Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

On Light, Colors, and the Origins of Spectroscopy

  • Chapter
Book cover The Science of Photomedicine

Part of the book series: Photobiology ((PB))

Abstract

The progress of science can be regarded as layers interconnected into an elaborate network:

  1. 1.

    Paradigms which summarize and predict data: the laws of science.

  2. 2.

    Experimental data: scientific research.

  3. 3.

    Technical devices and procedures: scientific instruments, methods, and materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Westfall, R. S. (1980): Never at Rest: A biography of Isaac Newton. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alberti, L. B. (1435): Delia pittora. Firenze. [Translated by J. R. Spenser (1967); On Painting, Yale University Press, New Haven.]

    Google Scholar 

  3. Maurolico, F. (1553): Photismi de Lumine et Umbrae ad Perspectivam et Radiorum Incidentiam Facientes. Venice. [Translated by H. Crew. (1940): Photismi de Lumine of Maurolico. A Chapter in Late Mediaeval Optics. American Book Company, New York.]

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kepler, J. (1611): Dioptrice. Prague. (Reprinted 1962, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dominis, M. A. (1611): De Radüs Visus et Lueis in Vitris Perspeetivis et Iride Traetatus. Venice. [Summary in C. B. Boyer. (1959): The Rainbow, from Myth to Mathematics. Yoseloff Press. New York.]

    Google Scholar 

  6. Descartes, R. (1637): Discours de la methode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la verite dans Ies sciences. Appendix I: La Dioptrique. Appendix III: Les Meteores. Paris. [Translated by P. J. Olscamp. (1965): Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology. Indiana Univer. Press. Indianapolis.]

    Google Scholar 

  7. Newton, I. (1672): A new theory about light and colours. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 6:3075–3087.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Herschel, W. (1800): Experiments on the refrangibility of invisible rays of the sun. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 90:255–283, 284–292, 293–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ritter, J. W. (1801): Physisch-chemische Abhandlungen, Vol. 2. Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Scheele, C. W. (1779): Untersuchungdes Flusspathes und dessen Saure. Crell’s Chem. J. 2:192–203.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Grimaldi, F. M. (1664): Physico-Methesis de Lumine, Coloribus et iride Bologna. [The Physics of Light, Colours and the Rainbow. Dawson Publications. Hamden CT.]

    Google Scholar 

  12. Boyle, R. (1664): Experimentsand Considerations Touching Colours. London. (Reprinted 1964, Johnson Reproductions, New York.)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hooke, R. (1665): Micrographia, or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made in Magnifying Glasses. London. (Reprinted 1961, Dover Press, New York.)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Newton, I. (1675): An examination of colour phenomena in thin films and an Hypothesesis Explaining the Properties of Light. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 9:515–533. [Refs. 6 & 13 reproduced in I. B. Cohen: (1978). Isaac Newton’s Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy. 2nd ed. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.]

    Google Scholar 

  15. Young, T. (1802): On the theory of light and colours. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 92:12–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Young, T. (1802): An account of some cases of the production of colours not hitherto described. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 92:387–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Newton, I. (1730): Opticks: A Treatise on the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light. 4th ed. London. (1st ed., 1704.) (Reprinted 1952. Dover Press. New York.)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Rittenhouse, D. (1786):An Optical Problem. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia. 2:202–206. [Reproduced in T. D. Cope. (1932): Rittenhouse diffraction grating. J. Franklin Inst. 214:99–104.]

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fraunhofer, J. (1821): Formation of spectrum upon diffraction from a framework of wire. Denkschr. König Akad. Wiss., München 8:1–76. [Refs. 18, 19, & 21 Reproduced in J. S. Ames (1898): Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra. Harper, New York.]

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fraunhofer, J. (1823): Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neuerer Versuche über die Gesetze des Lichtes und die Theorie derselben. Ann. Physik 74:337–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wollaston, W. H. (1802): A Method of examining refractive and dispersive powers by prismatic reflection. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 92:365–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Fraunhofer, J. (1817): Bestimmung des Brechungs- und Forbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens Verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromakscher Fernröhre. Ann. Physik 56:264–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Biringuccio, V. (1540): De Ia pirotechnia. Venice. Trans. 1966. MIT Press. Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Melvill, T. (1752): Physical and Literary Essays. Edinburgh. [Reprinted in J. R. Astron. Soc. Canada 8:231 (1914).]

    Google Scholar 

  25. Galvani, L. (1791): De viribus electricitatis in motu musculori commentarius. Bologna. [Translated by R. M. Green. (1980): Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore.]; A. Volta (1793): Account of some discoveries made by Galvani. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., Lond. 90:403–431.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kirchhoff, G. R. (1860): Ueberdie Franunhofer’schen Linien. Ann. Physik 109:148–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kirchhoff, G. R. (1860): Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht. Ann. Physik 109:275–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kirchhoff, G. R., and Bunsen, R. W. (1860): Chemische Analyse durch Spectral Beobachtung, I. Ann. Physik 110:161–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kirchhoff, G. R., and Bunsen, R. W. (1861): Chemische Analyse durch Spectral Beobachtung, II. Ann. Physik 113:338–381.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Brewster, D. (1833): On colours of natural bodies. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 12:538–545.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Miller, W. A. (1862): Photographic detection of the ultraviolet emission of characteristic spectra from metal sparks. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 152:861–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Stokes, G. G. (1862): On the long spectrum of the electric light. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 152:599–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Stokes, G. G. (1864): On the application of the optical properties to detection and discrimination of organic substances. J. Chem. Soc. 22:303–318.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hartley, W. N. (1882): Note on certain photographs of the ultra-violet spectra of elementary bodies. J. Chem. Soc. 41:84–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hartley, W. N. (1884): Researches on spectrum photography in relation to new methods of quantitative chemical analysis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 175:49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kircher, A. (1646): Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae, in mundo-Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cellini, B. (1568): Due trattati dell’Orificera. Firenze. [Translated by C. R. Ashbee. (1966): Dover Press. New York.]

    Google Scholar 

  38. Beccari, J. B. (1745): De adamante alüsque rebus in phosphorium numerum referendis. Comm. Accad. Bonon. 2(1):274–303.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Beccari, J. B. (1746): De quam plurinis phosphoris nunc primum detectis. Comm. Accad. Bonon. 2(2):136–179.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Anderson, R. R., Levine, M. J., and Parrish, J. A. (1980): Selective modification of the optical properties of psoriatic vs. normal skin. In: 8th International Congress on Photobiology, Strasbourg. Book of Abstracts, p. 152.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Becquerel, E. (1858): Recherches sur divers effects lumineux. Memoires I, II and III. Action de la lumiere sur Ies corps. C R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 45:815–819; 46:969–975.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Becquerel, E. (1861): Recherches sur divers effets lumineux. IV Memoire. Intensité de la lumiere emise. Ann. Chim. Phys. 62:5–100.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wiedemann, E. (1888): Über Fluorescenz und Phosphorescenz. Ann. Physik 34:446–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Dewar, J. (1894): Phosphorescence and photographic action at the temperature of boiling liquid air. Chem. News 70:252–253.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wiedemann, E. (1889): Zur Mechanik der Leuchtens. Ann. Physik 37:177–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Wiedemann, E., and Schmidt, G. C. (1895): Über Liminescenz. Ann. Physik 54:604–625.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wiedemann, E., and Schmidt, G. C. (1895): Über Luminescenz von festen Korpern und festen Losungen. Ann. Physik 56:18–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wiedemann, E., and Schmidt, G. C. (1895): Über Lichtemission organischer Substanzen im gasformingen, flussigen und festen Zusrand. Ann. Physik 56:201–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Vavilov, S. I., and Levshin, V. L. (1926): Die Beziehung zwischen Fluoreszenz und Phosphoreszenz fester und flüssiger Medien. Z. Physik 35:920–936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Vavilov, S. I., and Levshin, V. L. (1927): Die Beziehung zwischen Fluoreszenz und Phosphoreszenz fester und flüssiger Medien. Z. Physik 44:539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jablonski, A. (1935): Über der Mechanismus der Photolumineszenz von Farbstof-fphosphoren. Z. Physik 94:38–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Goldstein, E. (1904): Über die Emissionspektren Aromatischer Verbinduggen. Ver. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 6:156–170; Discontinuous luminous spectra from solid organic bodies. Ver. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 6:185–190.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Goldstein, E. (1911): Über die Untersuchung der Emissionsspektren fester aromatischer Substanzen mit den ultraviolet Filter. Phys. Z. 12:614–620.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kowalski, J. (1910): La phosphorescence progressive a basse temperature. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 151:810–812.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kowalski, J., and Dzierzbicki, J. (1910): Le spectre de phosphorescence progressive des composes organique a basse temperature. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 151:943–945.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kowalski, J., and Dzierzbicki, J. (1911): Influence des groupements fontionels sur Ie spectre de phosphorescence progressive. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 152:83–85.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lewis, G. N., Lipkin, D., and Magie, T. T. (1941): Reversible photochemical processes in rigid media. A study of the phosphorescent state. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63:3005–3018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Terenin, A. (1943): Photochemical processes in aromatic compounds. Acta Physicochem. (USSR) 18:210–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lewis, G. N., and Calvin, M. (1945): Paramagnetism of the phosphorescent state. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67:1232–1233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lewis, G. N., Calvin, M., and Kasha, M. (1949): Photomagnetism. Determination of the paramagnetic susceptibility of a dye in its phosphorescent state. J. Chem. Phys. 17:804–812.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Evans, D. F. (1955): Photomagnetism of triplet states of organic molecules. Nature 176:777–778.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Beccari, G. B. (1753): Dell Electricismo Artifieale e Naturale. Turin. [A Treatise upon Electricity. London (1776).]

    Google Scholar 

  63. Körtum, K. (1794): Resultate einer Reihe electrische phosphorische Eigenschaft verscheidner Körper zu beobachten. Voigt’s Mag. Neueste an Physik Natur 9:1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Dessaignes, J. P. (1810): Me’moire sur Ies phosphorescence. J. Physique 70:109–128.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Heinrich, J. (1812): Traite’de la phosphorescence des corps. J. Physique 74:307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Wheatstone, C. (1836): On the prismatic decomposition of the electric light. Phil. Mag. 7:299–300.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Becquerel, E. (1839): Recherches sur Ie rayonnement calorifique de Fétincelle électrique. C. R. Aead. Sci. (Paris) 8:334–337, 493–497; (1843): Des effects produits sur Ies corps par Ies rayons solarires. Ann. Chem. Phys. 9:257–322.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Porter, G., and Windsor, M. W. (1954): Triplet states in solution. J. Chem. Phys. 21:2088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Monardes, N. (1574): La Historia Medicinal de las Cosas que se Traen de Nuestras Indians Occidentales que Sirvem al Usos de Medicina. [Translated by J. Frampton, Joyful Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde. London (1577). Reprinted 1925, Knopf, New York.]

    Google Scholar 

  70. Herschel, J. F. W. (1845): On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid, internally colourless. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 135:143–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Herschel, J. F. W. (1845): On the epipolic dispersion of light. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 135:147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Stokes, G. G. (1852): On the change of refrangibility of light, I. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 142:463–562; A. J. Angstrom (1855) Optische Untersuchungen. Ann. Physik. 94:141–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Stokes, G. G. (1853): Onthechange of refrangibility of light, II. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 143:385–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Mascart, E. (1869): Sur Ies spectres ultra-violet. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 69:337–338.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Stoney, G. J. (1870): On the cause of the interrupted spectra of gases. Phil. Mag. 41:291–296.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Soret, J. L. (1871): On harmonic ratios in spectra. Phil. Mag. 42:464–465.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Alter, D. (1854): On certain physical properties of light of the electric spark within certain gases, as seen by a prism. Am. J. Sci. 18:55–57.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Alter, D. (1855): On certain physical properties of light of the electric spark within certain gases, as seen by a prism. Am. J. Sci. 19:213–214.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Balmer, J. J. (1885): Notiz über die Spectrallinien des Wasserstoff. Ann. Physik 25:80–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Bohr, N. (1913): Constitution of atoms and molecules, I and II. Phil. Mag. 26:1–25, 476–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Davy, H. (1822): On the electrical phenomena exhibited in vacuo. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 112:64–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Bouguer, P. (1729): Essai d’Optique sur la Graduation de la Lumiere. Le Havre.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Bouguer, P. (1760): Traite D’Optique sur la Graduation de la Lumiere. Paris. (Opus posthum.) [Translated by W. E. K. Middleton. (1961): University of Toronto Press. Toronto.]

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lambert, J. H. (1760):Photometria Siva de Mensura et Gradibus Luminis, Colorum et Umbrae. Augsberg.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Beer, A. (1852): Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten. Ann. Physik 86:78–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Bunsen, R. W., and Roscoe, H. E. (1857): Photo-chemical researchers. Part 3, Optical and chemical extinction of the chemical rays. Ann. Physik 102:235–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Hurter, F., and Driffield, V. C. (1890): Photo-chemical investigations and a new method of determinations of the sensitiveness of photographic plates. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (Lond.) 9:455–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Sumpner, W. E. (1892): Proc. R. Soc. 12:10.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ulbricht, R. (1900): Photometer for mean spherical candle-power. Elektrotech. Z. 21:595–597.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Taylor, A. H.(1920): Measurementofabsolutereflectingpowers./. Opt. Soc. Am. 4:9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Taylor, A. H. (1931): Measurement of reflection factors in the ultraviolet. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 21:776–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Kubelka, P., and Münk, F. (1931): Reflection characteristics of paints. Z. Tech. Physik 12:593–601.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kubelka, P. (1948): New contributions to the optics of intensely light scattering materials. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38:448–457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Mie, G. (1908): Contributions to the optics of turbid media, especially colloidal metal solutions. Ann. Physik 25:377–445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Latimer, P. (1959): Influence of selective light scattering on measurements of absorption spectra of Chlorella. Plant Physiol. 34:193–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Bryant, F. D., Secher, B. A., and Latimer, P. (1969): Absolute optical cross sections of cells and chloroplasts: Total scattering and absorption. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 135:97–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Theissing, H. H. (1950): Macrocontribution of light scattered by dispersions of spherical dielectric particles. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 40:232–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Butler, W. L. (1962): Absorption of light by turbid materials. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52:292–299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shibata, K. (1957): Simple absolute method for measuring diffuse reflectance spectra. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47:172–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Amesz, J., Duysens, L. N. M., and Brandt, D. C. (1961): Methods for measuring and correcting absorption spectrum of scattering suspensions. J. Theor. Biol. 1:59–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Dorman, B. P., Hearst, J. E., and Maestre, M. F. (1973): UV absorption and circular dichroism measurements on light scattering biological specimens; fluorescent cell and related large-angle light detection techniques. Methods Enzymol 27:767–796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Duysens, L. N. M. (1956): The flattening of absorption spectrum of suspensions, as compared to that of solutions. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 19:1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Felder, B. (1964): The dependence of light absorption on particle size in heterogeneous systems. I. Theoretical considerations. Helv. Chim. Acta 47:488–497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Grotthus, (1815): Über einen neuen Lightsauger nebst einigen allegemeinen Betrachtungen über die Phosphoreszenz und die Farben. J. Chem. Physik 14:133–192.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Draper, J. W. (1841): On some analogies between phenomena of chemical rays and those of radiant heat. Phil. Mag. 19:195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Stark, J. (1908): Further remarks upon thermal and chemical absorption in the band spectrum. Z. Physik 9:889–894. See also Ann. Phys. 38:407–430 (1912).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Einstein, A. (1912): Thermodynamic foundation of the law of photochemical equivalents. Ann. Physik 37:832–838.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bunsen, R., and Roscoe, H. E. (1859): The laws of photochemical action. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 149:876–926.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Zanotti, F. M. (1748): De lapide bononiensi. Comm. Accad. Bonon. 1:181–205.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Ritter, J. W. (1803): Bemerkungen zu vorstehender Abhandlung der Herrn Carl Wunch. J. Chem. Physik 6:633–719.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Zucchi, N. (1652): Optica Philosophica Experimentis et Ratione a Fundamentis Constituta. Lugduni.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Nichols, E. L., and Merritt, E. (1910): Distribution of energy in fluorescence spectra. Phys Rev. 30:328–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Vavilov, S. I. (1922): The dependence of the intensity of fluorescence of dyes on the wavelength of exciting light. Phil. Mag. 43:307–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Warburg, E. (1920): Quanten theoretische Grundlagen der Photochemie. Z. Elektrochem. 26:54–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lenard, P. (1910): Über Lichtemission und deren Erregung. Ann. Physik 31:641–685.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Melloni, M. (1833): Memoire sur la transmission libre de la chaleur rayonnante par differents corps solides et liquides. Ann. Chim. Phys. 55:5–73. [See also E. S. Barr (1962): Infra Red Pioneers. II. Melloni. Infrared Physics 2:67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Goethe, J. W. (1810):Zur Farbenlehre. Weimar. [Translation MIT Press (1970).]

    Google Scholar 

  118. Henri, V. (1922): Etude des spectres d’absorption et de fluorescence du benzene. J. Physique 3:181–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Nichols, E. L., and Merritt, E. (1910): The specific exciting power of different wavelengths of the visible spectrum in the case of eosin and resorufin. Phys. Rev. 32:381–387.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Vavilov, S. I.(1922): Die Fluoreszenz ausbeute von Farbstofflösungen. Z. Physik 22:266–272.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Anderson, W. L., and Bird, L. F. (1928): The measurement of ultraviolet quanta by fluorescent photometry. Phys. Rev. 32:293–297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Bowen, E. J. (1936): Heterochromatic photometry of the ultraviolet region. Proc. R. Soc. 154:349–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Taylor, D. G., and Demas, J. N. (1979): Light intensity measurements. 1. Large area bolometers with microwatt sensitivities and absolute calibration of rhodamine B counter. Anal. Chem. 51:712–717; 2. Luminescent quantum counter comparator and evaluation of some luminescent quantum counters. Anal. Chem. 51:717–722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Mandel, K., Pearson, T. D. L., and Demas, J. N. (1980): Luminescent quantum counters based on organic dyes in polymer matrices. Anal. Chem. 52:2184–2189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Mielenz, K. D., Mavrodineanu, R., and Cehelnik, E. D. (1975): Efficientaveragingspheres for visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. Applied Optics 14:1940–1947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Teale, F. W. J., and Weber, G. (1957): Ultraviolet fluorescence of the aromatic amino acids. Biochem. J. 65:476–482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Christensen, R. L., and Ames, I. (1961): Absolute calibration of a light detector. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51:224–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Perkampus, H. H., Körtum, K., and Bruns, H. (1969): Calibration of fluorescence apparatus. Appl. Spectrosc. 23:105–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Lippert, E., Nagele, W., Scibold-Blankenstein, I., et al. (1959): Measurement of fluorescence spectra with spectrophotometers and comparison standards. Z. Anal. Chem. 170:1–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Bartholin, E. (1670): Experimenta Crystalli Islandici Disdiaclastici Quibus Mira et Insolita Refractio Detegetur. Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Huygens, C. (1690): Traite’de la lumiere, avec un discours de la cause de lapesanteur. Paris. (Translated 1966. Dawson Press. Hamden, CT.)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Newton, I. (1704): Opticks (Question 29, Book III). London.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Malus, É.-L. (1809): Sur unepropriétéde Ia lumière réfléchie. M. Soc. Arceuil 2:143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Malus, É.-L. (1809): Sur une propriéte’des forces repulsives qui agissent sur Ia lumière. Mem. Soc. Arceuil 2:254–267.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Malus, É.-L. (1810): Memoire sur nouveaux phénomènes d’optique. Mem. Inst. France 11:105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Malus, E.-L. (1810): Memoire sur Ies phénomenès qui accompagnent la reflection et la refraction de la lumière. Mem. Inst. France 11:112–120.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Arago, D. F. J. (1811): Sur une modification remarquable qu’eprouvent Ies rayons lumineaux dans Ieur passage a travers certain corps diaphanes, et sur quelques autres nouveaux phénomenes d’optique. Mem. Inst. France 12:93–134.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Brewster, D. (1815): On the laws which regulate the polarization of light by reflection from transparent bodies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 105:125–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Fresnel, A. J. (1816): Sur la diffraction de la lumière, ou Ton examine particulaièrement Ie phénomène des franges colorées que présentent Ies ombres dans corps éclairés par un point lumineux. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1:239–281.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Arago, D. F. J., and Fresnel, A. J. (1819): Memoire sur Taction que Ies rayons polarises exercent Ies uns sur Ies autres. Ann. Chim. Phys. 10:288–305.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Young, T. (1817): Chromatics, In: Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6th ed. (1824). London.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Fresnel, A. J. (1825): Memoire sur la double refraction que Ies rayons lumineux e’prouvement en traversant Ies aiguilles de cristal de röche suivant des directions paralleles a l’axe. Ann. Chim. Phys. 28:263–279.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Nicol, W. (1828): On a method of so far increasing the divergence of two rays of calcareousspar that only one image may be seen at a time. Edinb. N. Phil. J. 6:83–84.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Rochon, A. M. (1811): Experiences sur la formation de la double image, et sur sa disparition dans Ie spath d’Islande et dans Ie cristal de röche, appliquées au perfectionnement de tous Ies micromètres composes de ces deux substances. J. Physique 72:319–332.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Wallaston, W. H. (1820): On the methods of cutting rock crystals for micrometers. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond 110:126–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin) (1904): Baltimore Lectures on Physics (1884). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Weigert, F. (1922): Über polarisierte Fluoreszenz. Phys. Z. 23:232–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Weigert, F., and Kappler, G. (1924): Polarisierte Fluoreszenz im Farbstofflösungen, I. Z. Physik 25:99–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Weigert, F., and Käppier, G. (1925): Polarisierte Fluoreszenzim Farbstofflösungen, II. Z. Physik 33:801–802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Vavilov, S. I., and Levshin, V. L. (1922): Zur Frage über polarisierte Fluoreszenz von Farbstofflosüngen, I. Phys. Z. 23:173–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Vavilov, S. I., and Levshin, V. L. (1923): Zur Frage über polarisierte Fluoreszenz von Farbstofflösungen, II, Z. Physik 16:135–154.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Levshin, V. L. (1924): Über polarisiertes Fluoreszenzlicht von Farbstofflösungen. Z. Physik 26:274–284.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Levshin, V. L. (1925): Polarisierte Fluoreszenz und phosphoreszenz dur Farbstofflösungen. Z. Physik 32:307–326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Gaviola, E. (1926): Die Abklingungszeiten der Fluoreszenz von Farbstofflösungen. Z. Physik 35:748–756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Perrin, F. (1926): Polarisation de Ia lumière de fluorescence. Vie moyenne des mole’cules dans rétat excite. J. Physique 7:390–401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Perrin, F. (1929): Fluorescence des solutions. Induction mole’culaire, polarisation et durée d’emission, et photochemie. Ann. Physique 12:169–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Mitra, S. M. (1934): Über den Einfluss des KIaufdie PolarizationderFluoreszenzvonim Lösung befindlichen Farbstoffen. Z. Physik 92:61–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Kerr, J. (1875): A new relation between electricity and light; dielectrified media birefringence. Phil. Mag. 50:337–348.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Abraham, H., and Lemoine, J. (1899): Kerr phenomena. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 129:206–208.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Wood, R. W. (1921): The time interval between absorption and emission of light in fluorescence. Proc. R. Soc. a99:362–371.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Gottling, P. F. (1923): Determination of the time between excitation and emission for certain fluorescent solids. Barium cyanoplatinate and rhodamine. Phys. Rev. 22:566–573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Hertz, H. R. (1887): Über einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung. Ann. Physik 31:983–1000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Thomson, J. J. (1899): On the masses of ions in gases at low pressures. Phil. Mag. 48:547–567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Lenard, P. (1900): The production of cathode rays by ultraviolet light. Ann. Physik 2:359–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lenard, P. (1902): Light electric effect. Ann. Physik 8:149–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Einstein, A. (1905): Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristisches Gesichtspunkt. Ann. Physik 17:132–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Einstein, A. (1906): Zur Theorie die Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption. Ann. Physik 20:199–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Ladenberg, E. (1908): On the initial velocity and number of photoelectric electrons produced by light of different wavelengths. Phys. Z. 8:590–594.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Richardson, O. W., and Compton, K. T. (1912): The photoelectric effect. Phys. Rev. 34:393–396.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Farnsworth, P. T. (1934): An electron multiplier. (A new type of cold-cathode tube of high current amplifying ability marks another step toward the solution of television problems.) Electronics 7:242–243.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Rajchman, J. A., and Snyder, R. L. (1940): An electrically-focused multiplier phototube. Electronics 13:20–23.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Newton, E. Harvey (1957): A History of Luminescence. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Pringsheim, Peter (1949): Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Interscience, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Wood, Robert (1934): Physical Optics. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Deminguez, X. A., Franco, F., and Diaz Viveros, Y. (1978): Rev. Latinam. Quirn. 9: 209.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Haüy, Renè-Just (1801): Traitè de Minerologie. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Lennard, P. (1935):German Physics. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37830, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

    J. W. Longworth

Authors
  1. J. W. Longworth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

    James D. Regan

  2. Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    John A. Parrish

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Longworth, J.W. (1982). On Light, Colors, and the Origins of Spectroscopy. In: Regan, J.D., Parrish, J.A. (eds) The Science of Photomedicine. Photobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8312-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8312-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8314-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8312-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation