Skip to main content

Abstract

Several years ago, I published an article entitled “The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems” in one of the books edited by Wolfgang Yourgrau.1 In that article, I presented the rudiments of a theory to account for the “higher behaviors” that I had observed in the primitive flatworm, planaria. Although a variety of subsequent evidence, in addition to that which was available to me at the time, has lent further support for it and I am even more convinced now than then of its essential correctness, it was, I realize with hindsight, a pretty wild theory relative to the prevailing views of the time. Wolfgang exhibited a great deal of courage in acting as editorial midwife for its delivery. In his other role as “pediatrician” of ideas, I hope that he would not be displeased with this sequel describing the further growth of “the child.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References and Notes

  1. A. D. Breck and W. Yourgrau, Biology, History, and Natural Philosophy (Plenum Press, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  2. G. S. Fraenkel and D. L. Gunn, The Orientation of Animals (Reprinting of 1940 edition by Dover Publ., Inc., New York, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. Loeb, Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal Conduct (Reprinting of 1918 edition by Dover Publ. Inc., New York, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. B. Best and I. Rubenstein, “Maze Learning and Associated Behavior in Planaria,” J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 55, 560–566 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. B. Best and I. Rubenstein, “Environmental Familiarity and Feeding in a Planarian,” Science 135, 916–918 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J. B. Best, “Protopsychology,” Scientific American 54–62 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  7. H. Koopowitz, “Feeding Behavior and the Role of the Brain in the Polyclad Flatworm, Pianocera gikhristi,” Anim. Behavior 18, 31–35 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J. B. Best, “The Organization and Evolution of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems,” in Biology, History and Natural Philosophy ,A. D. Breck and W. Yourgrau, editors (Plenum Press, New York, 1972), pp. 37–78.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. J. B. Best, “Learning and Neurophysiology of Planarians: Transphyletic Similarities in the Organization of Brains and Psychological Behavior Systems,” in Behavioral Genetics: Simple Systems ,James Wilson, editor (Colorado University Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1973), pp. 55–84.

    Google Scholar 

  10. G. L. Stebbins, “The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates,” in Biology, History and Natural Philosophy ,eds. A. D. Breck and W. Yourgrau, editors (Plenum Press, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  11. L. Hyman, The invertebrates: Platyhelminths and Rhynchocoela ,Vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951).

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. Morita and J. B. Best, “Electron Microscopic Studies of Planaria. II. Fine Structure of the Neurosecretory System in the Planarian Dugesia dowtocephala,” J. Ultrastructure Res. 13, 396–408 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. J. Pedersen, “Slime-Secreting Cells of Planarians,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 106, 424–442 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. E. Wolff, “Recent Researches on Regeneration of Planaria,” in Regeneration ,D. Rudnick, editor (The Ronald Press Co., New York, 1962), pp. 53–84.

    Google Scholar 

  15. E. Wolff and F. Dubois, “Sur une method d’irradiation localisee permittant de mettre en evidence la migration des cellules de regeneration chez les planaires,” C. R. Soc. Biol. 141, 903–906 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  16. E. Wolff and F. Dubois, “Sur la migration des cellules de regeneration chez les planaires,” Rev. Suisse Zool. 55, 218–227 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. Morita and J. B. Best, “Electron Microscopic Studies of Planarian Regeneration. II. Changes in Epidermis During Regeneration,” J. Exp. Zool. 187, 345–374 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Morita, J. B. Best, and J. Noel, “Electron Microscopic Studies of Planarian Regeneration. I. Fine Structure of Neoblasts in Dugesia dorotocephala.” J. Ultrastructure Res. 27, 7–23 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Carpenter, M. Morita, and J. B. Best, “Ultrastructure of the Photoreceptor of the Planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. I. Normal Eye,” Cell Tissue Res. 148, 143–158 (1974a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. K. Carpenter, M. Morita, and J. B. Best, “Ultrastructure of the Photoreceptor of the Planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. II. Changes Induced by Darkness and Light,” Cytobiologie 8, 320–338 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. B. Best, S. Hand, and R. Rosenvold, “Mitosis in Normal and Regenerating Planarians,” J. Exp. Zool. 168, 157–168 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. B. Best, M. Morita, and J. Noel, “Fine Structure and Function of Planarian Goblet Cells,” J. Ultrastructure Res. 24, 385–397 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J. B. Best, A. B. Goodman, and A. Pigon, “Fissioning in Planaria: Control by the Brain,” Science 164, 565 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. B. Best, W. Howell, V. Riegel, and M. Abelein, “Cephalic Mechanism for the Social Control of Fissioning in Planarians. I. Nature of the Feedback Cue and Switching Characteristics,” J. Neurobiology 5, 421–442 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. B. Best, M. Abelein, E. Kreutzer, and A. Pigon, “Cephalic Mechanism for the Social Control of Fissioning in Planarians. III. CNS Centers of Facilitation and Inhibition,” J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 89, 923–932 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. W. J. Davis, “Neuronal Organization and Ontogeny in the Lobster Swimmeret System,” in Advances in Behavioral Biology ,Vol. 7: Contiol of Posture and Locomotion ,R. B. Smith, K. B. Pearson, R. S. Smith, and J. B. Redford, editors (Plenum Press, New York, 1974), pp. 437–455.

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. H. Welsh and L. D. Williams, “Monoamine Containing Neurons in a Planarian,” J. Comp. Neurology 138, 103–116 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J. H. Welsþ and M. Moorhead, “The Quantitative Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the Invertebrates, Especially in their Nervous Systems,” J. Neurochemistry 6, 146–169 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J. B. Best and J. Noel, “Complex Synaptic Configurations in Planarian Brain,” Science 164, 1070–1071 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Morita and J. B. Best, “Electron Microscopic Studies of Planaria. III. Some Observations on the Fine Structure of Planarian Nervous Tissue,” J. Exp. Zool. 161, 391–411 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. H. Welsh and E. C. King, “Catecholamines in Planarians,” Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 36, 683–688 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. T. L. Lentz, Primitive Nervous Systems (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  33. T. H. Bullock and D. Nachmansohn, “Cholinesterase in Primitive Nervous Systems,” J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 20, 239–242 (1942).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. M. Eakin, “Lines of Evolution of Photoreceptors,” in General Physiology of Cell Specialization ,D. Mazia and A. Tyler, editors (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  35. R. M. Eakin, “Evolution of Photoreceptors,” in Evolutionary Biology II ,T. Dobzhansky, M. K. Hecht, and W. C. Stene, editors (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  36. E. K. MacRae, “Observations on the Fine Structure of the Photoreceptor Cells in the Planarian Dugesia tigrina,” J. Ultrastruc. Res. 10, 334–349 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. E. K. MacRae, “Fine Structure of Photoreceptors in a Marine Flatworm,” Z. Zellíorsch. 75, 469–484 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Y. Kishida, “Electron Microscopy Studies on the Planarian Eye. I, II.” Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ. 12, 75–142 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  39. F. H. Bronson, B. F. Eleftheriou, and H. E. Dezell, “Strange Male Pregnancy Block in Deermice: Prolactin and Adrenocortical Hormones,” Biol. Repiod. 1, 302–306 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. K. E. Dewhurst, D. J. El Kabir, G. W. Harris, and B. M. Mandelbrote, “A Review of the Effect of Stress on the Activity of the Central Nervous-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Animals and Man,” Confinia Neurologiea Separatum 30, 161–196 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. G. Giuliani, “Studies on Gonadotropin Release during Stressful Situations and the Role of the Central Nervous System,” in Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms ,E. Bajusz, editor (Pergamon Press, New York, 1969), pp. 293–309.

    Google Scholar 

  42. A. Pigon, M. Morita, and J. B. Best, “Cephalic Mechanism for the Social Control of Fissioning in Planarians. II. Localization and Identification of the Receptors by Electronmicrographic and Ablation Studies,” J. Neurohiol. 5, 443–462 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. H. M. Bruce, “An Exteroreceptive Block to Pregnancy in the Mouse,” Nature 184, 105 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. M. Bruce, “A Block to Pregnancy in the Mouse Caused by the Proximity of Strange Males,” J. Reprod. Feitil. 1, 96 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. M. Bruce, “Further Observations on Pregnancy Block in Mice Caused by the Proximity of Strange Males,” J. Reprod. Fertil. 1, 311 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  46. H. M. Bruce, “Olfactory Block to Pregnancy among Grouped Mice,” J. Repwd. Fertil. 6, 451 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. H. M. Bruce, “Smell as an Exteroreceptive Factor,” J. Anim. Sci. 25 (Suppl.), 83 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  48. H. M. Bruce, “Absence of Pregnancy Block in Mice when Stud and Test Male Belong to an Inbred Strain,” J. Reprod. Fertil. 17, 407 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. M. Bruce, “Continued Suppression of Luteotrophic Activity and Fertility in the Female Mouse,” J. Reprod. Fertil. 4, 313 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. H. M. Bruce and A. S. Parkes, “Hormonal Factors in Exteroreceptive Block to Pregnancy in Mice,” J. Endocrinol. 20, 29 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  51. A. S. Parks, “The Role of Odorous Substances in Mammalian Reproduction,” J. Reprod. Fert. 1, 312 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  52. A. S. Parks and H. M. Bruce, “Olfactory Stimuli in Mammalian Reproduction,” Science 134, 1049 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. T. L. Avery, “Phermone-Induced Changes in the Acidophil Concentration of Mouse Pituitary Glands,” Science 164, 423–424 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. J. A. Coppola, “Brain Catecholamines and Gonadotropin Secretion,” in Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology ,L. Martini and W. F. Ganong, editors (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1971), Chap. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  55. W. F. Ganong, “Brain Amines and ACTH Secretion,” in Hormonal Steroids ,Proc. 3rd Inter. Congr. Hormonal Steroids, Hamburg, 7–12, Sept. 1970, V. H. T. James and L. Martini, editors (Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1971), pp. 814–821.

    Google Scholar 

  56. K. Fuxe, T. Hokfeldt, and G. Jonsson, “The Effect of Gonadal Steroids on the Tubero-infundibular Dopamine Neurons,” in Hormonal Steroids ,V. H. T. James and L. Martini, editors (Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1971), pp. 806–813.

    Google Scholar 

  57. F. Anton-Tay and R. J. Wurtman, “Brain Monoamines and Endocrine Function,” in Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, L. Martini and W. F. Ganong, editors (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1971), pp. 45–66.

    Google Scholar 

  58. V. Dethier, “Microscopic Brains,” Science 10, 1138–1145 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. K. C. Highnam and L. Hill, The Comparative Endocrinology of the Invertebrates (American Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  60. W. Loher, “The Chemical Acceleration of the Maturation Process and Its Hormonal Control in the Male and the Desert Locust,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 153, 380–397 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. L. H. Kleinholz, “Separation and Purification of Crustacean Eyestalk Hormones,” Am. ZooJ. 6, 161–167 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. L. H. Kleinholz, F. Kimball, and M. McGarvey, “Initial Characterization and Separation of Hyperglycemic (Diabetogenic) Hormone from the Crustacean Eyestalk,” Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 8, 75–81 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. A. A. Abramowitz, F. L. Hisaw, and D. N. Papandrea, “The Occurrence of a Diabetogenic Factor in the Eyestalks of Crustaceans,” Biol. Bull. 86, 1–5 (1944).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. R. Kenk, “Induction of Sexuality in the Asexual Form of Dugesia tigrina,” J. Exp. Zool. 87, 55–69 (1941).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. M. Grasso, “Esperimenti sul Controllo Study of Sexual Induction in the Asexual Agami di Planarie,” Boll. ZooJogia 38, 532 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Th. Lender, “The Role of Neurosecretion in Freshwater Planarians,” in Biology of the Turbellaria ,N. W. Riser and M. P. Morse, editors (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974), pp. 460–475.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Th. Lender, “Endocrinologie des Planaires,” Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 105, 173–191 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  68. B. Scharrer, “The Nuerosecretory Neuron in Neuroendocrine Regulatory Mechanisms,” Amer. Zool. 7, 161–169 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. A. A. Bronstein and V. P. Ivanov, Zh. Evolyut. Biokhim. Fizol. 1, 251–261 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Cited by Ya. A. Vinnikov in G. H. Bourne, editor, Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue ,Vol. II (Academic Press, New York, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ya. A. Vinnikov, “The Ultrastructure and Cytochemical Bases of Function of the Sense Organ Receptors,” in The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue ,G. H. Bourne, editor, Vol. II (Academic Press, New York, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  72. A. Y. deLorenzo, “Electron Microscopic Observations of the Olfactory Mucosa and Olfactory Nerve,” J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol 3, 839–848 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. Axelrod, “The Pineal Gland: A Ncurochemical Transducer,” Science 184, 1341–1348 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. S. Brinkley, S. E. MacBride, D. C. Klein, and C. L. Ralph, “Pineal Enzymes: Regulation of Avian Melatonin Synthesis,” Science 181, 273–275 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. G. Brown, L. Grota, G. Bubenik, L. Niles, and H. Tsui, “Physiologic Regulation of Melatonin,” in Melatonin: Current Status and Perspectives ,N. Birau and W. Schloat, editors (Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 95–112 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  76. M. Morita (personal communication).

    Google Scholar 

  77. C. Vowinckel and J. R. Marsden, “Reproduction of Dugesia tigrina under Short-Day and Long-Day Conditions at Different Temperatures,” J. Emhryol. Exp. Morph. 26, 587–609 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. S. Rude, “Catecholamines in the Ventral Nerve Cord of Lumbricus terrestris,” Comp. Biochem. Physioi. 28, 747–752 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. S. Rude, “Monoamine-Containing Neurons in the Nerve Cord and Body Wall of Lumbricus terrestris” J. Comp. Neurol. 128, 397–412 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. D. C. Sweeney, “Dopamine: Its Occurrence in Molluscan Ganglia,” Science 139, 1051 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. D. C. Sweeney, “The Anatomical Distribution of Monoamines in a Fresh-Water Luvalve Mollusc, Sphaerium sulcatum (L),” Comp. Biochem. Physioi. 25, 601–614 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. J. B. Best (unpublished results).

    Google Scholar 

  83. J. Alumets, R. Hakanson, F. Sundler, and J. Thoreil, “Neuronal localization of Immunoreactive Enkephalin and ß-endorphin in the Earthworm,” Nature 279, 805–806 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. J. B. Best and M. Morita (unpublished results).

    Google Scholar 

  85. M. Morita, “Electron Microscopic Studies of Planaria. I. Fine Structure of the Muscle Fiber in the Head of the Planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala,” J. Ultrastructure Res. 13, 383–395 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. H. Koopowitz and D. W. Ewer, “Observations on the Myo-neural Physiology of a Polyclad Flatworm: Inhibitory Systems,” J. Exp. Biol. 53, 1–8 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. L. Keenan and H. Koopowitz, “Tetrodotoxin Sensitive Action Potentials from the Brain of the Polyclad Flatworm, Notoplana actioia,” J. Exp. Zool. 215, 209–213 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. T. Narahashi, J. W. Moore, and W. R. Scott, “Tetrodotoxin Blockage of Sodium and Conductance Increase in Lobster Giant Axons,” J. Gen. Physioi. 47, 965–974 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. T. Narahashi, “Chemicals as Tools in the Study of Excitable Membranes,” Physioi. Rev. 54, 813–889 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. P. A. V. Anderson, “Ionic Basis of Action Potentials and Bursting Activity in the Hydromedusan Jellyfish, Polyorchis penicillatus” J. Exp. Biol. 78, 299–302 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Y. Saimi and C. Kung, personal communication cited by L. Keenan and H. Koopowitz: Tetrodotoxin sensitive action potentials from the brain of the polyclad flatworm, Notoplana actiolo. J. Exp. Zool. 215, 209–213 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. F. Dubois and E. Wolff, “Sur une methode dirradiation localisee (45) permettant de mettre en evidence la migration des cellules de regeneration chez les planaires,” Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 141, 903–906 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. F. Dubois, “Demonstration de la migration des cellules de regeneration des Planaires par la methode des greffes et des irradiations combinees,” C. R. Acad. Sci. 226, 1316 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  94. F. Dubois, “Contribution a letude de la migration des cellules de regeneration chez les Planaires dulcicoles,” Bull. Biol. France Belg. 83, 213 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  95. T. Lender, “Factors in Morphogenesis of Regenerating Freshwater Planaria,” in M. Abercrombie and J. Bracket, editors, Advances in Morphogenesis ,Vol. 2, p. 305 (Academic Press, New York, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  96. T. Betchaku, “Isolation of Planarian Neoblasts and their Behavior in vitro with Some Aspects of the Mechanism of Formation of the Regeneration Blastema,” J. Exp. Zool. 164, 407 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. M. Morita and J. B. Best (unpublished results).

    Google Scholar 

  98. C. S. Lange, “An Outline of Studies on the Cellular Basis of Planarian Radiation Lethality,” J. Physiol. (London) 197, 54–55 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  99. C. S. Lange, “Studies on the Cellular Basis of Radiation Lethality. I. The Pattern of Mortality in the Whole-Body Irradiated Planarian (Tricladia paludicola),” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 13, 511–530 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. C. S. Lange, “Studies on the Cellular Basis of Radiation Lethality. II. Survival-Curve Parameters for Standardized Planarian Populations,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 14, 119–132 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. C. S. Lange, “Studies on the Cellular Basis of Radiation Lethality. IV. Confirmation of the Validity of the Model and the Effects of Dose Fractionation,” Int. J. Radiat Biol. 14, 539–551 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. C. S. Lange, “Studies on the Cellular Basis of Planarian Radiation Lethality. V. A Survival Curve for the Reproductive Integrity of the Planarian Neoblast and the Effect of Polyploidy on the Radiation Response,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 15, 51–64 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. C. S. Lange and C. W. Gilbert, “Studies on the Cellular Basis of Radiation Lethality. III. The Measurement of Stem Cell Repopulation Probability,” Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 14, 373–388 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. J. P. Trinkhaus, Cells into Organs (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. P. Trinkhaus and T. L. Lentz, “Direct Observation of Type Specific Segregation in Mixed Cell Aggregates,” Develop. Biol. 9, 11–136 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  106. A. A. Moscona, “Analysis of Cell Combinations in Experimental Synthesis of Tissues in vitro,” J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 60 (Suppl. 1), 65–80 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. A. A. Moscona, “Development in vitro of Chimaeric Aggregates of Dissociated Embryonic Chick and Mouse Cells,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 43, 184–144 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. M. S. Steinberg, “Reconstruction of Tissues by Dissociated Cells,” Science 141, 401–408 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. P. Handler, Dedication address, Northwestern Univ. Cancer Center, May 18 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  110. J. T. MacGregor (personal communication).

    Google Scholar 

  111. U. S. Congress, Federal Food ,Drug and Cosmetic Act as Amended (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., August, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Harvard Medical School Health Newsletter (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  113. M. Holstein, J. McCann, F. A. Angelosanto, and W. W. Nichols, “Short Term Tests for Carcinogens and Mutagens,” Mutation Res. 65, 133–226 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Wall Street Journal, page 1, September 4, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  115. F. Huneeus-Cox, H. L. Fernandez, and B. H. Smith, “Effects of Redox and Sulfhydryl Reagents on the Bioelectric Properties of the Giant Axon of the Squid,” Biophys. J. 6, 675–689 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. D. S. Farrier, R. E. Poulson, Q. D. Skinner, J. C. Adams, and J. Bower, “Aquisition, Processing and Storage for Environmental Research of Aqueous Effluents Derived from in situ Oil Shale Processing,” in Water Problems Associated with Coal Conversion and Shale Oil Production ,Second Pacific Chemical Engineering Congress, Vol. II, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  117. D. S. Farrier, L. W. Harrington, and R. E. Poulson, “Integrated Compliance and Control Technology Research Activities for in situ Fossil Fuel Processing Experiments,” LETC/RI-79/6. Tech. Info Center, U.S. Department of Energy, September (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  118. D. S. Farrier, J. E. Virgona, T. E. Phillips, and R. E. Poulson, “Environmental Research for in situ Oil Shale Processing,” Eleventh Oil Shale Symp. Proc. ,James H. Gary, editor, April 12–14 (Colo. School of Mines Press, Golden, Colorado, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  119. J. P. Fox, D. S. Farrier, and R. E. Poulson, “Chemical Characterization and Analytical Considerations for an in situ Oil Shale Process Water,” LETC/RI-78/7. Tech. Info Center, U.S. Dept. Energy, November (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  120. A. D. Anderson, M. E. Lebsack, C. M. DeGraeve, D. S. Farrier, and H. L. Bergman, “Toxicity of an in situ Oil Shale Process Water to Rainbow Trout and Fathead Minnows,” Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 9, 171–179 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. A. Goldstein, L. Aronow, and S. M. Kaiman, Principles of Drug Action (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  122. M. Meselson and K. Russell, “Comparisons of Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Patency,” in H. Hiatt, J. Watson, and J. Winsten, editors, Origins of Human Cancer ,Cold Spring Harbor Symp., pp. 1473–1481 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  123. P. Brookes, “On the Interaction of Carcinogens with DNA,” Biochem. Pharm. 20, 999 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. M. J. Cookson, P. Sims, and P. L. Grover, “Mutagenicity of Epoxides of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Correlates with Carcinogenicity of Parent Hydrocarbons,” Nature New Biol. 234, 186 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. B. N. Ames, “Identifying Environmental Chemicals Causing Mutations and Cancer,” Science 204, 587–593 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. J. McCann and B. N. Ames, “The Salmonella/Microsome Mutagenicity Test: Predictive Value for Animal Carcinogenicity,” in H. Hiatt, J. Watson, and J. A. Winsten, editors, Origins of Human Cancer ,Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 1431–1450, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  127. J. A. Miller and E. C. Miller, “The Metabolic Activation of Carcinogenic Aromatic Amines and Amides,” Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 11, 273 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. A. Pullman and B. Pullman, “Electronic Structure and Carcinogenic Activity of Aromatic Molecules. New Development,” Adv. Cancer Res. 3, 117 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. A. Pullman, “The Theory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and the Problem of Hydrocarbon-Protein Interactions,” in Biopolymers ,Symposia No. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, (1964), pp. 47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  130. E. Boyland, “Polycyclic Hydrocarbons,” Brit. Med. Bull. 20, 121 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. V. T. Oliverio and C. Heidelberger, “The Interaction of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons with Tissues. V. Some Structural Requirements for Binding of 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene,” Cancer Res. 18, 1094 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. E. Cavalieri and M. Calvin, “Molecular Characteristics of Some Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 1251 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. H. Remmer, H. Greim, and J. B. S. Chenkman, in Methods in Enzymology ,R. W. Estabrook and M. E. Pullman, editors, Vol. X (Academic Press, New York, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  134. I. Berenblum and P. Shubik, “A New Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Stages of Chemical Carcinogenesis in the Mouse’s Skin,” Brit. J. Cancer 12, 383 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  135. W. R. Bryan and M. B. Shimkin, “Quantitative Analysis of Dose-Response Data Obtained with Three Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons in Strain C3H Male Mice,” J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 3, 503 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. C. Peraino, R. J. M. Fry, E. Staffeldt, and J. P. Christopher, “Comparative Enhancing Effects of Phenobarbital, Amobarbital, Diphenylhydantoin and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on 2-Acetylaminofluorene-Induced Hepatic Tumorigenesis in the Rat,” Cancer Res. 35, 2884–2890 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. C. S. Lange, “Observations on Some Tumors Found in Two Species of Planaria-Dugesia etrusca and D. ilvana,” J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 15, 125–130 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. J. Foster, “Induction of Neoplasma in Planarians with Carcinogens,” Cancer Res. 23, 300–303 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. J. Foster, “Malformations and Lethal Growths in Planarians Treated with Carcinogens,” Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph 31, 683–691 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. H. Kalter, “Correlation between Teratogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Chemicals in Mammals,” in Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for their Detection ,A. Hollaender, editor (Plenum Press, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  141. J. A. DiPaolo and P. Kotin, “Teratogenesis Oncogenesis: A Study of Possible Relationships,” Arch. Pathol 81, 3 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. R. L. Baldwin and M. R. Wells, “Effect of DDT on NADH-Cytochrome b5 Reductase Activity in the Freshwater Planarian, Phagocata veiata,” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 428–430 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  143. J. Phillips, M. Wells, and C. Chandler, “Metabolism of DDT by the Freshwater Planarian, Phagocata velata,” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12, 355–358 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Best, J.B. (1983). Transphyletic Animal Similarities and Predictive Toxicology. In: van der Merwe, A. (eds) Old and New Questions in Physics, Cosmology, Philosophy, and Theoretical Biology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8830-2_39

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8830-2_39

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8832-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8830-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics