Abstract
Complex changes in thyroid function occur in the pregnant woman as a result of hormonal fluctuation and varying metabolic demands.1 In counterpoint, thyroid dysfunction may affect pregnancy outcome. Increases in thyroxine-binding globulin are mainly responsible for the changes that occur in the parameters of thyroid function.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
G. N. Burrow, Thyroid status in normal pregnancy. An editorial, J. Clin. Endocrinol, Metab. 71: 274 (1990).
J. T. Dowling, W. G. Appleton, and J. T. Nicoloff, Thyroxine turnover during human pregnancy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27: 1749 (1967).
N. Yoshikawa, M. Nishikawa, M. Horimoto, M. Yoshimura, S. Sawaragi, Y. Horikoshi, I. Sawaragi, and M. Inada, Thyroid-stimulating activity in sera of normal pregnant women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 69: 891 (1989).
D. Glinoer, P. De Nayer, P. Bourdoux, M. Lemone, C. Robyn, A. Van Steirteghem, J. Kinthaert, and B. Lejeune, Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71: 276 (1990).
S. J. Mandel. P. R. Larsen, E. W. Seely, and G. A. Brent, Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism, N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 91 (1990).
R. Calvo, M. J. Obregon, C. Ruiz de Ona, B. Ferreiro, F. Escobar del Rey, and G. Morreale de Escobar, Thyroid hormone economy in pregnant rats near term: a “physiological” animal model of nonthyroidal illness?, Endocrinol. 127: 10 (1990).
K. R. Niswander, M. Gordon, and H. W. Berendes, “The Women and Their Pregnancies,” W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1972).
N. Momotani, K. Ito, N. Hamada, Y. Ban, Y. Nishikawa, and T. Mimura, Maternal hyperthyroidism and congenital malformation in the offspring, Clin. Endocrinol. 20: 695 (1984).
C. W. McLaughlin, Jr. and L. S. McGoogan, Hyperthyroidism complicating pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 45: 591 (1943).
Y. Ueda, K. Hayaski, Y. Kishimoto, and S. Mizusawa, Sexual function in women with diseases of the thyroid gland, J. Jpn. Obstet. Gynecol. Soc. 11: 48 (1964).
C. R. Myers, An application of the control group method to the problem of the etiology of mongolism, Proc. Am. Assoc. Mental Def. 62: 142 (1938).
B. H. Valentine, C. Jones, and A. J. Tyack, Hyperemesis gravidarum due to thyrotoxicosis, Postgrad. Med. J. 56: 746 (1980).
R. Bouillon, M. Naesens, F. A. Van Assche, L. De Keyser, P. De Moor, M. Renaer, P. De Vos, and M. De Roo, Thyroid function in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 143: 992 (1982).
R. K. H. Chin and T. T. H. Lao, Thyroxine concentrations and outcome of hyperemetic pregnancies, Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 95: 507 (1988).
T. T. Lao, R. K. H. Chin, N. S. Panesar, and R. Swaminathan, Observations on thyroid hormones in hyperemesis gravidarum, Asia-Oceania J. Obstet. Gynecol.14: 449 (1988).
A. J. Evans, T. C. Li, C. Selby, and W. J. Jeffcoate, Morning sickness and thyroid function, Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 93: 520 (1986).
R. Dozeman, F. E. Kaiser, and O. Cass, Hyperthyroidism appearing as hyperemesis gravidarum, Arch. Int. Med. 143: 2202 (1983).
B. Kirshon, W. Lee, and D. B. Cotton, Prompt resolution of hyperthyroidism and hyperemesis gravidarum after delivery, Obstet. Gynecol. 71: 1032 (1988).
T. T. H. Lao, R. K. H. Chin, R. Swaminathan, N. S. Panesar, and C. S. Cockram, Erythrocyte zinc in differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 294: 1064 (1987).
A. E. Beer and R. E. Billingham, Immunobiology of mammalian reproduction, Adv. Immunol. 14: 1 (1971).
N. Amino, R. Kuro, O. Tanizawa, F. Tanaka, C. Hayashi, K. Kotani, M. Kawashima, K. Miyai, and Y. Kumahara, Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 31: 30 (1978).
N. Amino, O. Tanizawa, K. Miyai, F. Tanaka, C. Hayashi, M. Kawashima, and K. Ichihara, Changes of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE during pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol. 52: 415 (1978).
T. F. Davis and L. Weiss, Autoimmune thyroid disease and pregnancy, Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1: 187 (1981).
V. Sridama, F. Pacini, S. Yang, A. Moawad, M. Reiley, and L. J. de Groot, Decreased levels of helper T cells: A possible cause of immunodeficiency in pregnancy, N. Engl. J. Med. 307: 352 (1982).
E. J. Froelich, J. S. Goodwin, A. D. Bankhurst, and R. C. Williams, Pregnancy, a temporary fetal graft of suppressor levels in autoimmune disease, Am. J. Med. 69: 329 (1980).
N. Amino, K. Miyai, T. Yamamoto, R. Kuro, F. Tanaka, O. Tanizawa, and Y. Kumahara, Transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism after delivery in Graves’ disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44: 130 (1977).
J. A. Souma, D. C. Niejadlik, S. Cottrell, and S. Rankle, Comparison of thyroid function in each trimester of pregnancy with the use of triiodothyronine uptake, thyroxine iodine, free thyroxine and free thyroxine index, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 116: 905 (1973).
L. R. Witherspoon, S. E. Shuler, M. M. Garcia, and L. A. Zollinger, An assessment of methods for the estimation of free thyroxine, J. Nucl. Med. 21: 529 (1980).
J. B. Brodsky, E. N. Cohen, B. W. Brown, Jr., M. L. Wu, and C. Whitcher, Surgery during pregnancy and fetal outcome, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138: 1165 (1980).
A. B. Weingold, Surgical diseases in pregnancy, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 26: 793 (1983).
R. F. Emslander, R. E. Weeks, and G. D. Malkasian, Jr., Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy, Med. Clin. North Am. 58: 835 (1974).
S. H. Halpern, Anaesthesia for caesarean section in patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, Can. J. Anesth. 36: 454 (1989).
R. Innerfield and C. S. Hollander, Thyroidal complications of pregnancy, Med. Clin. North Am. 61: 67 (1977).
J. L. Bullock, R. E. Harris, and R. Young, Treatment of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy with propranolol, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 121: 242 (1975).
P. C. Rubin, Beta-blockers in pregnancy, N. Engl. J. Med. 18: 73 (1983).
G. R. Gladstone, A. Hordof, and W. M. Gersony, Propranolol administration during pregnancy: Effects on the fetus, J. Pediatr. 86: 962 (1975).
A. Habib, and J. S. McCarthy, Effects on the neonate of propranolol administered during pregnancy, J. Pediatr. 91: 808 (1977).
S. C. Pruyn, J. P. Phelan, and G. C. Buchanan, Long-term propranolol therapy in pregnancy: Maternal and fetal outcome, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 135: 485, (1979).
P. C. Rubin, L. Butters, D. M. Clark, D. J. Sumner, R. A. Low, B. Reynolds, D. Steedman, J. L. Reid, Placebo-controlled trial of atenolol in treatment of pregnancy-associated hypertension, Lancet 1: 431 (1983).
B. Sandstrom, Antihypertensive treatment with the adrenergic beta-receptor blocker metoprolol during pregnancy, Gynecol. Invest. 9: 195 (1978).
M. A. Greer, W. C. Meihoff, and H. Studer, Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a single daily dose of propylthiouracil, N. Engl. J. Med. 272: 888 (1965).
Q. Mujtaba and G. N. Burrow, Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy with propylthiouracil and methimazole, Obstet. Gynecol. 46: 282 (1975).
M. J. Stephan, D. W. Smith, J. W. Ponzi, and E. R. Alden, Origin of scalp vertex aplasia cutis, J. Pediatr. 101: 850 (1982).
B. Marchant, B. E. W. Brownlie, D. M. Hart, P. W. Horton, and W. D. Alexander, The placental transfer of propylthiouracil, methimazole and carbimazole, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 1187 (1977).
T. Vulsma, M. H. Gons, and J. J. M. de Vijlder, Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis, N. Engl. J. Med. 321: 13 (1989).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Burrow, G.N. (1991). Thyroid Function and Hyperfunction in the Pregnant Woman. In: Bercu, B.B., Shulman, D.I. (eds) Advances in Perinatal Thyroidology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 299. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5973-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5973-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5975-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5973-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive