Skip to main content
  • 101 Accesses

Abstract

Photovoltaics deals with the conversion of sunlight directly into electrical energy. All of the photovoltaic devices (solar cells) that are discussed here are fabricated from various semiconductor materials. Photovoltaics is thus based on the fact that a solar photon has an energy hV, can generate electrical carriers in the semiconductor, and thus photocurrent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. K.W. Böer, Solar Energy 19, 525 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J.P. McKelvey, Solid State and Semiconductor Physics, Harper & Row (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  3. S.M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Wiley (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  4. E.S. Yang, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices, McGraw-Hill (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  5. R.A. Smith, Semiconductors, Cambridge University Press (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  6. M.P. Prince, Jour. Appl. Phys. 26, 534 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  7. C.D. Mathers, Jour. Appl. Phys. 48, 3181 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  8. A. van der Ziel, Solid State Physical Electronics, Prentice-Hall (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  9. A.G. Milnes and D.L. Feucht, Heterojunctions and Metal-Semiconductor Junctions, Academic Press (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  10. H.J. Hovel, Soler Cells, vol. 11 of Semiconductors and Semi-metals, W.Beer, ed., Academic Press (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  11. D.E. Carlson, IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev ED-24, 449 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  12. J.M. Woodall and H.J.Hovel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 30 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  13. J.N. Hartley and W.T.Pawlewicz, Proceedings of the DOE Photo-voltaics Program Semi-Annual Review (Oct. 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  14. R.J. Stirn and Y.C.M. Yeh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 27, 95 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. H.J. Hovel, IBM J. Res. Develop. 22, 112 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Allen Rothwarf, Technical Report IEC/PV/TR/76/5, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  17. A.M. Barnett et al., 13th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Washington, D.C. (1978) (p. 419 ).

    Google Scholar 

  18. J.L. Shay et al., 12th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Proceedings, p. 540 (1976)(IEEE - New York).

    Google Scholar 

  19. L.L. Kazmerski, Second Quarter Report, Grant AER 75-19576A01, University of Maine at Orono (April 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  20. L.C. Burton et al., 19th Annual Electronic Materials Conference, Cornell University (July 1, 1977 ).

    Google Scholar 

  21. C.Y. Wrigley, 12th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Proceedings, p. 343.

    Google Scholar 

  22. J.M. Woodall and H.J.Hovel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 492 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Reference 2. Also, S.Wagner et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 229 (1975); J.Shay et al., Jour. Appl. Phys. 47, 614 (1975); M.Bettini et al., Jour. Appl. Phys. 48, 1603 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  24. M.Bettini et al., Jour. Appl. Phys. 48, 1603 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Yoskikawa and Y. Sakia, Solid-State Electronics 20, 133 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J.L. Shay, S. Wagner and H.M. Casper, Appl. Phys. Lett. 27, 89 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. K. Yamaguchi et al., Japanese Jour. Appl. Phys. 16, 1203 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  28. K.S. Sree Harska et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 645 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J.B. DuBow, D.E. Burk and J.R. Sites, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 494 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. R.J. Stirn and Y.C.M. Yeh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 27, 95 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. L.C. Burton et al., Jour. Electrochem. Soc. 123, 1741 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. G. Haacke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 622 (1976); A.Nozik, Phys. Rev. B, 6, 453 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  33. A.G. Stanley, Appl. Sol. St. Sci. 5, 251 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  34. R. Hill, Chapter 10 in Active and Passive Thin Film Devices, T.J.Coutts, ed., Academic Press (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  35. A. Rothwarf, Technical Report 72-03478 76/1, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  36. L.R. Shiozawa et al., Aerospace Research Laboratories Report ARL 69-0155, Clevite Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  37. L.C. Burton, Standard Procedures for CdS-Cu2S Solar Cell Production, University of Delaware Internal Report, Newark, Delaware (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Reference 18, p. 526.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Reference 19, p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  40. A.G. Milnes and D.L. Feucht, Heterojunctions and Metal-Semiconductor Junctions, Academic Press (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  41. W. Palz et al., Proc. 10th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Palo Alto, CA (IEEE, New York, 1973 ).

    Google Scholar 

  42. T.M. Peterson, Ph.D. Thesis (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, 1975 ).

    Google Scholar 

  43. L.C. Burton and T.L. Hench, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 612 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Martinuzzi et al., Thin Solid Films 51, 211 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Final Report, NSF/RANN/AER 72-03478 FR/76, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  46. W.M. Kane et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 113, 136 (1966); D.Bonnet, Phys. stat, sol. (a) 11, K135 (1972); D.B.Fraser and H.D.Cook. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 11, 56 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Progress Report E (49-18) - 2538, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, p. 17 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  48. L.C. Burton et al., Proc. 12th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Baton Rouge, LA (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  49. A. Rothwarf, Technical Reports NSF/RANN/SE/GI 34872 A03/TR 75/4 and TR 76/1, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1975 and 1976 respectively).

    Google Scholar 

  50. T.S. teVelde, Proc. 8th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Seattle, WA (1970); Energy Conversion 15, 111 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  51. W. DeVaney, S. Lorentz and J. Meakin, Proc. Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop, Baton Rouge, LA (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Reference 31,p. 18.

    Google Scholar 

  53. K.L. Chopra et al., phys. stat. sol. (a) 45, 665 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. L.C. Burton et al., Jour. Elec. Mater. 7, 159 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. B. Baron et al., Technical Report IEC/PV/TR/78/6, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  56. T.S. teVelde and J. Dieleman, Philips Res. Reports. 28, 573 (1973); R.Hill, Chapter 10 of Active and Passive Thin Film Devices, T.J.Coutts, ed. ( Academic Press, 1978 ).

    Google Scholar 

  57. A. Rothwarf, Technical Report NSF/RANN/AER 72-03478 A03/TR 75/3, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1975); A.Rothwarf, Technical Report NSF/RANN/SE/61 34784 A04/TR 76/1, University of Delaware (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Final Report, NSF/RANN/AER 72-03478 A04 FR76, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (March 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. Bougnot et al., International Workshop on CdS Solar Cells, University of Delaware, (1975) (proc. p. 337).

    Google Scholar 

  60. K. Okamoto and S. Kawai, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 12, 1130 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. T.S. teVelde, Sol. St. Electron. 16, 1305 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. K.W. Böer, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 49, 455 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Final Report, E(49-18) - 2538 FR77, Institute of Energy Conver-sion, University of Delaware (1977) (p. 15 ); L.C.Burton, Univ. of Delaware Memorandum (September 1978 ).

    Google Scholar 

  64. N. Romeo et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 807 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Y. Sakurai et al., Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 2115 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. R.H. Bube et al., Jour. Appl. Phys. 48, 3162 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. L.C. Burton, D. Dwight and M. Zeller, Photovoltaic Materials and Device Workshop, Arlington, VA (June 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  68. D.E. Carlson and C.R. Wronski, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 671 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. C.R. Wronski, IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev. ED-24, 351 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  70. J.L. Shay and J.H. Wernick, Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors, Pergamon Press (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  71. M.A. Littlejohn, ERDA National Solar Photovoltaic Program Review Meeting (CONF 760837-P2), p. 890 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  72. J.L. Shay et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 31 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. J. C. Mikkelson and H. Kildal, Jour. Appl. Phys. 49, 426 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. W.R. Runyan, Semiconductor Measurements and Instrumentation, McGraw Hill (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  75. L. Marton, Methods of Experimental Phyvics, vol. 6, Solid State Physics, Academic Press (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  76. H.W. Brandhorst, ERDA/NASA Report 1022/76/8, Lewis Research Centre, Cleveland, Ohio (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  77. A. Rothwarf and H.C. Hadley, Jr., Technical Report NSF/RANN 72-03478 TR 75/2, Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  78. E.S.Yang, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices, McGraw-Hill (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  79. J.J. Oakes et al., Journ. Appl. Phys. 48, 2548 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. S.M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Wiley-Interscience (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  81. O.S. Heavens, Optical Properties of Thin Solid Films, Dover (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  82. J.I. Pankove, Optical Processes in Semiconductors, PrenticeHall (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  83. W. Devaney et al., Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop Proceedings, Baton Rouge, LA (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  84. L.J. vander Pauw, Philips Res. Rept. 13, 1 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  85. L.C. Burton and H.M. Windawi. Jour. Appl. Phys. 47, 4621 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. L.C. Burton et al., Jour. Electrochem. Soc. 123, 1741 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. E.D. Stokes and T.L.Chu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 425 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. L.C. Burton et al., Photovoltaic Materials and Device Measurement Workshop Proceedings, Arlington, VA (June 1979).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burton, L.C. (1980). Photovoltaics. In: Riazuddin (eds) Physics and Contemporary Needs. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7624-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7624-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7626-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7624-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics