Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 107))

Abstract

Styrene, also known as vinylbenzene, cinnamene, phenylethylene, and ethenylbenzene, is used in plastics. Its structure and properties are shown in Table 1. Styrene is produced primarily from dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. In 1982, U.S. production of styrene totaled 5.9 billion lb (2.7 billion kg).

Based on USEPA (1988)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • ACGIH (1981) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs —Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment with intended changes for 1981. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH, p 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • ACGIH (1982) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs —Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment with intended changes for 1982. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH, p 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal AK, Srivastava SP, Seth PK (1982) Effect of styrene on dopamine receptors. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29 (4): 400–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boland PA° (1981) National screening program for organics in drinking water. EPA contract 68–01–4666. Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International. USEPA Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter CP, Shaffer CB, Weil CS, Smyth HF (1944) Studies on the inhalation of 1,3-butadiene with a comparison to its narcotic effect with benzol, toluol and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 26 (3): 69–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das M, Dixit R, Mushtaq M, Srivastava SP, Seth PK (1981) Effect of styrene on hepatic mixed function oxidases, glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 4 (3): 219–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Meester C, Poncelet F, Roberfroid M, Rondelet J, Mercier M (1977) Mutagenicity of styrene and styrene oxide. Mutat Res 56 (2): 147–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Meester C, Durverger-Van Bogaert M, Lambotte-Vandepaer M, Mercier M, Poncelet F (1981) Mutagenicity of styrene in the Salmonella typhimurium test system. Chem Biol Interact 20 (2): 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowty BJ, Laseter JL, Storer J (1976) Transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents. Pediatr Res 10: 696–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiserova-Bergerova V, Teisinger J (1965) Pulmonary styrene vapor retention. Ind Med Surg 34: 620–622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamberale F, Hultengren M (1974) Exposure to styrene. II. Psychological functions. Work Environ Hlth 11 (2): 86–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansch C, Leo AJ (1979) Substituent constants for correlation analysis in chemistry and biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemminki K, Franssila E, Vainio H (1980) Spontaneous abortion among female chemical workers in Finland. Int Arch Occup Hlth 45: 123–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg PC (1977) Central nervous defects in two children of mothers exposed to chemicals in the reinforced plastics industry. Scand J Work Environ Hlth 5: 333–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1987) International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity and updating of IARC monographs. Vol 1–42, suppl 7. IARC, Lyon, France, p 345–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1985) International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic nsk of chemicals to humans: Alkyl compounds, aldehydes, epoxides, and peroxides. Vol 36. IARC, Lyon, France, pp 245–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jersey G, Balmer M, Quast J, Park CN, Schuetz DJ, Beyer JE, Olson KJ, McCollister SB, Rampy LW (1978) Two-year chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity study on monomeric styrene in rats. Dow Chemical Study for Manufacturing Chemical Association. December 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis Pi, Hagopian C, Koch P (1983) Styrene. In: Grayson M and Eckroth D (eds) Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical toxicology, Vol 21. 3rd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY. pp 770–801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lijinsky W (1986) Rat and mouse forestomach tumors induced by chronic oral administration of styrene. J Natl Cancer Inst 77 (2): 471–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maltoni C, Failla G, Kassapidis G (1979) First experimental demonstration of the carcinogenic effects of styrene oxide: Long-term bioassays on Sprague-Dawley rats by oral administration. Med Lay 70 (50): 358–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maltoni C, Cilberti A, Carnetti D (1982) Experimental contnbutions in identifying brain potential carcinogens in the petrochemical industry. Ann New York Acad Sci 381: 216–249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMichael AJ, Spirtas R, Gamble JF, Tousey PM (1976) Mortality among rubber workers: Relationship to specific jobs. J Occup Med 18: 178–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinhardt T, Young R, Hartle R (1978) Epidemiologic investigations of styrene-butadiene rubber production and reinforced plastic production. Scand J Work Environ Hlth 8 (4). 250–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray FJ, John JA, Haberstoh HD, et al. (1976) Teratologic evaluation of styrene monomers administered rats by gavage. Dow Chemical Study for Manufacturing Chemical Association. August 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray FJ, John JA, Balmer MF, Schwetz BA (1978) Teratologic evaluation of styrene given to rats and rabbits by inhalation or by gavage. Toxicology 11 (4): 335–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NCI (1979) National Cancer Institute. Bioassay of styrene for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute carcmogenesis technical report series no. 185. NCI, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • NIOSH (1983) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a recommended standard… occupational exposure to styrene. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), NIOSH Publication no. 83–119. US DHHS, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odkvist LM, Larsby B, Tham R, Ahlfeldt H, Anderson B, Eriksson B, Liedgren SRC (1982) Vestibulo-oculomotor disturbances in humans exposed to styrene. Acta Oto-Laryngol 94 (5–6): 487–493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuji M, Ikeda M (1971) Metabolism of styrene in the rat and the stimulatory effect of phenobarbital Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 18 (2): 321–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, Harris BSH, Waddell RD, Whitaker DA, Erickson MD (1982) Purgeable organic compounds in mother’s milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28 (3): 322–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plotnick HB, Weigel WW (1979) Tissue distribution and excretion of 14C-styrene in male and female rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 24 (3): 515–524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponomarkov VI, Tomatis L (1978) Effects of long-term oral administration of styrene to mice and rats. Scand J Work Environ Hlth 4 (Supplement 2): 127–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponomarkov V, Cabral J, Wahrendorf J, Galendo D (1984) A carcinogenicity study of styrene-7,8-oxide in rats. Cancer Lett 24: 95–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quast JF, Kalvins RP, Olson KJ, et al. (1978) Results of a toxicity study in dogs and teratogenicity studies in rabbits and rats administered monomeric styrene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45: 293–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quast JF, Humiston CG, Kalvins RV, Olson KJ, McCollister SB, Wade CE, Beyer JE, Schwetz BA (1979) Results of a toxicity study of monomeric styrene administered to beagle dogs by oral intubation for 19 months. Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI. Final report. Submitted to USEPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JC, Young JD (1978) Pharmacokinetics of inhaled styrene in rats and humans. Scand J Work and Hlth 4 (Supplement 2): 84–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JC and Young JD (1980) Comparative pharmacokinetics of inhaled styrene in rats and humans. In: Proceedings 10th conference on environmental toxicology. November, 1979. AFAMRL-TR-79–121. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH. pp 103–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey JC, Young JD, Karbowski RJ, Chenoweth MB, McCarty LP, Braun WH (1980) Pharmacokinetics of inhaled styrene in human volunteers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 53 (1): 54–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sikov MR, Cannon WC, Carr DB, Miller RA, Montgomery LF, Phelps DW (1981) Teratologic assessment of butylene oxide, styrene oxide and methyl bromide. Study performed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, for National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Biochemical and Behavioral Science, Experimental Toxicology Branch, Washington, DC. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (NIOSH) Publication no. 81–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith AH, Ellis L (1977) Styrene butadiene rubber synthetic plants and leukemia (letter to the editor). J Occup Med 19 (7): 441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer HC, Irish DD, Adams EM, Rowe VK (1942) The response of laboratory animals to monomeric styrene. J Ind Toxicol 24 (10): 295–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava SP, Das M, Mushtaq M, Chandra SV, Seth PK (1982) Hepatic effects of orally administered styrene in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2 (4): 219–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart RD, Dodd HC, Baretta ED, Schaffer AW (1968) Human exposure to styrene vapor. Arch Environ Hlth 16 (5): 656–662.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teramoto K, Horiguchi S (1979) Absorption, distribution and elimination of styrene in man and experimental animals. Arch Hig Rada Toksikol 30 (Supplement): 431–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1988) Draft health effects criteria document for styrene. USEPA Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1986) Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Fed Regis 51(185): 3399234003. September 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1985a) Method 503. 1. Volatile aromatic organic compounds in water by purge and trap gas chromatography. USEPA Environmental Monitonng and Support Laboratory (EMSL), Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1985b) Method 524. 1. Volatile organic compounds in water by purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. USEPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory (EMSL), Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA(1985c) Draft technologies and costs for removal of synthetic organic chemicals from potable water supplies. USEPA Science and Technology Branch, Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water (ODW), Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vainio H, Paakonen R, Ronnholm K, Raunio V, Pelkonen 0 (1976) A study on the mutagenic activity of styrene and styrene oxide. Scand J Work Environ 3: 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Withey JR, Collins PG (1977) Pharmacokinetics and distnbution of styrene monomer in rats after intravenous administration. J Toxicol Environ Hlth 3 (5–6): 1011–1120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Withey JR, Collins PG (1979) The distribution and pharmacokinetics of styrene monomer in rats by the pulmonary route. J. Environ Pathol Toxicol 2 (6): 1329–1342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf MA, Rowe VK, McColhster DD, Hollingsworth RL, Oyen F (1956) Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. Arch Ind Hlth 14: 387–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ware, G.W. (1988). Styrene. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 107. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7083-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7083-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7085-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7083-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics