Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Second Messengers Mediating Gene Expression Essential to Neurite Formation Directed by Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors

  • Chapter
Molecular Biology and Physiology of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 293))

Abstract

The nervous system confers an enormous survival advantage to higher animals by permitting behavioral adaptation to both external and internal environmental cues. Insulin and insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) are among regulatory signals implicated in the development of the neural circuitry (reviewed in Ishii et al., 1985; Recio-Pinto and Ishii, 1988a). Although the structure of the nervous system is profoundly complex, it is hoped that a reductionist approach, aimed at first understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating neurite (axon and dendrite) formation and extension, will eventually provide a foundation for understanding higher orders of organization. With this in mind, the present article contains discussion on our strategy and recent findings directed at elucidating the biochemical pathway through which insulin homologs and nerve growth factor (NGF) regulate the long term, stable extension of neurites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aizenman, Y., and de Vellis, J., 1987, Brain neurons develop in a serum and glial free environment: effects of transferrin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and thyroid hormone on neuronal survival, growth and differentiation, Brain Res., 406:32–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angeletti, P. U., Levi-Montalcini, R., and Caramia, F., 1971, Analysis of the effects of the antiserum to the nerve growth factor in adult mice, Brain Res, 27:343–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, M. M., and Greene, L. A., 1982, Changes in the colchicine susceptibility of microtubules associated with neurite outgrowth: studies with nerve growth factor-responsive PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, J. Cell Biol., 95:379–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, M. M., Keyser, P., and Sobel, E., 1986, Interval between the synthesis and assembly of cytoskeletal proteins in cultured neurons, J. Neurosci., 6:1004–1012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caroni, P., and Grandes, P., 1990, Nerve sprouting in innervated adult skeletal muscle induced by exposure to elevated levels of insulin-like growth factors, J. Cell Biol., 110:1307–1317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, B. L., Chao, M. V., and Saltiel, A. R., 1989, Nerve growth factor stimulates the hydrolysis of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol in PC-12 cells: A mechanism of protein kinase C regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:1756–1760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochet, C., Souvignet, C., Keramidas, M., and Chambaz, E. M., 1986, Altered catalytic properties of protein kinase C in phorbol ester treated cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 134: 1031–1037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, M. L., and Guroff, G., 1987, Calcium-dependent nerve growth factor-stimulated hydrolysis of phosphoinositides in PC12 cells, J. Neurochem., 48: 1466–1472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, D. R., de Ruiz Galaretta, C. M., Fanjul, L. F., Mojsilovic, L., Standaert, M. L., Pollet, R. J., and Farese, R. V., 1987, Insulin but not phorbol ester treatment increases phosphorylation of vinculin by protein kinase C in BC3H-1 myocytes, FEBS Lett., 214:122–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cremins, J., Wagner, J. A., and Halegoua, S., 1986, Nerve growth factor action is mediated by cyclic AMP-and Ca+2/phospholipid-dependent protein kinases, J. Cell Biol., 103:887–893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damon, D. H., D’Amore, P. A., and Wagner, J. A., 1990, Nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor regulate neurite outgrowth and gene expression in PC12 cells via both protein kinase C-and cAMP-independent mechanisms, J. Cell Biol., 110:1333–1339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draznin, B., Leitner, J., Sussman, K., and Sherman, N., 1988, Insulin and glucose modulate protein kinase C activity in rat adipocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 156:570–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drubin, D. G., Feinstein, S. C., Shooter, E. M., and Kirschner, M. W., 1985, Nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells involves the coordinate induction of microtubule assembly and assembly-promoting factors, J. Cell Biol., 101:1799–1807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernyhough, P., and Ishii, D. N., 1987, Nerve growth factor modulates tubulin transcript levels in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, Neurochem. Res., 12:891–899.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernyhough, P., Mill, J. F., Roberts, J. L., and Ishii, D. N., 1989, Stabilization of tubulin mRNAs by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I during neurite formation, Mol. Brain Res., 6:109–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freissmuth, M., Casey, P. J., and Gilman, A. G., 1989, G proteins control diverse pathways of transmembrane signaling, FASEB J., 3:2125–2131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, P., Wood, J., Frenschi, J., and Kuo, J., 1988, Immunocytochemical localization of protein kinase C in developing brain tissue and in primary neuronal cultures, Dev. Biol., 126:98–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gispen, W. H., Boonstra, J., De Graan, P. N. E., Jennekens, F. G. I., Oestreicher, A. B., Schotman, P., Schrama, L. H., Verhaagen, J., and Margolis, F. L., 1990, B-50/GAP-43 in neuronal development and repair, Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 1:237–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golubeva, E. E., Posypanova, G. A., Kondratyev, A. D., Melnik, E. I., and Severin, E. S., 1989, The influence of nerve growth factor on the activities of adenylate cyclase and high affinity GTPase in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, FEBS Lett., 247:232–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, M., Medrano, E., Cafferatta, E., and Tellez-Inon, M., 1988, Protein kinase C is differentially regulated by thrombin, insulin, and epidermal growth factor in human mammary tumor cells, Exp. Cell Res., 175:74–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, L. A., Burstein, D. E., and Black, M. M., 1980, The priming model for the mechanism of action of nerve growth factor: evidence derived from clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, in: “Tissue Culture in Neurobiology,” E. Giacobini, and A. Vernadakis, eds., Raven Press, New York, pp. 313–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagag, N., Halegoua, S., and Viola, M., 1986, Inhibition of growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells by microinjection of antibody to ras p21. Nature, 319:680–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halegoua, S., and Patrick, J., 1980, Nerve growth factor mediates phosphorylation of specific proteins, Cell, 22:571–581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, F. L., Fernyhough, P., Ishii, D. N., and Vulliet, P. R., 1988, Suppression of nerve growth factor-directed neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells by sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, J. Biol. Chem., 263:4460–4466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannun, Y. A., Loomis, C. R., Merrill, A. H., Jr., and Bell, R. M., 1986, Sphingosine inhibition of protein kinase C activity and of phorbol dibutyrate binding in vitro and in human platelets, J. Biol. Chem., 261: 12604–12609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, S., and Hagino, A., 1989, Blockage of nerve growth factor action in PC12h cells by staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor, J. Neurochem., 53: 1675–1685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havercroft, J. C., and Cleveland, D. W., 1984, Programmed expression of beta-tubulin genes during development and differentiation of the chicken, J. Cell Biol99:1927–1935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirokawa, N. M., Glicksman, M. A., and Willard, M. B., 1984, Organization of mammalian neurofilament polypeptides within neuronal cytoskeleton, J. Cell Biol., 98: 1523–1536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, P. N., Cleveland, D. W., Griffin, J. W., Landes, P. W., Cowan, N. J., and Price, D. L., 1987, Neurofilament gene expression: a major determinant of axonal caliber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:3472–3476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, F. L., Yoshida, Y., Cunha-Melo, J. R., Beaven, M. A., and Huang, K. -P., 1989a, Differential down-regulation of protein kinase C isozymes, J. Biol. Chem., 264:4238–4243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, F. L., Chuang, D. -M., and Huang, K. -P., 1989b, Protein kinase C isozymes in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells: Glutamate-stimulated membranous association of type II PKC, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr, 15:832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, D. N., Recio-Pinto, E., Spinelli, W., Mill, J. F., and Sonnenfeld, K. H., 1985, Neurite formation modulated by nerve growth factor, insulin, and tumor promoter receptors, Int. J. Neurosci., 26:109–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, D. N., Glazner, G. W., Wang, C., and Fernyhough, P., 1989, Neurotrophic effects and mechanism of insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and nerve growth factor in spinal cord and peripheral neurons, in: “Molecular and cellular biology of insulin-like growth factors and their receptors,” D. LeRoith, and M. K. Raizada, eds., Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 403–425.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, D. N., 1990, Insulin-like growth factor II gene expression: Relationship to the development and regeneration of neuromuscular synapses, Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 1:205–210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, D. N., 1989, Relationship of insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in muscle to synaptogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86: 2898–2902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, D. N., and Mill, J. F., 1987, Molecular mechanisms of neurite formation stimulated by insulin-like factors and nerve growth factor, Curr. Top. Membr. Transp., 31: 31–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaken, S., and Kiley, S. C, 1987, Purification and characterization of three types of protein kinase C from rabbit brain cytosol, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84: 4418–4422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julien, J. -P., Ramachandran, K., and Grosveld, F., 1985, Cloning of a cDNA encoding the smallest neurofilament protein from the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 825:398–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadowaki, T., Koyasu, S., Nishida, E., Tobe, K., Izumi, T., Takaku, F., Sakai, H., Yahara, I., and Kasuga, M., 1987, Tyrosine phosphorylation of common and specific sets of cellular proteins rapidly induced by insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and epidermal growth factor in intact cells, J. Biol. Chem, 262:7342–7350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasuga, M., Karlsson, F. A., and Kahn, C. R., 1982, Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of the 95,000-dalton subunit of its own receptor, Science, 215:185–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikkawa, U., Ono, Y., Ogita, K., Fujii, T., Asaoka, Y., Sekiguchi, K., Kosaka, Y., Igarashi, K., and Nishizuka, Y., 1987, Identification of the structures of multiple subspecies of protein kinase C expressed in rat brain, FEBS Lett, 217:227–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi, S., Contreras, M. L., Matsuda, Y., Hama, T., Lazarovici, P., and Guroff, G., 1988, K-252a: a specific inhibitor of the action of nerve growth factor on PC12 cells, J. Neurosci., 8:715–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurenza, A., McHugh Sutkowski, E., and Seamon, K. B., 1989, Forskolin: a specific stimulator of adenyl cyclase or a diterpene with multiple sites of action?, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 10:442–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenbaum, M. H., Carbonetto, S., and Mushynski, W. E., 1987, Nerve growth factor enhances the synthesis, phosphorylation, and metabolic stability of neurofilament proteins in PC12 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 262:605–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenbaum, M. H., Carbonetto, S., Grosveld, F., Flavell, D., and Mushynski, W. E., 1988, Transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects of nerve growth factor on expression of the three neurofilament subunits in PC-12 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 263: 5662–5667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, R. G., Pfeffer, S. R., Coussens, L., Tepper, M. A., Brocklebank, C. M., Mole, J. E., Anderson, J. K., Chen, E., Czech, M. P., and Ullrich, A., 1988, A single receptor binds both insulin-like growth factor II and mannose-6-phosphate, Science, 239: 1134–1137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massague, J., Pilch, P. F., and Czech, M. P., 1980, Electrophoretic resolution of three major insulin receptor structures with unique subunit stoichiometries, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77: 7137–7141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mei, L., Roske, W. R., and Yamamura, H. I., 1989, The coupling of muscarinic receptors to hydrolysis of inositol lipids in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, Brain Res. , 504:7–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, A. H., Jr., Sereni, A. M., Stevens, V. L., Hannun, Y. A., Bell, R. M., and Kinkade, J. M., Jr., 1986, Inhibition of phorbol ester-dependent differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemic (HL-60) cells by sphinganine and other long-chain bases, J. Biol. Chem., 261:12610–12615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metuzals, J., Montpetit, V., and Clapin, D. F., 1981, Organization of the neurofilamentous network, Cell Tissue Res.. 214:455–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J. F., Chao, M. V., and Ishii, D. N., 1985, Insulin, insulin-like growth factor II, and nerve growth factor effects on tubulin mRNA levels and neurite formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:7126–7130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. O., Edman, J. C., Standring, D. N., Fried, V. A., Smith, M. C., Roth, R. A., and Rutter, W. J., 1987, Insulin-like growth factor II receptor as a multifunctional binding protein, Nature, 329:301–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, D. J., Fernyhough, P., Chapman, K., Baizer, L., Bray, D., and Allsopp, T., 1990, Chicken growth-associated protein GAP-43 is tightly bound to the actin-rich neuronal membrane skeleton, J. Neurochem., 54:729–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, M. W., Lazzarini, R. A., Lee, V. M. -Y., Schlaepfer, W. W., and Nelson, D. L., 1987, The human mid-size neurofilament subunit: a repeated protein sequence and the relationship of its gene to the intermediate filament gene family, EMBO J., 6:1617–1626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neary, J., Norenberg, L., and Norenberg, M., 1988, Protein kinase C in primary astrocyte cultures: Cytoplasmic localization and translocation by a phorbol ester, J. Neurochem., 50: 1179–1184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, D., Scherson, T., Ginzburg, I., Littauer, U. Z., and Schwartz, M., 1983, Regulation of mRNA levels for microtubule proteins during nerve regeneration, FEBS Lett., 162:270–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto, I., Ogata, E., andKojima, I., 1987, Pertussis toxin inhibits the action of insulin-like growth factor-I, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 148:403–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishizuka, Y., 1988, The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular recognition, Nature, 334:661–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rechler, M. M., Kasuga, M., Sasaki, N., De Vroede, M. A., Romanus, J. A., and Nissley, S. P., 1983, Properties of insulin-like growth factor receptor subtypes, in: “Insulin-like growth factors/somatomedins: basic chemistry, biology, and clinical importance,” E. M. Spencer, ed., W. de Gruyter, New York, pp. 459–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Recio-Pinto, E., and Ishii, D. N., 1984, Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II and nerve growth factor on neurite outgrowth in cultured human neuroblastoma cells, Brain Res., 302:323–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recio-Pinto, E., Rechler, M. M., and Ishii, D. N., 1986, Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II, and nerve growth factor on neurite formation and survival in cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons, J. Neurosci., 6:1211–1219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recio-Pinto, E., and Ishii, D. N., 1988a, Insulin and related growth factors: effects on the nervous system and mechanism for neurite growth and regeneration, Neurochem. Int., 12:397–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recio-Pinto, E., and Ishii, D. N., 1988b, Insulin and insulinlike growth factor receptors regulating neurite formation in cultured human neuroblastoma cells, J. Neurosci. Res., 19:312–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhold, D. S., and Neet, K. E., 1989, The lack of a role for protein kinase C in neurite extension and in the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 264: 3538–3544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, R. G., Conover, C. A., Hodges, D., Lee, P. K. K., Misra, P., Hintz, R. L., and Li, C. H., 1987, Heterogeneity of IGF-I affinity for the IGF-II receptor: Comparison of natural, synthetic and recombinant DNA-derived IGF-I, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 143:199–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rydel, R. E., and Greene, L. A., 1988, cAMP analogs promote survival and neurite outgrowth in cultures of rat sympathetic and sensory neurons independently of nerve growth factor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 85: 1257–1261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, N., Kikkawa, U., Nishizuka, Y., and Tanaka, C., 1988, Distribution of protein kinase C-like immunoreactive neurons in rat brain, J. Neurosci., 8:369–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh, T., Nakamura, S., and Kaziro, Y., 1987, Induction of neurite formation in PC12 cells by microinjection of proto-oncogenic Ha-ras protein preincubated with guanosine-5’-0-(3-thiotriphosphate), Mol. Cell. Biol., 7:4553–4556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, D., and Whitlock, C., 1977, The alteration of cellular adhesion by nerve growth factor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 4055–4058.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shemer, J., Adamo, M., Wilson, G. L., Heffez, D., Zick, Y., and LeRoith, D., 1987, Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulate a common endogenous phosphoprotein substrate (ppl85) in intact neuroblastoma cells, J. Biol. Chem., 262:15476–15482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skene, J. H. P., and Willard, M., 1981, Changes in axonally transported proteins during regeneration in toad retinal ganglion cells, J. Cell Biol., 89:86–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares, M. B., Ishii, D. N., and Efstratiadis, A., 1985, Developmental and tissue-specific expression of a family of transcripts related to rat insulin-like growth factor II mRNA, Nucleic Acids Res., 13: 1119–1134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares, M. B., Turken, A., Ishii, D. N., Mills, L., Episkopou, V., Cotter, S., Zeitlin, S., and Efstratiadis, A., 1986, Rat insulin-like growth factor II gene: a single gene with two promoters expressing a multitranscript family, J. Mol. Biol.. 192:737–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenfeld, K. H., and Ishii, D. N., 1982, Nerve growth factor effects and receptors in cultured human neuroblastoma cell lines, J. Neurosci. Res., 8:375–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenfeld, K. H., and Ishii, D. N., 1985, Fast and slow nerve growth factor binding sites in human neuroblastoma and rat pheochromocytoma cell lines: relationship of sites to each other and to neurite formation, J. Neurosci., 5: 1717–1728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, W., Sonnenfeld, K. H., and Ishii, D. N., 1982, Effects of phorbol ester tumor promoters and nerve growth factor on neurite outgrowth in cultured human neuroblastoma cells, Cancer Res., 42: 5067–5073.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, W., and Ishii, D. N., 1983, Tumor promoter receptors regulating neurite formation in cultured human neuroblastoma cells, Cancer Res., 43: 4119–4125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trojanowski, J. Q., Obracka, M. A., and Lee, V. M., 1985, Distribution of neurofilament subunits in neurons and neuronal processes, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 33:557–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Wible, B., Angelides, K., and Ishii, D. N., 1988, Insulin and insulinlike growth factor-I increase neurofilament mRNA and neurite formation, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 14:1169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Li, Y., Wible, B., Angelides, K., and Ishii, D. N., 1990, Mechanism of insulin and insulin-like growth factor directed neurite formation: Role of cyclic AMP in neurofilament and tubulin gene expression, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 16:180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J., Girard, P., Mazzei, G., and Kuo, J., 1986, Immunocytochemical localization of protein kinase C in identified neuronal compartments of rat brain, J. Neurosci., 6:2571–2577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physiology and Biochemistry Departments, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA

    Douglas N. Ishii, Chiang Wang & Yi Li

Authors
  1. Douglas N. Ishii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chiang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Mohan K. Raizada

  2. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Derek LeRoith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ishii, D.N., Wang, C., Li, Y. (1991). Second Messengers Mediating Gene Expression Essential to Neurite Formation Directed by Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors. In: Raizada, M.K., LeRoith, D. (eds) Molecular Biology and Physiology of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 293. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5949-4_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5949-4_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5951-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5949-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation