of myoblast differentiation by hormones. In Vitro 20:942.
Florini, J. R., M. L. Nicholson and N. C. Dulak. 1977. Effects of peptide anabolic hormones on growth of myoblasts in culture. Endocrinology 101:32.
Florini, J. R. and S. B. Roberts. 1979. A serum-free medium for the growth of muscle cells in culture. In Vitro 15:983.
Florini, J. R., A. B. Roberts, D. Z. Ewton, S. L. Falen, K. C. Flanders, and M. B. Sporn. 1986. Transforming growth factor-β: a very potent inhibitor of myoblast differentiation, identical to differentiation inhibitor secreted by buffalo rat liver cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16509.
Frayan, K. N. and P. F. Maycock. 1979. Regulation of protein metabolism by a physiological concentration of insulin in mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Biochem. J. 184:323.
Fulks, R. M., J. B. Li and A. L. Goldberg. 1975. Effects of insulin, glucose and amino acids on protein turnover in rat diaphragm. J. Biol. Chem. 250:290.
Furcht, L. T., G. Wendelschafer-Crabb and P. A. Woolbridge. 1977. Cell surface changes accompanying myoblast differentiation. J. Supramol. Struct. 7:307.
Gauthier, G. F., S. Lowey, P. A. Benfield and A. W. Hobbs. 1982. Distribution and properties of myosin isozymes in developing avian and mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. J. Cell Biol. 92:471.
Gimenez-Gallego, G., J. Rodkey, C. Bennett, M. Rios-Candelore, J. DiSulvo and K. Thomas. 1985. Brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor: complete amino acid sequence and homologies. Science 230:1385.
Goldfine, I. D. 1987. The insulin receptor: molecular biology and transmembrane signaling. Endocrine Rev. 8:235.
Gospodarowicz, D., N. Ferrara, L. Schweigerer and G. Neufeld. 1987. Structural characterization and biological functions of fibroblast growth factor. Endocrine Rev. 8:95.
Gospodarowicz, D., J. Weseman, J. S. Moran and J. Lindstrom. 1976. Effect of fibroblast growth factor on the division and fusion of bovine myoblasts. J. Cell Biol. 70:395.
Gustafson, T. A., B. E. Markham and E. Morkin. 1986. Effects of thyroid hormone on α-actin and myosin heavy chain gene expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles of the rat: measurement of mRNA content using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Circ. Res. 59:194.
Han, V. K. M., A. J. D’Ercole and P. K. Lund. 1987a. Cellular localization of somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor) messenger RNA in the human fetus. Science 236:193.
Han, V. K. M., D. J. Hill, A. J. Strain, A. C. Towle, J. M. Lauder, L. E. Underwood and A. J. D’Ercole. 1987b. Identification of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor immunoreactive cells in the human fetus. Pediatr. Res. 22:245.
Harbison, S. A., D. E. Goll, F. C. Parrish, V. Wang and E. A. Kline. 1976. Muscle growth in two genetically different lines of swine. Growth 40:253.
Harper, J. M. M., J. B. Soar and P. D. Buttery. 1987. Changes in protein metabolism of ovine primary muscle cultures on treatment with growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I or epidermal growth factor. J. Endocrinol. 112:87.
Hill, D. J., C. J. Crace and R. D. G. Milner. 1985a. Incorporation of [3H] thymidine by isolated human fetal myoblasts and fibroblasts in response to human placental lactogen (HPL): possible mediation of HPL action by release of immunoreactive somatomedin-C. J. Cell. Physiol. 125:337.
Hill, D. J., C. J. Crace, S. P. Nissley, D. Morrell, A. T. Holder and R. D. G. Milner. 1985b. Fetal rat myoblasts release both rat somatomedin-C (SM-C)/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) and multiplication-stimulating activity in vitro: partial characterization and biological activ- ity of myoblast-derived SM-C/IGF I. Endocrinology 117:2061.
Hill, D. J., C. J. Crace, A. J. Strain and R. D. G. Milner. 1986. Regulation of amino acid uptake and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated human fetal fibroblasts and myoblasts: effect of human placental lactogen, somatomedin-C, multiplication stimulating activity, and insulin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62:753.
Holtzer, H. 1978. Cell lineages, stem cells, and the “quantal” cell cycle concept. In: B. I. Lord, CS. Potten and R. D. Cole (Ed.) Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis, pp 1–28. Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
Hunter, T. and J. A. Cooper. 1985. Protein-tyrosine kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54:897.
Ii, I., L Kimura, T. Hasegawa and E. Ozawa. 1981. Transferrin is an essential component of chick embryo extract for avian myogenic cell growth in vitro. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 57:211.
Ii, I., I. Kimura, and E. Ozawa. 1982. A myotrophic protein from chick embryo extract: its purification, identity to transferrin, and indispensability for avian myogenesis. Dev. Biol. 94:366.
Izumo, S., B. Nadal-Ginard and V. Mahdavi. 1986. All members of the MHC multigene family respond to thyroid hormone in highly tissue-specific manner. Science 231:597.
Jacobs, S., F. C. Kull, Jr., H. S. Earp, M. E. Svoboda, J. J. Van Wyk and P. Cuatrecasas. 1983. Somatomedin-C stimulates the phosphorylation of the β-subunit of its own receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 258:8581.
Janeczko, R. A. and J. D. Etlinger. 1984. Inhibition of intracellular proteolysis in muscle cultures by multiplication-stimulating activity. Comparison of effects of multiplication-stimulating ac- tivity and insulin on proteolysis, protein synthesis, amino acid uptake, and sugar transport. J. Biol. Chem. 259:6292.
Jefferson, L. S., J. B. Li and S. R. Rannels. 1977. Regulation by insulin of amino acid release and protein turnover in perfused rat hemicorpus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:816.
Jennische, E. and H.-A. Hansson. 1987. Regenerating skeletal muscle cells express insulin-like growth factor I. Acta Physiol. Scand. 130:327.
Jennische, E., A. Skottner and H.-A. Hansson. 1987. Satellite cells express the trophic factor IGF- I in regenerating skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand. 129:9.
Kardami, E., D. Spector and R. C. Strohman. 1985a. Myogenic growth factor present in skeletal muscle is purified by heparin-affinity chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8044.
Kardami, E., D. Spector and R. C. Strohman. 1985b. Selected muscle and nerve extracts contain an activity which stimulates myoblast proliferation and which is distinct from transferrin. Dev. Biol. 112:353.
Kasuga, M., Y. Fujita-Yamaguchi, D. L. Blithe, M. F. White and C. R. Kahn. 1983. Character- ization of the insulin receptor kinase purified from human placental membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 258:10973.
Kelly, A. M. and N. A. Rubinstein. 1986. Muscle histogenesis and muscle diversity. In: C. Emerson, D. Fischman, B. Nadal-Ginard and M. A. Q. Siddiqui (Ed.) Molecular Biology of Mus- cle Development. Vol. 29, pp 77–84. Alan R. Liss, New York.
King, G. L., C. R. Kahn, M. M. Rechler and S. P. Nissley. 1980. Direct demonstration of separate receptors for growth and metabolic activities of insulin and multiplication-stimulating activity (an insulin-like growth factor) using antibodies to the insulin receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 66:130.
Kostyo, J. L. and F. L. Engel. 1960. In vitro effects of growth hormone and corticotropin prepa- rations on amino acid transport by isolated rat diaphragms. Endocrinology 67:708.
Kotts, C. E., M. E. White, C. E. Allen and W. R. Dayton. 1987. Stimulation of in vitro muscle cell proliferation by sera from swine injected with porcine growth hormone. J. Anim. Sci. 64:623.
Lathrop, B., E. Olson and L. Glaser. 1985a. Control by fibroblast growth factor of differentiation in the BC3HI muscle cell line. J. Cell Biol. 100:1540.
Lathrop, B., K. Thomas and L. Glaser. 1985b. Control of myogenic differentiation by fibroblast growth factor is mediated by position in the Gj phase of the cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 101:2194.
Linkhart, T. A., C. H. Clegg and S. D. Hauschka. 1981. Myogenic differentiation in permanent clonal mouse myoblast cell lines: regulation by macromolecular growth factors in the culture medium. Dev. Biol. 86:19.
Lowey, S. P., A. Benfield, D. D. Le Blanc and G. S. Waller. 1983. Myosin isozymes in avian skeletal muscles. I. Sequential expression in developing chicken pectoralis muscles. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 4:695.
McCusker, R. H. and D. R. Campion. 1986. Effect of growth hormone secreting tumors on skel- etal muscle cellularity in the rat. J. Endocrinol. 111:279.
Machlin, L. J. 1972. Effect of porcine growth hormone on growth and carcass composition of the pig. J. Anim. Sci. 35:794.
Manchester, K. L. and F. G. Young. 1970. The influence of the induction of alloxan-diabetes on the incorporation of amino acids into protein of rat diaphragm. Biochem. J. 77:386.
Marquardt, H., G. J. Todaro, L. E. Henderson and S. Oroszlan. 1981. Purification and primary structure of a polypeptide with multiplication-stimulating activity from rat liver cell cultures. J. Biol. Chem. 256:6859.
Massague, J. 1987. The TGF-β family of growth and differentiation factors. Cell 49:437.
Massague, J., S. Cheifetz, T. Endo and B. Nadal-Ginard. 1986. Type ß transforming growth factor is an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8206.
Matsuda, R., D. Spector, J. Micou-Eastwood and R. C. Strohman. 1984a. There is selective accumulation of growth factor in chicken skeletal muscle. II. Transferrin accumulation in dystrophic fast muscle. Dev. Biol. 103:276.
Matsuda, R., D. Spector and R. C. Strohman. 1984b. There is selective accumulation of a growth factor in chicken skeletal muscle. I. Transferrin accumulation in adult anterior latissimus dorsi. Dev. Biol. 103:267.
Mauro, A. 1961. Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 9:493.
Merrill, G. F., J. R. Florini and N. C. Dulak. 1977. Effects of multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) on AIB transport into myoblasts and myotube cultures. J. Cell. Physiol. 93:173.
Miller, J. B., M. T. Crow and F. E. Stockdale. 1985. Slow and fast myosin heavy chain content defines three types of myotubes in early muscle cell cultures. J. Cell Biol. 101:1643.
Miller, J. B. and F. E. Stockdale. 1986a. Developmental origins of skeletal muscle fibers: clonal analysis of myogenic cell lineages based on fast and slow myosin heavy chain expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3860.
Miller, J. B. and F. E. Stockdale. 1986b. Developmental regulation of the multiple myogenic cell lineages of the avian embryo. J. Cell Biol. 103:2197.
Moseley, W. M., L. F. Krabill and R. F. Olsen. 1982. Effect of bovine growth hormone admin- istered in various patterns on nitrogen metabolism in the Holstein steer. J. Anim. Sci. 55:1062.
Moses, A. C, S. P. Nissley, P. A. Short, M. M. Rechler and M. M. Podskalny. 1980. Purification and characterization of multiplication-stimulating-activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 103:387.
Moss, F. P. 1968. The relationship between the dimensions of fibers and the number of nuclei during normal growth of skeletal muscle in the domestic fowl. Amer. J. Anat. 122:555.
Moss, F. P. and C. P. Leblond. 1970. Nature of dividing nuclei in skeletal muscle of growing rats. J. Cell Biol. 44:459.
Moss, F. P. and C. P. Leblond. 1971. Satellite cells as the source of nuclei in muscles of growing rats. Anat. Rec. 170:421.
Mottola, C. and M. P. Czech. 1984. The type II insulin-like growth factor receptor does not mediate increased DNA synthesis in H-35 hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 259:12705.
Nadal-Ginard, B. 1978. Commitment, fusion and biochemical differentiation of a myogenic cell line in the absence of DNA synthesis. Cell 15:855.
Narusawa, M., R. B. Fitzsimons, S. Izumo, B. Nadal-Ginard, N. A. Rubinstein and A. M. Kelly. 1987. Slow myosin in developing rat skeletal muscle. J. Cell Biol. 104:447.
Olwin, B. B. and S.D. Hauschka. 1986. Identification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor of Swiss 3T3 cells and mouse skeletal muscle myoblasts. Biochemistry 25:3487.
Ong, J., S. Yamashita and S. Melmed. 1987. Insulin-like growth factor I induces c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 120:353.
Ozawa, E. and Y. Hagiwara. 1982. Degeneration of large myotubes following removal of trans- ferrin from culture medium. Biomed. Res. 3:16.
Ozawa, E. and K. Kohama. 1978. Partial purification of a factor promoting chicken myoblast multiplication in vitro. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 49:852.
Pain, V. M. and P. J. Garlick. 1974. Effect of streptozotocin diabetes and insulin treatment on the rate of protein synthesis in tissues of the rat in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 249:4510.
Peel, C. J., D. E. Bauman, R. C. Gorewit and C. J. Sniffen. 1981. Effect of exogenous growth hormone on lactational performance in high yielding dairy cows. J. Nutr. 111:1662.
Peter, J. B., R. J. Barnard, V. R. Edgerton, C. A. Gillespie and K. W. Stempel. 1972. Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits. Biochemistry 11:2627.
Powell, S. E. and E. D. Aberle. 1975. Cellular growth of skeletal muscle in swine differing in muscularity. J. Anim. Sci. 40:476.
Quinn, L. S., H. Holtzer and M. Nameroff. 1985. Generation of chick skeletal muscle cells in groups of 16 from stem cells. Nature 313:692.
Rechler, M. M. and S. P. Nissley. 1985. The nature and regulation of the receptors for insulin- like growth factors. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 47:425.
Rinderknecht, E. and R. E. Humbel. 1978a. The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. J. Biol. Chem. 253:2769.
Rinderknecht, E. and R. E. Humbel. 1978b. Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Lett. 89:283.
Rutz, R. and S. D. Hauschka. 1982. Clonal analysis of myogenesis. VII. Heritability of muscle colony type through sequential subclonal passages in vitro. Dev. Biol. 91:103.
Schmid, C, T. Steiner and E. R. Froesch. 1983. Preferential enhancement of myoblast differen- tiation by insulin-like growth factors (IGF I and IGF II) in primary cultures of chicken embry- onic cells. FEBS Lett. 161:117.
Seed, J. and S.D. Hauschka. 1984. Temporal segregation of the migration of distinct myogenic precursor population into the developing chick wing bud. Dev. Biol. 106:389.
Shimo-Oka, T., Y. Hagiwara and E. Ozawa. 1986. DNA synthesis and myogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 24:508.
Class Stockdale, F. E. and H. Holtzer. 1961. DNA synthesis and myogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 24:508.
Spizz, G., D. Roman, A. Strauss and E. N. Olson. 1986. Serum and fibroblast growth factor inhibit myogenic differentiation through a mechanism dependent on protein synthesis and in- dependent of cell proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 261:9483.
Stockdale, F. E. and J. B. Miller. 1987. The cellular basis of myosin heavy chain isoform expres- sion during development of avian skeletal muscles. Dev. Biol. 123:1.
Stockdale, F. E., J. B. Miller, D. A. Schafer and M. T. Crow. 1986. Myosins, myotubes and myoblasts. Origins of fast and slow muscle fibers. In: C. Emerson, D. Fischman, B. Nadal-Ginard and M. A. Q. Siddiqui (Ed.) Molecular Biology of Muscle Development. Vol. 29, pp 213–223. Alan R. Liss, New York.
Svoboda, M. E., J. J. Van Wyk, D. G. Klapper, R. R. Fellows, F. E. Grissom and R. J. Schlueter. 1980. Purification of somatomedin-C from human plasma: chemical and biological properties, partial sequence analysis, and relationship to other somatomedins. Biochemistry 19:790.
Swatland, H. J. 1977. Accumulation of myofiber nuclei in pigs with normal and arrested devel- opment. J. Anim. Sci. 44:759.
Trenkle, A., D. L. DeWitt and D. G. Topel. 1978. Influence of age, nutrition and genotype on carcass traits and cellular development of M. longissimus of cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 46:1597.
Ullrich, A., J. R. Bell, E. Y. Chen, R. Herrera, L. M. Petruzzelli, T. J. Dull, A. Gray, L. Coussens, Y. C. Liao, M. Tsubokawa, A. Mason, P. H. Seeburg, C. Grunfeld, O. M. Rosen and J. Ramachandran. 1985. Human insulin receptor and its relationship to the tyrosine kinase family of oncogenes. Nature 313:756.
Ullrich, A., A. Gray, A. W. Tarn, T. Yang-Feng, M. Tsubokawa, C. Collins, W. Henzel, T. Le Bon, S. Kathunia, E. Chen, S. Jacobs, U. Franke, J. Ramachandran and Y. Fujita-Yamaguchi. 1986. Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity. EMBO J. 5:2503.
Ushiro, H. and S. Cohen. 1980. Identification of phosphotyrosine as a product of epidermal growth factor-activated protein kinase in A-431 cell membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 255:8363.
Weydert, A., P. Barton, A. J. Harris, C. Pinset and M. Buckingham. 1987. Developmental pattern of mouse skeletal myosin heavy chain gene transcripts in vivo and in vitro. Cell 49:121.
White, N. K., P. H. Bonner, D. R. Nelson and S. D. Hauschka. 1975. Clonal analysis of verte- brate myogenesis. IV. Medium-dependent classification of colony-forming cells. Dev. Biol. 44:346.
Wice, B., J. Milbrandt and L. Glaser. 1987. Control of muscle differentiation in BC3H1 cells by fibroblast growth factor and vanadate. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1810.
Winick, M. and A. Noble. 1966. Cellular response in rats during malnutrition at various ages. J. Nutr. 89:300.
Yu, K.-T. and M. P. Czech. 1984. The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor mediates the rapid effects of multiplication-stimulating activity on membrane transport systems in rat soleus muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 259:3090.
Zapf, J., E. Rinderknecht, R. E. Humbel and E. R. Froesch. 1978. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) from human serum: recent accomplishments and their physiologic implica- tions. Metab. Clin. Exp. 27:1803.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dayton, W.R., Hathaway, M.R. (1989). Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Regulation of Myogenesis. In: Campion, D.R., Hausman, G.J., Martin, R.J. (eds) Animal Growth Regulation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8872-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8872-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8874-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8872-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive