Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV LTR) is regulated by multiple cis-acting regulatory sequences.1 Cellular factors which bind to the enhancer, SP1, TATA, and TAR regions are involved in the transcriptional regulation of HIV.2 In addition to cellular proteins, the viral protein, tat, has been shown to greatly stimulate HIV gene expression from the HIV LTR.3, 4
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Rosen CA, Sodroski JG, and Haseltine WA. (1985) The location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLVIIl/LAV) long terminal repeat. Cell 41: 813–823.
Garcia JA, Harrich P, Pearson L, Mitsuyasu R, and Gaynor RB. (1987) Interactions of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus. EMBO J. 6: 3761–3770.
Fisher AG, Feinberg MB, Josephs SF, Harper ME, Marselle LM, Reyes G, Gonda MA, Aldovini A, Debouk C, Gallo RC, and Wong-Staal F. (1986) The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication. Nature 320: 367–371.
Dayton AI, Sodroski JG, Rosen CA, Goh WC, and Haseltine WA. (1986) The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is requred for replication. Cell 44: 941–947.
Garcia JA, Harrich D, Pearson L, Mitsuyasu R, and Gaynor RB. (1988) Functional domains required for tat-induced transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. EMBO J. 7: 3143–3147.
Rosen CA, Sodroski JG, Goh WC, Dayton AI, Lippke J, and Haseltine WA. (1986) Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human Tlymphotropic-virus type III. Nature 319: 555–559.
Cullen BR. (1986) Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism. Cell 46: 973–982.
Kao SY, Calman AF, Luciw PA, and Peterlin BM. (1987) Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product. Nature 330: 489–493.
Laspia MF, Rice AP, and Matthews MB. (1989) HIV-1 tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation. Cell, 59: 283–292.
Berkhout B, Silverman RH, and Jeang KT. (1989) Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. Cell 59: 273–282.
Feng S, and Holland EC. (1988) HIV-1 tat trans-activation requires the loop sequence within tar. Nature 334: 165–167.
Garcia JA, Harrich D, Soultanakis E, Wu F, Mitsuyasui R, and Gaynor RB. (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR TATA and TAR region sequences required for transcriptinal regulation. EMBO J 8: 765–778.
Selby MJ, Bain ES, Luciw PA, and Peterlin BM. (1989) Structure, sequence, and position of the stem-loop in tar determine transcriptional elongation by tat through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Genes & Dev. 3: 547–558.
Braddock M, Chambers A, Wilson W, Esnouf MP, Adams SE, Kingsman AH, and Kingsman SM. (1989) HIV-1 tat “activates” presynthesized RNA in the nucleus. Cell 58: 269–279.
Southgate C, Zapp ML, and Green ML. (1990) Activation of transcription by HIV-1 tat protein tethered to nascent RNA through another protein. Nature 345: 640–642.
Selby MJ, and Peterlin BM. (1990) Trans-activation by HIV-1 tat via a heterologous RNA binding protein. Cell 62: 769–776.
Berkhout B, Gatignol A, Rabson AB, and Jeang KT. (1990) TAR-independent activation of the HIV-1 LTR; evidence that tat requires specific regions of the promoter. Cell 62: 757–767.
Wu FK, Garcia JA, Harrich D, and Gaynor RB. (1988) Purification of the human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer and TAR binding proteins EBP-1 and UBP1. EMBO J. 7: 2117–2129.
Jones KA, Luciw PA, and Duchange N. (1988) Structural arrangements of transcription control domains within the 5’ untranslated leader regions of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 promoter. Genes Dev. 2: 1101–1114.
Gaynor R, Soultanakis E, Kuwabara M, Garcia J,. and Sigman DS. (1989) Specific binding of a HeLa cell nuclear protein to RNA sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus transactivating region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4858–4862.
Gatignol A, Kumar A, Rabson A, and Jeang KT. (1989) Identification of cellular proteins that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activatonresponsive TAR element RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7828–7832.
Marciniak RA, Garcia-Blanco MA, and Sharp PA. (1990) Identification and characterization of a HeLa nuclear protein that specifically binds to the transactivation-response (TAR) element of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3624–3628.
Berkhout B, and Jeang KT. (1989) Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is sequence specific for both the single-stranded bulge and loop of the rans-acting-responsive hairpin: a quantitative analysis. J. Virol. 63: 5501–5504.
Dingwall C, Ernberg I, Gait MJ, Green SM, Heaphy S, Karn J, Lowe AD, Singh M, Skinner MA, and Vallerio R. (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus 1 tat protein binds trans-activation responsive region (TAR) RNA in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6925–6929.
Roy S, Parkin C, Rosen J, Itovitch J, and Sonenberg N. (1990) Structural requirements for trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by tat: Improtance of base pairing, loop sequence and bulges in the tat-responsive sequence. J. Virol. 64: 1402–1406.
Roy S, Delling U, Chen CH, Rosen CA, and Sonnenberg N. (1990) A bulge structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA is required for tat binding and tat-mediated trans-activation. Genes & Dev. 4: 1365–1373.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gaynor, R. (1991). Role of the TAR Element in Regulating HIV Gene Expression. In: Kumar, A. (eds) Advances in Molecular Biology and Targeted Treatment for AIDS. GWUMC Department of Biochemistry Annual Spring Symposia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5928-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5928-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5930-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5928-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive