Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action

  • Chapter
Molecular Aspects of Monooxygenases and Bioactivation of Toxic Compounds

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series ((NSSA,volume 202))

  • 160 Accesses

Abstract

In general, specific genes are expressed in a temporal or tissuespecific manner or are regulated in response to extracellular signals (Mitchell and Tjian, 1989). Steroid hormones constitute one such group of extracellular signals that regulate the expression of certain genes by interacting with intracellular receptor proteins. These receptors belong to a family of ligand-activated enhancer-binding proteins i.e. the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor super-family, that also includes receptors for retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and some yet unidentified ligands (Evans, 1988).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akerblom, I.E., Slater, E.P., Beato, M., Baxter, J.D., and Mellon P.L., 1988, Negative regulation by glucocorticoids through interference with a cAMP responsive enhancer. Science, 241:350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beato, M., 1989, Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell, 56:335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, P.B., Gloss, B., Schmid, W., Strähle, U., and Schütz, G., 1986, In vivo protein-DNA interactions in a glucocorticoid response element require the presence of the hormone. Nature, 324:686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, J.M., 1989, DNA binding specificity of steroid receptors. Cell, 57:1065.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkenstam, A., Glaumann, H., and Gustafsson, J-Å., 1988, Unspecific and sequence-specific deoxyribonucleic acid binding of the partially purified human progesterone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol., 2:571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkenstam, A., Glaumann, H., Martin, M., Gustafsson, J-Å., and Norstedt, G., 1989, Hormonal regulation estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in T47DCO and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol. Endocrinol., 3:22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkenstam, A., 1989, PhD thesis, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, M.L., and Shapiro, D.J., 1983, Estrogen stabilizes vitellogenin mRNA against cytoplasmic degradation. Cell, 34:207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buratowski, S., Hahn, S., Sharp, P.A., and Guarente, L., 1988, Function of a yeast TATA element-binding protein in a mammalian transcription system. Nature, 334:2148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstedt-Duke, J., Strömstedt, P-E., Wränge, Ö., Bergman, T., Gustafsson, J-Å., and Jörnvall, H., 1987, Domain structure of the glucocorticoid receptor protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:4437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstedt-Duke, J., Strömstedt, P-E., Persson, B., Cederlund, E., Gustafsson, J-Å., and Jörnvall, H., 1988, Identification of hormone-interacting amino acid residues within the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in relation to other steroid hormone receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 263:6842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstedt-Duke, J., Strömstedt, P-E., Dahlman, K., Rae, C., Berkenstam, A., Hapgood, J., Jörnvall, H., and Gustafsson, J-Å., 1989, Structural analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor protein, in: “The steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family and gene regulation”, Carlstedt-Duke, J., Eriksson, H., and Gustafsson, J-Å., ed., Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, M.A., Tsai, M-J., Conneely, O.M., Maxwell, B.L., Clark, J.H., Dobson, A.D.W., Elbrecht, A., Toft, D.O., Schrader, W.T., and O’Malley, B.W., 1987, Structure-function properties of the chicken progesterone receptor A synthesized from complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Mol. Endocrinol., 1:791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cato, A.C.B., Henderson, D., and Ponta, H., 1986, The hormone response element of the mouse mammary tumor virus DNA mediates the progestin and androgen induction of transcription in the proviral long terminal repeat region. EMBO J., 6:363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalepakis, G., Arnemann, J., Slater, E., Brüller, H-J., Gross, B., and Beato, M., 1988, Differential gene activation by glucocorticoids and progestin through the hormone regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus. Cell, 53:371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, V.L., Maler, B.A., and Yamamoto, K.R., 1983, DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo. Cell, 33:489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleat, P.H., and Hay, R.T., 1989, Co-operative interactions between NFI and the adenovirus DNA binding protein at the adenovirus origin of replication. EMBO J., 8:1841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P.W., Swanson, K.T., Edwards, C.P., and Firestone, G.L., 1988, Glucocorticoid receptor-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation in dexamethasone-resistant and hypersensitive rat hepatoma cell variants. Mol. Cell. Biol., 8:1449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordingley, M.G., Täte Riegel, A., and Hager, G.L., 1987, Steroid-dependent interaction of transcription factors with the inducible promoter of mouse mammary tumor virus in vivo. Cell, 48:261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danielsen, M., Hinck, L., and Ringold, G.M., 1989, Two amino acids within the knuckle of the first zinc finger specify DNA response element activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell, 57:1131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darbre, P.D., and King, R.J.B., 1987, Progression to steroid insensitivity can occur irrespective of the presence of functional steroid receptors. Cell, 51:521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denis, M., Poellinger, L., Wikström, A-C., and Gustafsson, J-Å., 1988, Requirement of hormone for thermal conversion of the glucocorticoid receptor to a DNA-binding state. Nature, 333:686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, R.L., Mullick, A., Rorke, E.A., and Katzenellenbogen, B.S., 1984, Estrogen receptor synthesis and turnover in MCF-7 breast cancer cells measured by a density shift technique. Endocrinology, 114:629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eul, J., Meyer, M.E., Tora, L., Bocquel, M.T., Quirin-Stricker, C., Chambon, P., and Gronemeyer, H., 1989, Expression of active hormone and DNA-binding domains of the chicken progesterone receptor in E. coli. EMBO J., 8:83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R.M., 1988, The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science, 240:889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, L.P., Luisi, B.F., Korzun, Z.R., Basavappa, R., Sigler, P.B., and Yamamoto, K.R., 1988, The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain. Nature, 334:543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, L.P., Yoshinaga, S.K., Vanderbilt, J.N., and Yamamoto, K.R., 1989, In vitro transcription enhancement by purified derivatives of the glucocorticoid receptor. Science, 245:298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, U., Mugele, K., and Ulrich, J., 1984, Cellular receptor levels and glucocorticoid responsiveness of lymphoma cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 36:107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giguère, V., Hollenberg, S.M., Rosenfeld, M.G., and Evans, R.M., 1986, Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell, 46:645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giguère, V., Yang, N., Segui, P., and Evans, R.M., 1988, Identification of a new class of steroid hormone receptors. Nature, 331:91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S., Walter, P., Kumar, V., Krust, A., Bornert, J-M., Argos, P., and Chambon, P., 1986, Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature, 320:134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S. and Chambon, P., 1987, Oestradiol induction of a glucocorticoid-responsive gene by chimaeric receptor. Nature, 325–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, S. and Chambon, P., 1988a, Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation. Trends in Genet., 4:309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, S., Kumar, V., Theulaz, I., Wahli, W., and Chambon, P., 1988b, The N-terminal DNA-binding “zink finger” of the oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors determines target gene specificity. EMBO J., 7:3037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gronemeyer, H., and Pongs, O., 1980, Localization of ecdysterone on polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:2108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gronemeyer, H., Turcotte, B., Quirin-Stricker, C., Bocquel, M.T., Meyer, M.E., Krozowski, Z., Jeltsch, J.M., Lerouge, T., Gamier, J.M., and Chambon, P., 1987, The chicken progesterone receptor: sequence, expression and functional analysis. EMBO J., 6:3985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guiochon-Mantel, A., Loosfelt, H., Lescop, P., Sar, S., Atger, M., Perrot-Applanat, M., and Milgrom, E., 1989, Mechanisms of nuclear localization of the progesterone receptor: evidence for interaction between monomers. Cell, 57:1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J.C., and Gorski, J., 1988, Hormone-dependent and hormone-independent conformational transitions of the estrogen receptor, in: “Steroid receptors in health and disease”, V.K., Moudgil, ed., Plenum Press, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, A., Berkenstam, A., Strömstedt, P-E., Gustafsson, J-Å., Sippel, A.E., 1988, A progesterone responsive element maps to the far upstream steroid dependent DNase hypersensitive site of chicken lysozyme chromatin. EMBO J., 7:2063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollenberg, S.M., and Evans, R.M., 1988, Multiple and cooperative trans-activation domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell, 55:899.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, K.B., Mockus, M.B., Pike, A.W., Fennessey, P.V., and Sheridan, R.L., 1983, Progesterone receptor replenishment in T47D human breast cancer cells. J. Biol.Chem., 258:7603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, K.B. and Alexander, P.S., 1983, In situ photolinked nuclear progesterone receptors of human breast cancer cells: subunit molecular weight after transformation and translocation. Endocrinology, 113:2195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantzen, H-M., Strähle, U., Gloss, B., Stewart, F., Schmid, W., Boshart, M., Miksicek, R., and Schütz, G., 1987, Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cell, 49:29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klock, G., Strähle, U., and Schütz, G., 1987, Oestrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements are closely related but distinct. Nature, 329, 734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klug, A., and Rhodes, D., 1987, “Zinc fingers”: a novel protein motif for nucleic acid recognition. Trends Biochem. Sci., 12:464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., Green, S., Stack, G., Berry, M., Jin, J-R., and Chambom, P., 1987, Functional domains of the huamn estrogen receptor. Cell, 51:941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., and Chambon, P., 1988, The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell, 55:145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mader, S., Kumar, V., de Verneuil, H., and Chambon, P., 1989, Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Nature, 338:271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maniatis, T., Goodbourn, S., and Fischer, J.A., 1987, Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science, 236:1237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, R.A., and Notides, A.C., 1987, Identification of an estrogen-responsive element from the 5′-flanking region of the rat prolactin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7:4247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mclntyre, W.R. and Samuels H.H., 1985, Triamcinolone acetonide regulates glucocorticoid-receptor levels by decreasing the half-life of the activated nuclear-receptor form. J. Biol. Chem., 260:418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, D., White, J.H., and Chambon, P., 1988, The human estrogen receptor functions in yeast. Nature, 334:31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M-E., Gronemeyer, H., Turcotte, B., Bocquel, M-T., Tasset, D., and Chambon, P., 1989, Steroid hormone receptors compete for factors that mediate their enhancer function. Cell, 57:433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J., McLachlan, A.D., and Klug, A., 1985, Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. EMBO J., 4, 1609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P.J., and Tjian, R., 1989, Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Science, 245:371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyajima, N., Kadowaki, Y., Fukushige, S, Shimizu, S., Semba, K., Yamanishi, Y., Matsubara, K, Toyoshima, K., Yamamoto, T., 1988, Identification of two novel members of the erbA superfamily by molecular cloning: the gene products of the two are highly related to each other. Nucleic Acids Res., 16:11057.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullick, A., and Katzenellenbogen, B.S., 1986, Progesterone receptor synthesis and degradation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells as studied by dense amino acid incorporation. J. Biol. Chenu, 261:13236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okret, S., Poellinger, L., Dong, Y., and Gustafsson, J-Å., 1986, Downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by glucocorticoid hormones and recognition by the receptor of a specific binding sequence within a receptor cDNA clone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:5859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ondek, B., Gloss, L., and Herr, W., 1988, The SV40 enhancer contains two distinct levels of organization. Nature, 333:40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overhauser, J., Fan, H., 1985, Generation of glucocorticoid-responsive moloney murine leukemia virus by insertion of regulatory sequences from murine mammary tumor virus into the long terminal repeat. Mol. Cell. Biol., 54:133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payvar, F., DeFranco, D., Firestone, G.L., Edgar, B., Wränge, Ö., Okret, S., Gustafsson, J-Å., and Yamamoto, K., 1983, Sequence-specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell, 35:381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poellinger, L., Yoza, B.K., and Roeder, R.G., 1989, Functional cooperativity between protein molecules bound at two distinct sequence elements of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain promoter. Nature, 337:573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponglikitmongkol, M., Green, S., and Chambon, P., 1988, Genomic organization of the human oestrogen receptor gene. EMBO J., 7:3385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, W.B., Jolly, D.J., Pratt, D.V., Hollenberg, S.M., Giguere, V., Capedon, F.M., Schweizer-Groyer, G., Catelli, M.G., Evans, R.M., and Baulieu, E.E., 1988, A region in the steroid binding domain determines formation of the non-DNA-binding, 9S glucocorticoid receptor complex. J. Biol. Chem., 2 63:267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ptashne, M., 1988, How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature, 335:683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabindran, S.K., Danielsen, M., and Stallcup, M.R., 1987, Glucocorticoid-resistant lymphoma cell variants that contain functional glucocorticoid receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7:4211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renkawitz, R., Schütz, G., von der Ahe, D., and Beato, M., 1984, Sequences in the promoter region of the chicken lysozyme gene required for steroid regulation and receptor binding. Cell, 37:503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, M., 1988, Homeo boxes, pou proteins and the limits to promiscuity. Nature, 336:522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusconi, S., amd Yamamoto, K., 1987, Functional dissektion of the hormone and DNA binding activities of the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J., 6:1309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabbah, M., Redeuilh, G., and Baulieu, E., 1989, Subunit composition of the estrogen receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 264:2397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saceda, M., Lippman, M.E., Chambon, P., Lindsey; R.L., Ponglikitmongkol, M., Puente, M., and Martin, M.B., 1988, Regulation of estrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells by estradiol. Mol. Endocrinol., 2:1157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schena, M., and Yamamoto, K.R., 1988, Mammalian glucocorticoid receptor derivatives enhance transcription in yeast. Science, 241:965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, W., Strähle, U., Schütz, G., Schmitt, J., and Stunnenberg, H., 1989, Glucocorticoid receptor binds cooperatively to adjacent recognition sites. EMBO J., 8:2257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, T.J. and Litwack G., 1982, Activation of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex. Physiological Rev., 62:1131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrader, W.T., and O’Malley, B., 1972, Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. J. Biol. Chem., 247:51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schüle, R., Müller, M., Kaltschmidt, C., and Renkawitz, R., 1988, Many transcriptional factors interact synergistically with steroid receptors. Science, 242:1418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sehgal, A., Patil, N., and Chao, M., 1988, A constitutive promoter directs expression of the nerve growth factor receptor gene. Mol. Cell. Biol., 8:3160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sippel, A.E., Theisen, M., Borgmeyer, U., Strech-Jurk, U., Rupp, R.A.W. Püschel, A.W. Müller, A., Hecht, A., Stief, A., and Grussenmeyer, T., 1988, Regulatory function and molecular structure of DNasel-hypersensitive elements in the chromatin domain of a gene, in: “Architecture of eukaryotic genes”, Kahl, G., ed., VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, E.P., Cato, A.C.B., Karin, M., Baxter, J.D., and Beato, M., 1988, Progesterone induction of metallothionein-IIA gene expression. Mol. Endocrinol., 2:485.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speck, N.A. and Baltimore, D., 1987, Six distinct factors interact with the 75-base-pair repeat of the moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7:110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strähle, U., Klock, G., and Schütz, G., 1987, A DNA sequence of 15 base pairs is sufficient to mediate both glucocorticoid and progesterone induction of gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84:7871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strähle, U., Schmid, W., and Schütz, G., 1988, Synergistic action of the glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. EMBO J., 7:3389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svec, F. and Rudis, M., 1981, Glucocorticoids regulate the glucocorticoid receptor in the AtT-20 cell. J. Biol. Chem., 256:5984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, S.M., and Rose, C., 1986, Oestrogen and progesterone receptor determinations in breast cancer: technology and biology. Cancer Surveys, 5:505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tora, L., Gronemeyer, H., Turcotte, B., Gaub, M-P., and Chambon, P., 1988, The N-terminal region of the chicken progesterone receptor specifies target gene activation. Nature, 333:185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tora, L., Mullick, A., Metzger, D., Ponglikitmongkol, M., Park, I., and Chambon, P., 1989, The cloned human oestrogen receptor contains a mutation which alters its hormone binding properties. EMBO J., 8:1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, S.Y., Carlstedt-Duke, J., Weigel, N.L., Dahlman, K., Gustafsson, J-Å., Tsai, M-J., and O’Malley, B.W., 1988, Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: evidence for receptor dimer formation. Cell, 57:361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umesono, K. and Evans, R., 1989, Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors. Cell, 57:1139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von der Ahe, D., Janich, S., Scheidereit, C., Renkawitz, R., Schütz, G., and Beato, M., 1985, Glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors bind to the same sites in two hormonally regulated promoters. Nature, 313:706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von der Ahe, D., Renoir, J-M., Buchou, T., Baulieu, E-E., and Beato, M., 1986, Receptors for glucocorticosteroid and progesterone recognize distinct features of a DNA regulatory element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:2817.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, S.D., Schlokat, U. and Gruss, P., 1986, Trends Biochem. Sci., 11, 287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, M.R., 1985, Steroid hormone receptors and the nucleus. Endocrine Rev., 6:512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L-H., Tsai, S.Y., Cook, R.G., Beatti, W.G.B., Tsai, M-J., and O’Malley, B., 1989, COUP transcription factor is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Nature, 349:163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, N.J.G., Green, S., Taset, D., Ponglikitmongkol, M., and Chambon, P., 1989, The transcriptional activation function located in the hormone-binding domain of the human oestrogen receptor is not encoded in a single exon. EMBO J., 8:1441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, L.L., Krett, N.L., Francis, M.D., Gordon, D.F., Wood, W.M., O’Malley, B.W., and Horwitz, K.B., 1988, Multiple human progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acids and their autoregulation by progestin agonists and antagonists in breast cancer cells. Mol. Endocrinol., 2:62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wrange, Ö., Eriksson, P., and Perlman, T., 1989, The purified activated glucocorticoid receptor is a homodimer. J. Biol. Chem., 2 64:5253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, K.C. and Pfahl, M., 1988, Variable responsiveness of hormone-inducible hybrid genes in different cell lines. Mol. Endocrinol., 2:1294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, K.R., Gehring, U., Stampfer, M.R., Sibley, C.H., 1976, Genetic approaches to steroid hormone action. Rec. Prog. Hormone Res. 32:3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi-Li, Y., Jin-Xing, T., and Ren-Bao, X., 1989, Down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the induction of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase. J. Steroid Biochem., 32:99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Nutrition Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital F60 Novum, S-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden

    Anders Berkenstam & Jan-Ake Gustafsson

Authors
  1. Anders Berkenstam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jan-Ake Gustafsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Emel Arinç

  2. University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA

    John B. Schenkman

  3. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

    Ernest Hodgson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berkenstam, A., Gustafsson, JA. (1991). Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action. In: Arinç, E., Schenkman, J.B., Hodgson, E. (eds) Molecular Aspects of Monooxygenases and Bioactivation of Toxic Compounds. NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series, vol 202. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7284-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7284-4_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7286-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7284-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation