Skip to main content

Transcriptional Regulation of c-Ha-ras1 Gene

  • Chapter
The Superfamily of ras-Related Genes

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 220))

  • 58 Accesses

Abstract

Ras genes (H-ras, K-ras and N-ras) appear to be highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom and have been identified in lower eukaryotes (eg yeasts), Dictyostelium, Drosophila and chickens in addition to mammals1. In mammals the ras genes appear to be expressed in all cell types and at all developmental stages. The fact that the genes are highly conserved and constitutively expressed in different cell types has led to the suggestion that they have some essential cellular functions2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. M. Barbacid. Ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:779 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. D. Broek, N. Samily, O. Fasano, A. Fujiyama, F. Tomonoi, J. Northup and M. Wigler. Differential activation of yeast adenylate cyclase by wild-type and mutant ras proteins. Cell 46:477 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. L. Bos. The ras-gene family and human carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 195:255 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J. L. Bos, E. R. Fearon, S. R. Hamilton, M. Verlaan-de Vries, J. H. Van Boom, A. J. Van der Eb and B. Vogelstein. Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers. Nature 327:293 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. K. Forrester, C. Almoguera, K. Han, W. E. Grizzle and M. Perucho. Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis. Nature 327:298 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Almoguera, D. Shibata, K. Forrester, J. Martin, N. Arnheim, and M. Perucho. Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell 53:549 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. C. Willingham, I. Pastan, T. Y. Shih, E. M. Scolnick. Localisation of the src gene product of the Harvey Strain of MS V to plasma membrane of transformed cells by electron microscopic immuno-cytochemistry. Cell 19:1005 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. T. Y. Shih, A. Papageorge, A. Stokes, M. O. Weeks and E. M. Scolnick. Guanine nucleotide-binding and autophosphorylating activities associated with the p21src protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature 287:686 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. P. McGrath, D. J. Capon, D. V. Goeddel and A. D. Levinson. Comparative biochemical properties of normal and activated human ras p21 protein. Nature 310:644(1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. F. Hancock, A. I. Magee, J. E Childs and C. J. Marshall. All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated. Cell 57:1167 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. G. Gilman. G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase. Cell 36:577 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. D. A. Spandidos and I. B. Kerr. Elevated expression of the human ras oncogene family in premalignant and malignant tumours of the colorectum Br. J. Cancer 49: 681 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. D. J. Slamon, J. B. de Kernion, L M. Verma and M. J. Cline. Expression of cellular oncogenes in human malignancies. Science 224:256 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. R. W. Williams, J. Piris, D. A. Spandidos and A. H. Wyllie. Immunohistochemical detection of the ras oncogene p21 product in an experimental tumour and in human colorectal neoplasms. Br. J. Cancer 52:687 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. F. De Biasi, G. Del Sal and P. Horan Hand. Evidence of enhancement of the ras oncogene protein product (p21) in a spectrum of human tumours. Int. J. Cancer 43:431 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. T. Tanaka, D. J. Slamon, H. Battifare and M. J. Cline. Expression of p21 ras oncoproteins in human cancers. Cancer Res. 46:1465 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. N. J. Agnantis, A. Constantinidou, C. Pulios, A. Pintzas, A. Kakkanas and D. A Spandidos. Immunohistochemical study of the ras oncogene expression in human bladder endoscopy specimens. Eur. J. of Surg. Onc. 16:153 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Trahey and F. McCormick. A cytoplasmic protein stimulates normal N-ras p21 GTPase, but does not affect oncogenic mutants. Science 238:542 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Pulciani, E. Santos, L. K. Long, V. Sorrentino and M. Barbacid. Ras gene amplification and malignant transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2836 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. A Hill, S. Wilson and A. F. Chambers. Clonal heterogeneity, experimental metastatic ability and p21 expression in H-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells J. Nat. Can. Inst. 80:484(1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Honkawa, W. Masahashi, S. Hashimoto and T. Hashimoto-Gotoh. Identification of the principal promoter sequence of the c-H-ras transforming oncogene. Deletion analysis of the 5’ — flanking region by focus formation assay. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2933 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Ishii, G. T. Merlino and I. Pastan. Promoter region of the human Harvey ras proto-oncogene: similarity to the EGF receptor, proto-oncogene promoter Science 230:1378 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. D. A. Spandidos and M. Riggio. Promoter and enhancer like activity at the 5′-end of normal and T24 H-ras 1 genes. FEBS Lett. 203:169 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. E. K. Hoffman, S. P. Trusko, N. Freeman and D. L. George. Structural and functional characterisation of the promoter region of the mouse C-K-ras gene Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2592 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Hall, R. Brown. Human N-ras: cDNA cloning and gene structure. Nuc. Ac. Res. 13:5255 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. W. S. Trimble and N. Hozumi. Deletion analysis of the c-Ha-ras oncogene promoter. FEBS Lett. 219:70 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. D. A. Spandidos and L. Holmes. Transcriptional enhancer activity in the variable tandem repeat DNA sequence downstream of the human Ha-ras 1 gene. FEBS Lett. 218:41 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Ishii, J. T. Kadonaga, R. Tjian, J. N. Brady, G. T. Merlino and I. Pastan. Binding of the Sp1 transcription factor by the human Harvey ras 1 proto-oncogene promoter. Science 232:1410 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. M. Strewhecker, N. A. Betz, R. Y. Neads, W. Houser and J. F. Pelling. Binding of the 97 kDa glucocorticoid receptor to the 5′ upstream flanking region of the mouse c-Ha-ras oncogene. Oncogene 4, 1317 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  30. D. A. Spandidos, R.A.B. Nichols, N. M. Wilkie and A. Pintzas. Phorbol ester-responsive H-ras 1 gene promoter contains multiple TPA-inducible/AP-1 binding consensus sequence elements. FEBS Lett. 240:191 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. D. A. Spandidos and A. Pintzas. Differential potency and trans-activation of normal and mutant T24 human H-ras 1 gene promoters. FEBS Lett. 232:269 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J. B Cohen and A. D. Levinson. A point mutation in the last intron responsible for increased expression and transforming activity of the c-Ha-ras oncogene. Nature 334:119(1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Pintzas and D. A Spandidos. Sp-1 specific binding sites within the human H-ras promoter: potential role of the 6bp insertion sequence in the T24 H-ras 1 gene. Submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  34. K. A. Jones, J. T. Kadonaga, P. J. Rosenfeld, T. J. Kelly and R. Tjian. A. Cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell 48:79 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. A. Pintzas and D. A. Spandidos. Ras p21 oncoprotein is autoregulated and acts as a potential mediator of insulin action on the H-ras 1 promoter. Gene Analysis Techniques 6:125 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. K. Lu, R. A. Levine and J. Campisi. C-ras- Ha gene expression is regulated by insulin or insulinlike growth factor and by epidermal growth factor in murine fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3411 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. K. Brown, B. Bailleul, M. Ramsden, F. Fee, R. Krumlauf and A. Balmain. Isolation and characterisation of the 5′ flanking region of the mouse c-Harvey-ras gene. Mol. Carc. 1:161 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. N. F. Lowndes, J. Paul, J. Wu and M. Allan. C-Ha-ras gene bidirectional promoter expressed in vitro: location and regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 3758 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. K. Chakraborty, K. Cichutek and P.H. Duesberg. Transforming function of proto-ras genes depends on heterologous promoters and is enhanced by specific point mutations. PNAS 88:2217 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. N. Nicoloiew, G. Triqueneaux and F. Dautry. Orgnaisation of the human N-ras locus: characterisation of a gene located immediately upstream of N-ras. Oncogene 6:721 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  41. D.A. Spandidos. Ras oncogenes in cell transformation. ISI Atlas of Science. Immunology 1:1 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pintzas, A., Kotsinas, A., Spandidos, D.A. (1991). Transcriptional Regulation of c-Ha-ras1 Gene. In: Spandidos, D.A. (eds) The Superfamily of ras-Related Genes. NATO ASI Series, vol 220. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6018-6_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6018-6_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-6020-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-6018-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics