Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in the last decade in our understanding of the role of glial cells in neuronal development and function, the factors which regulate glia cell growth and function are only recently being investigated (see refs in review Vernadakis, 1988). C-6 glioma cells have provided a useful model to study glial cell properties, glial factors and sensitivity of glial cells to various substances and conditions. In an early study, we reported (Parker et al, 1980) that C-6 glioma cells, 2B clone, exhibited differential enzyme expression with cell passage: the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNP) an enzyme marker for oligodendrocytes (Poduslo and Norton, 1972; Poduslo, 1975) was markedly high and that of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme marker for astrocytes (Martinez-Hernandez et al, 1977; Norenberg and Martinez-Hernandez, 1979) was low in early passages (up to passage 26) and this relationship was reversed in the late passages (beyond passage 70)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aizenman, Y., Weischel, M.E. and De Vellis, J., 1986. Changes in insulin and transferrin requirements of pure brain neuronal cultures during embryonic development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA. 83:2263–2266.
Andres, J.J. and Salopik, M., 1989. Meningeal cells increase in vitro astrocytic gap junctional communication as measured by fluorescence recovery after laser photobleaching. J. Neurocytol. 18:257–264.
Bennett, M.R. and Nurcombe, V., 1979. The survival and development of cholinergic neurons in skeletal muscle conditioned media. Brain Res. 173:543–548.
Bologa, L., Z’Graggen, A., and Herschkowitz, N. 1983. Proliferation rate of oligodendrocytes in culture can be influenced by extrinsic factors. Devel. Neurosci. 6:26–31.
Bologa, L., Bisconte, J.C., Joubert, R., Marangos, P.J., Derbin, C., Rioux, F. and Herschkowitz, N. 1982. Accelerated differentiation of oligodendrocytes in neuronal rich mouse brain cell cultures. Brain Res. 252:129–136.
Braquet, P. 1987. The ginkgolides: Potent platelet-activating factor antagonists isolated from Ginkgo biloba L.: Chemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications. Drugs Future 12:643–699.
Braquet, P., Touqui, L., Shen, T.Y. and Vargaftig, B.B. 1987. Perspectives in platelet-activating factor research. Pharmacol. Rev. 39:97–145, 1987.
Brodie, C. and Vernadakis, A. 1990. Muscle-derived factors induce proliferation and astrocytic phenotypic expression in C-6 glial cells. GLIA (in press).
Bussolino, F., Gremo, F., Tetta, C., Pescarmona, G.P. and Camussi, G. 1986. Production of platelet-activating factor by chick retina. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16502–16508.
Choi, B.H. and Kim, R.C. 1985. Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by immature Oligodendroglia and its implications. J. Neuroimmunol. 8:215–235.
Choi, B.H., Kim, R.C. and Lapham, L.W. 1983. Do radial glia give rise to both astroglial and oligodendroglial cells? Dev. Brain Res. 8:119–130.
Davies, A.M. 1986. The survival and growth of embryonic proprioceptive neurons is promoted by a factor present in skeletal muscle. Dev. Biol. 115:56–67.
Dohrmann, U., Edgar, D. and Theonen, H. 1987. Distinct neurotrophic factors from skeletal muscle and the central nervous system interact synergistically to support the survival of cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons. Dev. Biol. 124:145–152.
Eccleston, P.A., Silberberg, D.H., 1984. The differentiation of oligodendrocytes in a serum-free hormone-supplemented medium. Dev. Brain Res. 16:1–9.
Fisher, R.A., Sharma, R.V. and Bhalla, R.C., 1989. Platelet-activating factor increases inositos phosphate production and cytosolic free Ca++concentrations in cultured rat Kupffer cells. FEBS Lett. 251:22–26.
Flanigan, T.P., Dickson, J.G., and Walsh, F.S. 1985. Cell survival characteristics and choline acetlytransferase activity in motor neuron-enriched cultures from chick embryo spinal cord. J. Neurochem. 45:1323–1326.
Fontaine-Perus, J.C., Chancaine, M., Le Douerin, N.M., Gershon, M.D., and Rothman, T.P. 1989. Mitogenic effect of muscle on the neuroepithelium of the developing spinal cord. Development 107:413–422.
Ffrench-Constant, C. and Raff, M.C. 1986. Proliferating bipotential glial progenitor cells in adult rat optic nerve. Nature 319:499–502.
Frost, G.H., Thangnipon, W. and Bottenstein, J.E. 1989. Glial progenitor growth factor assay using rat glima cells. Trans. Amer. Soc. Neurochem. 20:188.
Galileo, D.S., Grag, G.E., Owens, G.C., Majors, J. and Sanes, J.R. 1990. Neurons and glia arise from a common progentor in chicken optic tectum: Demonstration with two retroviruses and cell type-specific antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:458–462.
Goldman, J.E., Geier, S.S. and Hirano, M. 1986. Differentiation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from germinal matrix cells in primary culture. J. Neurosci 6:52–60.
Greenberg, M.E., Ziff, E.B., and Greene, L.A. 1986. Stimulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors induces rapid gene transcription. Science 234:80–83.
Hunter, S.F. and Bottenstein, J.E. Bipotential glial progenitors are targets of neuronal cell line-derived factors. Dev. Brain Res. 49:33–49.
Kentroti, S., Baker, K., Bruce, C., and Vernadakis, A. 1990. Platelet-activating factor increases glutamine synthetase activity in early and late passage C-6 glioma cells. J. Neurosci. Res. (in press).
Kornecki, E. and Ehrlich, Y.H., 1988: Neuroregulatory and neuropathological actions of the ether-phospholipid platelet-activating factor. Science 240:1792–1794.
Levi, G., Aloisi, F. and Wilkins, G.P. 1987. Differentiation of cerebellar bipotential glial precursors into oligodendrocytes in primary culture: Developmental profile of surface antigens and mitotic activity. J. Neurosci. Res. 18:407–417.
Levi, G., Gallo, V., and Ciotti, M.T. 1986. Bipotential precursors of putative fibrous astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in rat cerebellar cultures express distinct surfact featurs and “neuron-like” α-aminobutyric acid transport. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1504–1508.
Lipton, S.A. and Kater, S.B. 1989. Neurotransmitter regulation of neuronal growth, plasticity and survival. TINS 12:265–270.
Loret, C., Sensenbrenner, M. and Labourdette, G. 1989. Differential phenotypic expression induced in cultured rat astrocytes by acidic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and thrombin. J. Biol. Chem. 264:8319–8327.
Mangoura, D., Sakellaridis, N., Jones, J., and Vernadakis, A. 1989. Early and late passage C-6 glial cell growth: Similarities with primary glial cells in culture. Neurochem. Res. 4:941–947.
Martinez-Hernandez, A., Bell, K.P., and Norenberg, M.D. 1977. Glutamine synthetase-glial localization in the brain. Science 195:1356–1358.
Murphy, R.A., Singer, R.H., Sarde, J.D., Pantazis, N.J., Blanchard, M.H., Byron, K.S., Arnason, B.G.W., and Young, M. 1977. Synthesis and secretion of a high molecular weight form of a nerve growth factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74:4496–4500.
Norenberg, M.D., and Martinez-Hernandez, A. 1979. Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain. Brain Res. 161:303–310.
Oh, T.H., Markelanis, G.J., Dion, T.L, and Hobbs, S.L. 1988. À muscle-derived substrate-bound factor that promotes neurite outgrowth from neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. Dev. Biol. 127:88–98.
Parker, K.K., Norenberg, M.D., and Vernadakis, A. 1980. Transdifferentiation11 of C-6 glial cells in culture. Science 208:179–181.
Pernaud, F., Bensand, F., Pettman, R., Sensenbrenner, M. and Labourdette, L. 1988. Effects of acidic and basic growth factors αFGF and βFGF) on the proliferation of rat astroblasts in culture. Glia 1:124–131.
Poduslo, S.E. 1975. The isolation and characterization of a plasma membrane and myelin fraction derived from Oligodendroglia of calf brain. J. Neurochem. 24:647–664.
Poduslo, S.E. and Norton, W.T. 1972. Isolation and some chemical properties of Oligodendroglia from calf brain. J. Neurochem. 19:727–736.
Prasad, K.N., Mandai, B., Waymire, J.C., Lees, G. J., Vernadakis, A. and Weiner, N. 1973. Basal level of neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes and effect of cyclic AMP agents on the morphologcal differentiation of isolated neuroblastoma clones. Nature 241:117–119.
Raff, M.D., Miller, R.H. and Noble, M. 1983. A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium. Nature 303:390–396.
Ryan, J.P., Spinks, N.R., O’Neill, C., Ammit, A.J., Wales, R.G. 1989. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) production by mouse embryos in vitro and its effects on embryonic metabolism. J. Cell Biochem. 40:387–395.
Sakellaridis, N., Mangoura, D., and Vernadakis, A. 1986. Effects of neuron-conditioned medium and fetal calf serum content on glial growth in dissociated cultures. Dev. Brain Res. 27:31–41.
Saneto, R.P. and de Vellis, J. 1985. Characterization of cultured rat oligodendrocytes proliferating in a serum-free, chemically defined medium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3509–3513.
Squinto, S.P., Block, A.L., Braquet, P. and Bazan, N.G. 1989. Platelet-activating factor stimulates a Fos/Jun/AP-1 transcriptional signaling system in human neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 24:558–556.
Smith, R.G. and Appel, S.H. 1983. Extracts of skeletal muscle increase neurite outgrowth and cholinergic activity of fetal rat spinal motor neurons. Science 219:1079–1081.
Temple, S., and Raff, M.C. 1985. Differentiation of a bipotential glial progentor cell in single cell microculture. Nature 313:223–225.
Trotter, J. and Schachner, M. 1989. Cells positive for the 04 surface antigen isolated by cell sorting are able to differentiate into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Dev. Brain Res. 115–122.
Vernadakis, A. 1988. Neuronglia interrelations. Int. Neurobiol. Rev. 30:149–223.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vernadakis, A., Kentroti, S., Brodie, C., Mangoura, D., Sakellaridis, N. (1991). C-6 Glioma Cells of Early Passage Have Progenitor Properties in Culture. In: Timiras, P.S., Privat, A., Giacobini, E., Lauder, J., Vernadakis, A. (eds) Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 296. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8047-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8047-4_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8049-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8047-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive