Abstract
Human biologists usually apply the term “maturity” to level of maturity; that is, the extent to which an individual, or a group of individuals, has proceeded towards adulthood. Therefore, maturation is a particular type of development: development that proceeds to the same end point in all individuals. In this sense, measures relative to adult size for the same individual, for example, present stature as a percentage of actual or predicted adult stature, are measures of maturity. The measurement of skeletal maturity is based on the recognition of maturity indicators; these are visible changes or stages that occur during maturation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott, O. D., Townsend, R. O., French, R. B., and Ahmann, C. F., 1950, Carpal and epiphysial development. Another index of nutritional status of rural school children, Am. J. Dis. Child., 79: 69.
Acheson, R. M., 1954, A method of assessing skeletal maturity from radiographs. A report from the Oxford Child Health Survey, J. Anat. (London), 88: 498.
Acheson, R. M., 1957, The Oxford method of assessing skeletal maturity, Clin. Orthop., 10: 19.
Acheson, R. M., 1966, Maturation of the skeleton, in: “Human Development,” F. Falkner, ed., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Acheson, R. M., Fowler, G., Fry, E. I., Janes, M., Koski, K., Urbano, P., and Van der Werff Ten Bosch, J. J., 1963, Studies in the reliability of assessing skeletal maturity from X-rays. Greulich-Pyle Atlas, Part I, Hum. Biol., 35: 317.
Akerlund, A., 1918, Entwicklungsreihen in Röntgenbildern von Hand, Fuss and Ellenbogen in Mädchenund Knabenalter, Fortschr. auf dem Gebiete der Roentgenstrahlen, 33: 1.
Anderson, M., Green, W. T., and Messner, M. B., 1963, Growth and predictions of growth in the lower extremities, J. Bone Joint Surg., 45A:l.
Baer, M. J., and Durkatz, J., 1957, Bilateral asymmetry in skeletal maturation of hand and wrist: roentgenographic analysis, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 15: 181.
Bailey, J. A., 1971, Forms of dwarfism recognizable at birth, Clin. Orthop., 76: 150.
Baldwin, B. T., Busby, L. M., and Garside, H. V., 1928, “Anatomic Growth of Children. A Study of Some Bones of the Hand, Wrist and Lower Forearm by Means of Roentgenograms,” University of Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, No. 40.
Bayer, L. M., and Newell, R. R., 1940, The assessment of skeletal development of the hand and knee between the ages of 8 and 14 years, Endocrinology, 26: 779.
Birnbaum, A., 1968, Some latent trait models and their use in inferring an examinee’s ability, in: “Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores,” F. M. Lord and M. R. Novick, eds., Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Carter, T. M., 1923, “A study of radiographs of the bones of the wrist as a means of determining anatomical age,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, Dept. Educ., University of Chicago.
Carter, T. M., 1926, Technique and devices used in radiographic study of the wrist bones of children, J. Educ. Psychol., 17: 237.
Christ, H. H., 1961, A discussion of causes of error in the determination of chronological age in children by means of x-ray studies of carpal-bone development, South Afr. Med. J., 35: 854.
Clarke, H. H., and Hayman, N. R., 1962, Reduction of bone assessments necessary for the skeletal age determination of boys, Res. Quar., 33: 202.
Crampton, C. W., 1908, Physiological age-a fundamental principle, Am. Phys. Educ. Rev., 13, reprinted in Child Dev., 1944, 15: 3.
Dreizen, S., Snodgrasse, R. M., Webb-Peploe, H., Parker, G. S., and Spies, T. D., 1957, Bilateral symmetry of skeletal maturation in human hand and wrist, Am. J. Dis. Child., 93: 122.
Elgenmark, O., 1946, The normal development of the ossific centres during infancy and childhood. A clinical roentgenologic and statistical study, Acta Paed., 33: Suppl. 1.
Flecker, H., 1932, Roentgenographic observations of the times of appearance of epiphyses and their fusion with the diaphyses, J. Anat., 67: 118.
Flory, C. D., 1936, Osseous development in the hand as an index of skeletal development, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 1(3):l.
Freeman, F. N., and Carter, T. M., 1924, A new measure of the development of the carpal bones and its relation to physical and mental development, J. Educ. Psychol., 15: 257.
Garn, S. M., and Rohmann, C. G., 1959, Communalities of the ossification centers of the hand and wrist, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 17: 319.
Garn, S. M., and Rohmann, C. G., 1960, Variability in the order of ossification of the bony centers of the hand and wrist, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 18: 219.
Garn, S. M., Rohmann, C. G., and Robinow, M., 1961, Increments in hand-wrist ossification, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 19: 45.
Garn, S. M., Silverman, F. N., and Rohmann, C. G., 1964, A rational approach to the assessment of skeletal maturation, Ann. Radiol., 7: 297.
Garn, S. M., Rohmann, C. G., and Blumenthal, T., 1966, Ossification sequence polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in skeletal development, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 24: 101.
Garn, S. M., Rohmann, C. G., and Silverman, F. N., 1967, Radiographic standards for postnatal ossification and tooth calcification, Med. Radiogr. Photogr., 43: 45.
Garn, S. M., Rohmann, C. G., Blumenthal, T., and Silverman, F. N., 1967a, Ossification communalities of the hand and other body parts: Their implication to skeletal assessment, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 27: 75.
Garn, S. M., Poznanski, A. K., and Larson, K. E., 1975, Magnitude of sex differences in dichotomous ossification sequences of the hand and wrist, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 42: 85.
Gates, A. I., 1924, The nature and educational significance of physical status and of mental, physiological, social and emotional maturity, J. Educ. Psychol., 15: 329.
Greulich, W., and Pyle, S. I., 1950, “Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist,” Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.
Greulich, W., and Pyle, S. I., 1959, “Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist,” 2nd. ed., Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.
Hadley, L. A., 1956, “The Spine. Anatomico-Radiographic Studies: Development and the Cervical Region,” Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Harding, V. S. V., 1952, A method of evaluating osseous development from birth to 14 years, Child Dev., 23: 247.
Helm, S., Siersbaek-Nielsen, S., Skieller, V., and Björk, A., 1971, Skeletal maturation of the hand in relation to maximum puberal growth in body weight, Tandlaegebladet, 75: 1223.
Hewitt, D., 1963, Pattern of correlations in the skeleton of the growing hand, Ann. Hum. Genet., 27: 157.
Hewitt, D., and Acheson, R. M., 1961, Some aspects of skeletal de,- velopment through adolescence. I. Variations in the rate and pattern of skeletal maturation at puberty, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 19: 321.
Hoerr, N. L., Pyle, S. I., and Francis, C. C., 1962, “Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Foot and Ankle. A Standard of Reference,” Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Invergall, B., and Thilander, B., 1972, The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. I. The time of closure appraised macroscopically, Acta Odontol. Scand., 30: 349.
Irwin, G. L., 1960, Roentgen determination of the time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, Radiology, 75: 450.
Johnson, G. F., Dorst, J. P., Kuhn, J. P., Roche, A. F., and Davila, G. H., 1973, Reliability of skeletal age assessments, Am. J. Roentgenol., 118: 320.
Johnston, F. E., and Jahina, S. B., 1965, The contribution of the carpal bones to the assessment of skeletal age, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 23: 349.
Kelly, H. J., and Reynolds, L., 1947, Appearance and growth of ossification centers and increases in the body dimensions of White and Negro infants, Am. J. Roentgenol., 57: 477.
Kier, E. L., 1968, The infantile sella turcica; new roentgenologic and anatomic concepts based on a developmental study of the sphenoid bone, Am. J. Roentgenol., 102: 747.
Konie, J. C., 1964, Comparative value of x-rays of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis and of the wrist for skeletal age assessment, Angle Orthod., 34: 303.
Kuhns, L. R., Sherman, M. P., Poznanski, A. K., and Holt, J. F., 1973, Humeral-head and coracoid ossification in the newborn, Radiology, 107: 145.
Lamparski, D. G., 1972, “Skeletal Age Assessment Utilizing Cervical Vertebrae,” Master’s thesis, Department of Dental Science, University of Pittsburgh.
Lamparski, D. G., 1975, Skeletal age assessment utilizing cervical vertebrae, Am. J. Orthod., 67: 458.
Latham, R. A., 1972, The sella point and postnatal growth of the human cranial base, Am. J. Orthod., 61: 156.
Lewis, A. B., and Roche, A. F., 1977, The saddle angle: constancy or change?, Angle Orthod., 47: 46.
Long, E., and Caldwell, E. W., 1911, Some investigations concerning the relation between carpal ossification and physical and mental development, Am. J. Dis. Child., 1: 113.
Low, W. D., Fung, S. H., and Cerny, E. E., 1975, “Biological Age of Southern Chinese Boys,” paper presented at Tenth International Congress of Anatomists, Tokyo, Japan.
Marti-Henneberg, C., Patois, E., Niiranen, A., Roy, M. P., and Masse, N. P., Bone maturation velocity, Compte-Rendu de la XIIe Réunion des Equipes Chargées des Etudes sur la Croissance et le Développement de l’Enfant Normal, Centre International de l’Enfance, Paris.
Medicus, H., GrOn, A.-M., and Moorrees, C. F. A., 1971, Reproducibility of rating stages of osseous development (Tanner-Whitehouse system), Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 35: 359.
Melsen, B., 1972, Time and mode of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis determined on human autopsy material, Acta Anat., 83: 112.
Moss, M. L., and Greenberg, S. N., 1955, Postnatal growth of the human skull base, Angle Orthod., 25: 77.
Moss, M. L., and Noback, C. R., 1958, A longitudinal study of digital epiphyseal fusion in adolescence, Anat. Rec., 131: 19
Ortiz, M. H., and Brodie, A. G., 1949, On the growth of the human head from birth to the third month of life, Anat. Rec., 103: 311.
Prescott, D. A., 1923, The determination of anatomical age in school children and its relation to mental development, in: “Studies in Educational Psychology and Educational Measurement,” W. F. Dearborn, ed., Harvard Monographs in Education, Series 1, No. 5, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge.
Pryor, J. W., 1907, The hereditary nature of variation in the ossification of bones, Anat. Rec., 1: 84.
Pyle, S. I., and Hoerr, N. L., 1955, “Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Knee. A Standard of Reference,” Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Pyle, S. I., and Hoerr, N. L., 1969, “A Radiographic Standard of Reference for the Growing Knee,” Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Pyle, S. I., and Sontag, L. W., 1943, Variability in onset of ossification in epiphyses and short bones of the extremities, Am. J. Roentgenol. Rad. Ther., 49: 795.
Pyle, S. I., Stuart, H. C., Cornoni, J., and Reed, R. B., 1961, Onsets, completions, and spans of the osseous stage of development in representative bone growth centers of the extremities, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 26 (1): 1.
Pyle, S. I., Waterhouse, A. M., and Greulich, W. W., 1971, “A Radiographic Standard of Reference for the Growing Hand and Wrist; Prepared for the United States National Health Examination Survey,” Case Western Reserve University Press, Cleveland.
Reynolds, E. L., and Asakawa, T., 1951, Skeletal development in infancy; standards for clinical use, Am. J. Roentgenol., 65: 403.
Roche, A. F., 1963, Lateral comparisons of the skeletal maturity of the human hand and wrist, Am. J. Roentgenol., 89: 1272.
Roche, A. F., 1970, Associations between the rates of maturation of the bones of the hand-wrist, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 33: 341.
Roche, A. F., and French, N. Y., 1970, Differences in skeletal maturity levels between the knee and hand, Am. J. Roentgenol., 109: 307.
Roche, A. F., Rohmann, C. G., French, N. Y., and Davila, G. H., 1970, Effect of training on replicability of assessments of skeletal maturity, Am. J. Roentgenol., 108: 511.
Roche, A. F., Roberts, J., and Hamill, P. V. V., 1974, “Skeletal Maturity of Children 6–11 Years, United States,” Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, No. 140, DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 75–1622, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Roche, A. F., Wainer, H., and Thissen, D., 1975a, “Predicting Adult Stature for Individuals,” Monogr. Pediatr. 3, Karger, Basel.
Roche, A. F., Wainer, H., and Thissen, D., 1975b, “Skeletal Maturity. The Knee Joint as a Biological Indicator,” Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
Roche, A. F., Roberts, J., and Hamill, P. V. V., 1976, “Skeletal Maturity of Youths 12–17 Years, United States,” Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, No. 160, DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 77–1642, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Rotch, T. M., 1908, Chronologic and anatomic age in early life, JAMA, 51: 1197.
Rotch, T. M., 1909, The development of the bones in childhood studied by the roentgen method with the view of establishing a developmental index for the grading of and the protection of early life, Trans. Am. Assoc. Physicians, 24: 603
Samejima, F., 1969, Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores, Psychometrika, 34: Monogr. Suppl.
Samejima, F., 1972, General model for free response data, Psychometrika, 37: Monogr. Suppl. 18.
Sauvegrain, J., Nahum, H., and Bronstein, H., 1962, Etude de la maturation osseuse du coude, Ann. Radiol., 5: 542.
Scheller, S., 1960, Roentgenographic studies on epiphysial growth and ossification in the knee, Acta Radiol.Suppl., 195.
Schopfner, C. E., Wolfe, T. W., and O’Kell, R. T., 1968, The intersphenoid synchondrosis, Am. J. Roentgenol., 104: 183.
Sempé, M., 1972, Accroissements et maturation squelettiques: Analyse numérique de la maturation osseuse du poignet et de la main. Paper presented at meeting of Co-ordinated Growth Teams, Institute of Child Health, London, February 7–11, 1972.
Shapiro, R., and Janzen, A. H., 1960, “The Normal Skull: A Roentgen Study,” Hoeber, New York.
Sproul, A., and Peritz, E., 1971, Assessment of skeletal age in short and tall children, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 35: 433.
Tanker, J. M., 1958, Growth and the prediction of abnormality, Dent. Pract., 8: 220.
Tanner, J. M., 1962, “Growth at Adolescence,” 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford.
Tanner, J. M., Whitehouse, R. H., and Healy, M. J. R., 1962, “A New System for Estimating Skeletal Maturity from the Hand and Wrist, with Standards Derived from a Study of 2,600 Healthy British Children,” International Children’s Centre, Paris.
Tanner, J. M., Whitehouse, R. H., Marshall, W. A., Healy, M. J. R., and Goldstein, H., 1975, “Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height: TW2 Method,” Academic Press, New York.
Taranger, J., Karlberg, P., Lichtenstein, H., and Bruning, B., 1970, Some aspects on methods for evaluation of skeletal maturation, Compte-Rendu de la Xe Réunion des Equipes Chargées des Etudes sur la Croissance et le Développement de l’Enfant Normal, Centre International de l’Enfance, Davos.
Taranger, J., Karlberg, P., Lichtenstein, H., and Bruning, B., 1972, Estimation of skeletal maturity, Compte-Rendu de la XIe Réunion des Equipes Chargées des Etudes sur la Croissance et le Développement de l’Enfant Normal, Centre International de l’Enfance, Londres.
Taranger, J., Lichtenstein, H., and Svennberg-Redegren, I., 1976, Somatic pubertal development, in: “The Somatic Development of Children in a Swedish Urban Community. A Prospective Longitudinal Study,” Gotab, Kungäly, Sweden.
Thompson, G. W., Popovich, F., and Luks, E., 1973, Sexual dimorphism in hand and wrist ossification, Growth, 37: 1.
Todd, T. W., 1937, “Atlas of Skeletal Maturation,” C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.
Torgersen, J., 1951, Asymmetry and skeletal maturation, Acta Radiol., 36: 521.
Wallis, R. S., 1931, “How Children Grow: An Anthropometric Study of Private School Children from Two to Eight Years of Age,” University of Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, No. 208.
Wetherington, R. K., 1961, An alternate method of assessing skeletal maturity from the hand and wrist, Papers of the Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, 19: 419.
Yarbrough, C., Habicht, J.-P., Klein, R. E., and Roche, A. F., 1973, Determining the biological age of the preschool child from a hand-wrist radiograph, Invest. Radiol., 8: 233.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roche, A.F. (1980). The Measurement of Skeletal Maturation. In: Johnston, F.E., Roche, A.F., Susanne, C. (eds) Human Physical Growth and Maturation. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6994-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6994-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-6996-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-6994-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive