Skip to main content

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSB,volume 193))

Abstract

Faults in devices subjected to an electric field are mostly due to electric breakdown of the insulations. Such a breakdown is the ultimate stage of irreversible processes which make any material switch from the insulating state to a conducting one (via an arc between two conductors). The situation is more or less catastrophic according to the nature of the insulator: solids, afterwards, are generally unable to sustain a further application of the voltage, whereas fluids (gases, liquids) can often do so, since they are easily renewed in the gap (by natural or forced convection).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adamczewski, I., 1969, “Ionization, conductivity and breakdown in dielectric liquids”, Taylor and Francis, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angerer, L., 1965, Effect of organic additives on electrical breakdown in transformer oil and liquid paraffin, Proc. IEE, 112:1025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arii, K., Hayashi, K., Kitani, I., and Inuishi, Y., 1975, Breakdown time-lag and time of flight measurement in liquid dielectrics, Proc. of the 5th Conf. on Cond, and Breakd. in Diel. Liquids, J.M. Goldschwartz, ed., Delft, University Press, Delft., 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arii, K., and Kitani, I., 1984, Bubble generation in liquid hydrocarbon in divergent fields, Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 23:49.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arii, K., and Schmidt, W.F., 1984, Current injection and light emission in liquid argon and xenon in a divergent electric field, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-19, 1:16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beroual, A., 1987, Phenomenes de propagation et de generation des streamers dans les dielectriques liquides en geometrie pointe-plan sous creneau de tension, Doctoral Thesis, Grenoble.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beroual, A., and Denat, A., 1987, fnalyse spectrale de la lumiere emise par les streamers dans les dielectriques liquides, C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beroual, A., and Tobazeon, R., 1985, Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids, Ann. Report. Conf. on Electr. Insul, and Dielectr. Phenomena, NAS-NRC, 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beroual, A., and Tobazeon, R., 1986, Prebreakdown phenomena in liquid dielectrics, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-21, 4:613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beroual, A., and Tobazeon, R., 1987, Propagation et generation des streamers dans les dielectriques liquides, Revue Phys. Appl., 22:189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bockris, J. O’M., and Reddy, A.K.N., 1970, “Modern electrochemistry”, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budenstein, P.P., 1980, On the mechanism of breakdown in solids, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-15, 3:225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadband, W.G., 1980, On variations in the propagation of positive discharges between transformer oil and silicone fluids, J. Phys. D:Appl. Phys., 13:1299.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadband, W. G., and Sufian, T.M., 1985, Experimental support for a model of positive streamers propagation in liquid insulation, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI 29, 2:239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadband, W.G., and Wright, G.T., 1965, Prebreakdown phenomena in the liquid dielectric hexane, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 16:305.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Denat, A., Gosse, J.P., and Gosse, B., 1987, Conduction du cyclohexane it tres pur en geometrie pointe-plan, Revue Phys. Appl., 22:162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derenzo, S.E., Hast, T.S., Zaklad, H. and Muller, R.A., 1974, Electron avalanches in liquid xenon, Phys. Rev., A9:2582.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Devins, J.D., Rzad, S.J. and Schwabe, R.J., 1981, Breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena in liquids, J. Appl. Phys., 52:4531.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dotoku, K., Yamada, H., Sakamoto, S., Noda, S., and Yoshida, H., 1978, Field emission into nonpolar liquids, J. Chem. Phys., 69:1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPRI Report, 1978, Uniform and non-uniform field electrical breakdown of naphthenic and paraffinic transformer oils, RP 562–1, Contract Nr CCR-78–07 (prepared by the General Electric Co.).

    Google Scholar 

  • EPRI Report, 1979, Study to determine the potential use of silicone fluids in transformers, HCP/T 2115, Contract Nr EX.76.C.01.2115, (prepared by the General Electric Co.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Felici, N.J., 1979, Bubbles, partial discharges and liquid breakdown, The Institute of Physics (GB), Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 48:181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felici, N.J., 1987, Liquides et gaz: les mecanismes de claquage sont-ils comparables? Revue Phys. Appl., 22:191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forster, E.O., and Wong, P., 1977, High speed laser schlieren studies of electrical breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-12, 6:435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forster, E.G., and Wong, P.P., 1980, The dynamics of electrical breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons. V: light emission processes, Conf. Rec. of the IEEE Intern. Symp. on Elec. Insul., Boston:222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, T.H., 1975, “Simple Dielectric Liquids”, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grey Morgan, C., 1978, Irradiation and time lags, in: “Electrical breakdown of gases”, Ch. 7, J.M. Meed and J.D. Craggs, eds., John-Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, B., and Gomer, R., 1969, Field emission in liquids, J. Chem. Phys., 51:1031 and 1048.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrold, R.T., 1974, A simple electronic technique for measuring streamer velocities in insulating liquid and gases, Ann. Rep. Conf. on Electr. Insul. and Dielectr. Phenomena, NAS-NRC, 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hizal, E.M., and Dincer, S., 1982, Breakdown time lags and prebreakdown phenomena in transformer oil, effects of hydrostatic pressure, J. Electrostatics, 12:333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosticka, C., 1979, Dependence of uniform/non-uniform field transformer oil breakdown on oil composition, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-14, 1:43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamata, Y., and Kako, Y., 1980, Flashover characteristics of extremely long gaps in transformer oil under non-uniform field conditions, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-15, 1:18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, K.C., and McMath, J.P.C., 1970, Time-dependent pressure effect in liquid dielectrics, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-15, 3:64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, E.F., and Hebner, R.E., 1981, The electric field distribution associated with prebreakdown phenomena in nitrobenzene, J. Appl. Phys., 52:191.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitani, I., and Arii, K., 1980, Impulse breakdown of polymer dielectrics in the ns range in divergent fields, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-15, 2:134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komel’kov, V.S., 1962, Development of a pulse discharge in liquids, Soviet Physics-Tech. Phys., 6:691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesaint, O., 1987, Claquage et preclaquage dans I’huile minerale sous tension alternatiye, Doctoral Thesis, Grenoble.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesaint, O., and Tobazeon, R., 1986, Prebreakdown phenomena in transformer oil under AC voltage, CIGRE Report, Working Group, 15–02, p. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T.J., 1959, The electric strength and high field conductivity of dielectric liquids, in: “Progress in Dielectrics”, Vol.1, J.B. Birks, ed., Heywood, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T.J., 1985, Electronic processes in dielectric liquids under incipient breakdown stress, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-20, 2:123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, T.W., and Anderson, J.G., 1953, Propagation mechanism of impulse corona and breakdown in oil, Trans. Amer. Inst. Engrs., 72, Ptl:641.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, P.B., and Marsden, H.I., 1986, DC-induced prebreakdown events in n-hexane, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-21, 4:669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenny, P.J., and McGrath, P.B., 1984, Anomalous positive point prebreakdown behavior in dielectric liquids, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-19, 2:93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikuradse, A., 1934, “Das Flüssige Dielektrikum”, Springer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raether, H., 1964, “Electron avalanches and breakdown in gases”, Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rzad, S.J., Devins, J.C., and Schwabe, R.J., 1979, Transient behavior in transformer oils: prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-14, 6:289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto, S., and Yamada, H., 1980, Optical study of conduction and breakdown in dielectric liquids, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-15, 3:171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W.F., 1984, Electronic conduction processes in dielectric liquids, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-19, 5:389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharbaugh, A.H., 1972, Mechanisms of electrical breakdown in dielectric liquids. Past, Present, and Future, Ann. Rep. Conf. on Elec. Insul, and Dielec. Phenomena, NAS-NRC, 427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharbaugh, A.H., Devins, J.C., and Rzad, S.J., 1978, Progress in the field of electric breakdown in dielectric liquids, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-13, 4:249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharbaugh, A.H., and Watson, P.K., 1962, Conduction and breakdown in liquid dielectrics, in: “Progress in Dielectrics”, Vol. 4, J.B. Birks, ed., Heywook, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharbaugh, A.H., and Watson, P.K., 1977, The electric strength of hexane vapor and liquid in the critical region, J Appl. Phys., 48:943.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibillot, P., and Coelho, R., 1974, Prebreakdown events in liquid nitrogen, J. Physique, 35:141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B., Chadband, W.G., Smith, C.W., and Calderwood, J.H., 1972, Prebreakdown processes in electrically stressed insulating liquids, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 5:1457.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stekol’nikov, I.S., and Ushakov, V.Ya., 1966, Discharge phenomena in liquids, Soviet Physics-Tech. Phys., 10:1307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, W.R.L., and Forster, E.O., 1975, Electrical conductance and breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons, Proc. of the 5th Conf. on Cond. and Breakd. in Diel. Liquids, J.M. Goldschwarz, ed., Delft University Press, Delft, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobazeon, R., 1986, Liquides dielectriques. Preclaquage et claquage, Techniques de I’Ingenieur, D 226, D227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, P.K., 1981, Electrohydrodynamic instabilities in the breakdown of point-plane gaps in insulating liquids, Ann. Rep, on Conf. on Elec. Ins. and Dielec. Phen., NAS-NRC, p. 370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, P.K., 1985, Electrostatic and hydrodynamic effects in the electrical breakdown of liquid dielectrics, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-20 2:395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita, H., and Amano, H., 1985, Prebreakdown current and light emission in transformer oil, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins. EI-20, 2:247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K., 1980, Dependance of dielectric breakdown of liquids on molecular structure, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-15, 3:186.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tobazéon, R.E. (1988). Streamers in Liquids. In: Kunhardt, E.E., Christophorou, L.G., Luessen, L.H. (eds) The Liquid State and Its Electrical Properties. NATO ASI Series, vol 193. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8023-8_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8023-8_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8025-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8023-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics