Abstract
Among the large number of protein post-biosynthetic modifications described so far are a group of non-enzymatic reactions that reflect the spontaneous, intrinsic, decomposition of these macromolecules as they age in cells. These alterations include oxidation (1), formation of advanced glycosylation end products (2), and linked deamination/isomerization/ racemization reactions (3). Our interest has been focused on the latter reactions that lead to the loss of L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues in proteins and the recognition of the damaged proteins by enzymes that can lead to their cellular removal by repair or degradation reactions (4–9).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K. J. A. Davies, A. G. Wiese, A. Sevanian and E.H. Kim, Repair systems in oxidative stress, in “Molecular biology of aging”, (C.E. Finch and T.E. Johnson, eds.), Wiley-Liss, New York, 1990, pp. 123–141.
H. Vlassara, Advanced non-enzymatic tissue glycosylation: mechanism implicated in the complications associated with aging, in “Molecular Biology of Aging”, (C.E. Finch and T.E. Johnson, eds.), Wiley-Liss, New York, 1990, pp. 171–185.
T. Geiger and S. Clarke, Deamidation, isomerization and racemization at asparaginyl and aspartyl residues in peptides: succinimide-linked reactions that contribute to protein degradation, J. Biol. Chem. 262:785 (1987).
S. Clarke, The role of aspartic acid and asparagine residues in the aging of erythrocyte proteins: cellular metabolism of racemized and isomerized forms by methylation reactions, in “Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Aging: The Red Cell as a Model”, (J.W. Eaton, D.K. Konzen and J.G. Write eds.) Alan R. Liss Inc., New York, 1985, pp. 91–103.
S. Clarke, Protein carboxyl methyltransferases: two distinct classes of enzymes, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 54:479 (1985).
J. Lowenson and S. Clarke, Does the chemical instability of aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in proteins contribute to erythrocyte aging? The role of protein carboxyl methylation reactions, Blood Cells 14:103 (1988).
J. D. Lowenson and S. Clarke, Spontaneous degradation and enzymatic repair of aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in aging red cell proteins analyzed by computer simulation, Gerontology, 1990 in press.
P Galletti, D. Ingrosso, C. Manna, P. Iardino and V. Zappia, in “Protein Metabolism in Aging”, (H.L. Segal, M. Rothstein and E. Bergamini eds.) Wiley-Liss, New York, (1990), pp. 15–32.
I. M. Ota and S. Clarke, The function and enzymology of protein D-Aspartyl/L-Isoaspartyl methyltransferases in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, in “Protein Methylation”, (W. K. Paik and S. Kim., eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, (1990) p. 179–194.
A. B. Robinson and C. J. Rudd, Deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues in peptides and proteins, Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 8:24 (1974).
S. Clarke, propensity for spontaneous succinimide formation from aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in cellular proteins, Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 30:808 (1987).
R. C. Stephenson and S. Clarke, Succinimide formation from aspartyl and asparaginyl peptides as a model for the spontaneous degradation of proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 264:6164 (1989).
I. M. Ota, L. Ding and S. Clarke, Methylation at specific altered aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in glucagon by the erythrocyte protein carboxyl methyltransferase, J. Biol. Chem. 262:8522 (1987).
I. M. Ota and S. Clarke, Enzymatic methylation of L-isoaspartyl residues derived from aspartyl residues in affinity-purified calmodulin: the role of conformational flexibility in spontaneous isoaspartyl formation, J. Biol. Chem. 264:54 (1989).
J. L. Bada, In vivo racemization in mammalian proteins, Methods Enzymol., 106:98 (1984).
L. S. Brunauer and S. Clarke, Age-dependent accumulation of protein residues which can be hydrolyzed to D-aspartic acid in human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 261:12538 (1986).
P. Galletti, P. Iardino, D. Ingrosso, C. Manna and V. Zappia, Enzymatic methyl esterification of a deamidated form of mouse epidermal growth factor, Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 33:397 (1989).
C. George-Nascimento, J. Lowenson, M. Borissenko, M. Calderon, A. Medina-Selby, J. Kuo, S. Clarke and A. Randolph, Replacement of a labile aspartyl residue increases the stability of human epidermal growth factor, Biochemistry 29:9584 (1990).
K. U. Yuksel and R. W. Gracy, In vitro deamidation of human triosephosphate isomerase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248:452 (1986).
P. Galletti, A. Ciardiello, D. Ingrosso, A. Di Donato and G. D’Alessio, Repair of isopeptide bonds by protein carboxyl O-Methyltransferase: seminal ribonuclease as a model system, Biochemistry 27:1752 (1988).
I. M. Ota and S. Clarke, Multiple sites of methyl esterification of calmodulin in intact human erythrocytes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 279:320 (1990).
B. A. Johnson, J. M. Shirokawa, W. S. Hancock, M. W. Spellman, L. J. Basa and D. W. Aswad, Formation of isoaspartate at two distinct sites during in vitro aging of human growth Hormone, J. Biol. Chem. 264:14262 (1989).
A. Artigues, A. Birkett and V. Schirch, Evidence for the in vivo deamidation and isomerization of an asparaginyl residue in cytosolic serine hydroxymethy1transferase, J. Biol. Chem. 265:4853, 1990.
B. A. Johnson, E.L. Langmach and D. W. Aswad, Partial repair of deamidation-damaged calmodulin by protein carboxyl methyltransferase, J. Biol. Chem. 262:12283 (1987).
P. N. McFadden and S. Clarke, Methylation at D-aspartyl residues in red cells: a possible step in the repair of aged membrane proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79:2460 (1982).
E. D. Murray Jr. and S. Clarke, Synthetic peptide substrates for the erythrocyte protein carboxyl methyltransferase: detection of a new site of methylation at isomerized L-aspartyl residues, J. Biol. Chem. 259:10722 (1984).
D. W. Aswad, Stoichiometric methylation of porcine adrenocorticotropin by protein carboxyl methyltransferase requires deamidation of asparagine 25: evidence for methylation at the alpha-carboxyl group of atypical L-isoaspartyl residues, J. Biol. Chem. 259:10714 (1984).
C. M. O’Connor and S. Clarke, Methylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins at extracellular and intracellular D-aspartyl sites in vitro J. Biol. Chem. 258:8485 (1983).
C. M. O’Connor and S. Clarke, Carboxyl methylation of cytosolic proteins in intact human erythrocytes: Identification of numerous methyl accepting proteins including hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase, J. Biol. Chem. 259:2570 (1984).
C. M. O’Connor, D. W. Aswad and S. Clarke, Mammalian brain and erythrocyte carboxyl methyltransferases are similar enzymes that recognize both D-aspartyl and L-isoaspartyl residues in structurally altered protein substrates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81:7757 (1984).
L. L. Lou and S. Clarke, Enzymatic methylation of band 3 anion transporter in intact human erythrocytes, Biochemistry, 26:52 (1987).
P. N. McFadden and S. Clarke, Conversion of isoaspartyl peptides to normal peptides: implications for the cellular repair of damaged proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84:2595 (1987).
B. A. Johnson, E. D. Murray Jr., S. Clarke, D. B. Glass and D. W. Aswad, Protein carboxyl methyltransferase facilitates conversion of atypical L-isoaspartyl peptides to normal L-aspartyl peptides, J. Biol. Chem. 262:5622 (1987).
J. D. Lowenson and S. Clarke, Identification of isoaspartyl-containing sequences in peptides and proteins that are unusually poor substrates for the class II protein carboxyl methyltransferase, J. Biol. Chem. 265:3106 (1990).
K. L. Oden and S. Clarke, S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase from human erythrocytes: role in the regulation of cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels, Biochemistry 22:2978 (1983).
J. R. Barber, B. H. Morimoto, L. S. Brunauer and S. Clarke, Metabolism of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in intact human erythrocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 886:361 (1986).
C. Freitag and S. Clarke, Reversible methylation of cytoskeletal and membrane proteins in human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 256:6102 (1981).
C. A. Ladino and C. M. O’Connor, Protein carboxyl methylation and methyl ester turnover in density-fractionated human erythrocytes, Mech. Ageing Develop. 55:123 (1990).
L. L. Lou and S. Clarke, Carboxyl methylation of human erythrocyte band 3 in intact cells: Relation to anion transport activity, Biochem. J. 235:183 (1986).
J. R. Barber and S. Clarke, Membrane protein carboxyl methylation does not appear to be involved in the response of erythrocytes to cytoskeletal stress, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 123:133 (1984).
P. Galletti, D. Ingrosso, C. Manna, G. Pontoni and V. Zappia, Enzymatic basis for the calcium-induced decrease of membrane protein methyl esterification in intact erythrocytes: evidence for an impairment of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis, Eur. J. Biochem. 154:489 (1986).
J. R. Barber and S. Clarke, Membrane protein carboxyl methylation increases with human erythrocyte age: evidence for an increase in the number of methylatable sites, J. Biol. Chem. 258:1189 (1983).
P. Galletti, D. Ingrosso, A. Nappi, V. Gragnaniello, A. Iolascon and L. Pinto, Increased methyl esterification of membrane proteins in aged red blood cells: preferential esterification of ankyrin and band 4.1 cytoskeletal proteins, Eur. J. Biochem. 135:25 (1983).
J. R. Barber and S. Clarke, Inhibition of protein carboxyl methylation by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in intact erythrocytes: physiological consequences, J. Biol. Chem. 259:7115 (1984).
J. M. Gilbert, A. Fowler, J. Bleibaum and S. Clarke, Purification of homologous protein carboxyl methyltransferase isozymes from human and bovine erythrocytes, Biochemistry 27:5227 (1988).
D. W. Aswad and E. A. Deight, Purification and characterization of two distinct isozymes of protein carboxymethylase from bovine brain, J. Neurochem. 40:1718 (1983).
D. Ingrosso, A. W. Fowler, J. Bleibaum and S. Clarke, Sequence of the D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl protein methyltransferase from human erythrocytes: evidence for protein, DNA, RNA and small molecule S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, J. Biol. Chem. 264:20131 (1989).
I. M. Ota, J. M. Gilbert and S. Clarke, Two major isozymes of the protein D-aspartyl/L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase from human erythrocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151:1136 (1988).
D. Ingrosso, A. W. Fowler, K. Bleibaum and S. Clarke, Specificity of endoproteinase Asp-N (Pseudomonas fragi): Cleavage at glutamyl residues in two proteins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 162:1528 (1989).
W. J. Henzel, J. T. Stults, C. A. Hsu and D. W. Aswad, The primary structure of a protein carboxyl methyltransferase from bovine brain that selectively methylates L-isoaspartyl sites, J. Biol. Chem. 264:15905 (1989).
M. Sato, T. Yoshida and S. Tuboi, Primary structure of rat brain protein carboxyl methyltransferase deduced from cDNA sequence, Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161:342 (1989).
E. A. Romanik and C. M. O’Connor, Methylation of microinjected isoaspartyl peptides in xenopus oocytes: competition with protein carboxyl methylation reactions, J. Biol. Chem. 264:14050 (1989).
J. Momand and S. Clarke, Rapid degradation of D-and L-succinimide-containing peptides by a post-proline endopeptidase from human erythrocytes, Biochemistry 26:7798 (1987).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ingrosso, D., Clarke, S. (1991). Human Erythrocyte D-Aspartyl/L-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferases: Enzymes that Recognize Age-Damaged Proteins. In: Magnani, M., De Flora, A. (eds) Red Blood Cell Aging. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 307. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5985-2_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5985-2_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5987-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5985-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive