Abstract
The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has become a well-established target for drug action since it was identified about 30 years ago. Clinically useful drugs whose activity stems from DHFR inhibition include the antibacterial agent trimethoprim (TMP, 1) (see Finland et al., 1982), and methotrexate (MTX, 2) (see Roth and Cheng, 1982), a compound used in the treatment of certain forms of cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Antonjuk, D. J., Birdsall, H. T., Cheung, A., Clore, G. M., Feeney, J., Gronenborn, A., Roberts, G. C. K., and Tran, T. Q., 1984, AHNMR study of the role of the glutamate moiety in the binding of methotrexate to Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate, Br. J. Pharm. 81: 309–315.
Appleman, J. R., Prendergast, N., Delcamp, T. J., Freisheim, J. H., and Blakley, R. L., 1988, Kinetics of the formation and isomerization of methotrexate complexes of recombinant human dihydrofolate reductase, J. Biol. Chem. 263: 10304–10313.
Baccanari, D. P., Stone, D., and Kuyper, L., 1981, Effect of a single amino acid substitution on Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase catalysis and ligand binding, J. Biol. Chem. 256: 1738–1747.
Baccanari, D. P., Daluge, S., and King, R. W., 1982, Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase: Effect of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate on the selectivity and affinity of diaminobenzylpyrimidines, Biochemistry 21: 5068–5075.
Bash, P. A., Singh, U. C., Brown, F. K., Langridge, R., and Kollman, P. A., 1987, Calculation of the relative change in binding free energy of a protein—inhibition complex, Science 235: 574–576.
Beddell, C. R., 1984, Dihydrofolate reductase: Its structure, function, and binding properties, in: X-Ray Crystallography and Drug Action, ( A. S. Horn and C. J. DeRanter, eds.), pp. 169–193, Oxford University Press, New York.
Bevan, A. W. Roberts, G. C. K., Feeney, J., and Kuyper, L. F., 1985, H and 15N NMR studies of protonation and hydrogen-bonding in the binding of trimethoprim of dihydrofolate reductase, Eur. Biophys. J. 11:211–218.
Birdsall, B., Roberts, G. C. K., Feeney, J., Dann, J. G., and Burgen, A. S. V., 1983, Trimethoprim binding to bacterial and mammalian dihydrofolate reductase: A comparison by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, Biochemistry 22: 5597–5604.
Bitar, K. G., Blankenship, D. T., Walsh, K. A., Dunlap, R. B., Reddy, A. V., and Freisheim, J. H., 1977, Amino acid sequence of dihydrofolate reductase from an amethopterin-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei, FEBS Lett. 80: 119–122.
Blakley, R. L., 1984, Dihydrofolate Reductase, in: Folates and Pterins, Vol. 1 ( R. L. Blakley and S. J. Benkovic, eds.), pp. 191–253, Wiley, New York.
Blakley, R. L., and Benkovic, S. J. (eds.), 1984, Folates and Pterins, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York.
Blaney, J. M., Weiner, P. K., Dearing, A., Kollman, P. A., Jorgensen, E. C., Oatley, S. J., Burridge, J. M., and Blake, C. C. F., 1982, Molecular mechanics simulation of protein-ligand interactions: Binding of thyroid hormone analogues to prealbumin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104: 6424–6434.
Blaney, J. M., Hansch, C., Silipo, C., and Vittoria, A., 1984, Structure—activity relationships of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, Chem. Rev. 84: 333–407.
Bolin, J. T., Filman, D. J., Matthews, D. A., Hamlin, R. C., and Kraut, J., 1982, Crystal structures of Escherichia coil and Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase refined at 1.7A resolution. I. General features and binding of methotrexate, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 13650–13662.
Champness, J. N., Kuyper, L. F., and Beddell, C. R., 1986a, Interaction between dihydrofolate reductase and certain inhibitors, in: Topics in Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 3 ( A. S. V. Burgen, G. C. K. Roberts, and M. S. Tute, eds.), pp. 335–362, Elsevier, New York.
Champness, J. N., Stammers, D. K., and Beddell, C. R., 1986b, Crystallographic investigation of the cooperative interaction between trimethoprim, reduced cofactor and dihydrofolate reductase, FEBS Lett. 199: 61–67.
Charlton, P. A., Young, D. W., Birdsall, B., Feeney, J., and Roberts, G. C. K., 1985. Stereochemistry of reduction of the vitamin folic acid by dihydrofolate reductase, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1349, 1353.
Cheung, H. T. A., Searle, M. S., Feeney, J., Birdsall, B., Roberts, G. C. K., Kompis, I., and Hammond, S. J., 1986, Trimethoprim binding to Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase: AC NMR study using selectively 13C-enriched trimethoprim, Biochemistry 25: 1925–1931.
Cocco, L., Roth, B., Temple, C., Jr., Montgomery, J. A., London, R. E., and Blakley, R. L., 1983, Protonated state of methotrexate, trimethoprim, and pyrimethamine bound to dihydrofolate reductase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 226: 567–577.
Filman, D. J., Bolin, J. T., Matthews, D. A., and Kraut, J., 1982, Crystal structures of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase refined at 1.7A resolution. II. Environment of bound NADPH and implications for catalysis, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 13663–13672.
Finland, M., Kass, E. H., and R. Platt, eds., 1982, Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole revisited, Rev. Infect. Dis. 4:185–618.
Freisheim, J. H., and Matthews, D. A., 1984, The comparative biochemistry of dihydrofolate reductase, in: Folate Antagonists as Therapeutic Agents, Vol. 1 ( F. M. Sirotnak, J. J. Burchall, W. B. Ensminger, and J. A. Montgomery, eds.), pp. 69–131, Academic Press, New York.
Hine, J., and Mookerjee, P. K., 1975, The intrinsic hydrophilic character of organic compounds. Correlations in terms of structural contribution, Erro Hyperlink reference not valid.. Chem. 40: 292–298.
Hitchings, G. H., 1983, Functions of tetrahydrofolate and the role of dihydrofolate reductase in cellular metabolism, in: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 64 ( G. H. Hitchings, ed.), pp. 11–23, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Hood, K., and Roberts, G. C. K., 1978, Ultraviolet difference-spectroscopic studies of substrate and inhibitor binding to Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase, Biochem. J. 171: 357–366.
Howell, E. E., Villafranca, J. E., Warren, M. S., Oatley, S. J., and Kraut, J., 1986, Functional role of aspartic acid-27 in dihydrofolate reductase revealed by mutagenesis, Science 231: 1123–1128.
Kompis, I., and Then, R. L., 1984, Rationally designed brodimoprim analogues: Synthesis and biological activities, Eur. J. Med. Chem. Chim. Ther. 19: 529–534.
Kraut, J., and Matthews, D. A., 1987, Dihydrofolate reductase, in: Biological Macromolecules and Assemblies, Vol. III ( F. Jurnak and A. McPherson, eds.), pp. 1–71, Wiley, New York.
Kumar, A. A., Blankenship, D. T., Kaufman, B. T., and Freisheim, J. H., 1980, Primary structure of chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase, Biochemistry 19: 667–678.
Kuyper, L. F., 1985, Molecular mechanics modeling of dihydrofolate reductase-inhibitor complexes: Correlation between calculated energy and observed affinity, Abstracts of Papers, 189th ACS National Meeting, Miami Beach, FL, April 28-May 3, Washington, DC, Abstr. MEDI 88.
Kuyper, L. F., Roth, B., Baccanari, D. P., Ferone, R., Beddell, C. R., Champness, J. N., Stam- mers, D. K., Dann, J. G., Norrington, F. E., Baker, D. J., and Goodford, P. J., 1985, Receptor- based design of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: Comparison of crystallographically determined enzyme binding with enzyme affinity in a series of carboxy-substituted trimethoprim analogues, J. Med. Chem. 28: 303–311.
Masters, J. N., and Attardi, G., 1983, The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA coding for the human dihydrofolic acid reductase, Gene 21: 59–63.
Matthews, D. A., Alden, R. A., Bolin, J. T., Freer, S. T., Hamlin, R., Xuong, N., Kraut, J., Poe, M., Williams, M., and Hoogsteen, K., 1977, Dihydrofolate reductase: X-ray structure of the binary complex with methotrexate, Science 197: 452–455.
Matthews, D. A., Bolin, J. T., Burridge, J. M., Filman, D. J., Volz, K. W., Kaufman, B. T., Beddell, C. R., Champness, J. N., Stammers, D. K., and Kraut, J., 1985a, Refined crystal structures of Escherichia coli and chicken liver dihydrofolate reductase containing bound trimethoprim, J. Biol. Chem. 260: 381–391.
Matthews, D. A., Bolin, J. T., Burridge, J. M., Filman, D. J., Volz, K. W., and Kraut, J., 1985b, Dihydrofolate reductase. The stereochemistry of inhibitor selectivity, J. Biol. Chem. 260: 392–399.
Matthews, D. A., Smith, S. L., Baccanari, D. P., Burchall, J. J., Oatley, S. J., and Kraut, J., 1986, Crystal structure of a novel trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified in Escherichia coli by R-plasmid R67, Biochemistry 25: 4194–4204.
Oefner, C., D’arcy, A., and Winkler, F. K., 1988, Crystal structure of human dihydrofolate reductase complexed with folate, Eur. J. Biochem. 174: 377–385.
Ollis, W. D., Stoddart, J. F., and Sutherland, I. O., 1974, The conformational behaviour of some medium-sized ring systems, Tetrahedron 30: 1903–1921.
Pettitt, M., and Karplus, M., 1986, Interaction energies: their role in drug design, in: Topics in Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 3 ( A. S. V. Burgen, G. C. K. Roberts, and M. S. Tute, eds.), pp. 75–113, Elsevier, New York.
Phillips, T., and Bryan, R. F., 1969, X-ray crystal structures of the antimalarial agents daraprim and trimethoprim, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A A25: S200.
Piper, J. R., Montgomery, J. A., Sirotnak, F. M., and Chello, P. L., 1982, Syntheses of a-and y-substituted amides, peptides, and esters of methotrexate and their evaluation as inhibitors of folate metabolism, J. Med. Chem. 25: 182–187.
Prendergast, N. J., Delcamp, T. J., Smith, P. L., and Freisheim, J. H., 1988, Expression and sitedirected mutagenesis of human dihydrofolate reductase, Biochemistry 27:3664–3671.
Richardson, J. S., 1981, The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structure, Adv. Prot. Chem. 34: 167–339.
Roth, B., 1983, Selective inhibitors of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase: Structure-activity relationships, in: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 64 ( G. H. Hitchings, ed.), pp. 107–127, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Roth, B., and Cheng, C. C., 1982, Recent progress in the medicinal chemistry of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, in: Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 19 ( C. P. Ellis and G. B. West, eds.), pp. 269–331, Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
Roth, B., Aig, E., Lane, K., and Rauckman, B. S., 1980, Diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines as antibacterial agents. 4. 6-Substituted trimethoprim derivatives from phenolic Mannich intermediates. Application to the synthesis of trimethoprim and 3,5-dialkylbenzyl analogues, J. Med. Chem. 23: 535–541.
Searle, M. S., Forster, M. J., Birdsall, B., Roberts, G. C. K., Feeney, J., Cheung, H. T. A., Kompis, I., and Geddes, A. J., 1988, Dynamics of trimethoprim bound to dihydrofolate reductase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 3787–3791.
Singh, U. C., 1988, Probing the salt bridge in the dihydrofolate reductase—methotrexate complex by using the coordinate-coupled free-energy perturbation method, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4280–4284.
Stammers, D. K., Champness, J. N., Beddell, C. R., Dann, J. G., Eliopoulos, E., Geddes, A. J., Ogg, D., and North, A. C., 1987, The structure of mouse L1210 dihydrofolate reductase—drug complexes and the construction of a model of human enzyme, FEBS Lett. 218: 178–184.
Stone, D., Paterson, S. J., Raper, J. H., and Phillips, A. W., 1979, The amino acid sequence of dihydrofolate reductase from the mouse lymphoma L1210, J. Biol. Chem. 254: 480–488.
Subramanian, S., and Kaufman, B. T., 1978, Interaction of methotrexate, folates and pyridine nucleotides with dihydrofolate reductase: Calorimetric and spectroscopic binding studies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3201–3205.
Villafranca, J. E., Howell, E. E., Voet, D. H., Strobel, M. S., Ogden, R. C., Abelson, J. N., and Kraut, J., 1983, Directed mutagenesis of dihydrofolate reductase, Science 222: 782–788.
Volz, K. W., Matthews, D. A., Alden, R. A., Freer, S. T., Hansch, C., Kaufman, B. T., and Kraut, J., 1982, Crystal structure of avian dihydrofolate reductase containing phenyltriazine and NADPH, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 2528–2536.
Weiner, P. K., and Kollman, P. A., 1981, AMBER: Assisted model building with energy refinement. A general program for modeling molecules and their interactions, J. Comp. Chem. 2: 287–303.
Wong, C. F., and McCammon, J. A., 1986, Dynamics and design of enzymes and inhibitors, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 3830–3832.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuyper, L.F. (1990). Receptor-Based Design of Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors. In: Hook, J.B., Poste, G., Schatz, J. (eds) Protein Design and the Development of New Therapeutics and Vaccines. New Horizons in Therapeutics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5739-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5739-1_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5741-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5739-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive