Abstract
Chronic cigarette smoking has been associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic diseases of extracranial carotid arteries in several studies. Angiography was the first method used to image in vivo stenosis — narrowing of the arterial lumen — both in the intracranial and extracranial carotid circulation. Stenosis is usually expressed as percent narrowing of the lumen diameter, and is often used as a measure of arterial disease caused by atherosclerotic plaque lesions. Although angiography has been an important tool studying the relation between various risk factors and atherosclerotic disease, the invasive nature of the procedure limits its application to symptomatic subjects and raises ethical concerns for studies in healthy volunteers.
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© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
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Tell, G.S., Howard, G., Evans, G.W., Smith, M.L., McKinney, W.M., Toole, J.F. (1990). Cigarette Smoking and Extracranial Carotid Atherosclerosis. In: Diana, J.N. (eds) Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 273. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9_5
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