Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Avian Retroviruses

  • Chapter
Virus-Induced Immunosuppression

Part of the book series: Infectious agents and pathogenesis ((IAPA))

Abstract

Retrovirus particles are roughly spherical, about 100 nm in diameter, and have a dense inner core or nucleocapsid surrounded by an envelope with projecting glycoprotein spikes.(1) Although four basic subcategories of retrovirus particles have been identified, all avian retroviruses have C-type morphology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Teich, N., Taxonomy of retroviruses, in: RNA Tumor Viruses, Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses ,2nd ed. (R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, and J. Coffin, eds.), pp. 25–209, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Temin, H. M., and D. Baltimore, RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses, Adv. Virus Res. 17:129–186 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Varmus, H., and R. Swanstrom, Replication of retroviruses, in: RNA Tumor Viruses, Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses ,2nd ed. (R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, and J. Coffin, eds.), pp. 369–512, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Graf, T., and H. Beug, Avian Leukemia viruses. Interaction with their target cells in vivo and in vitro, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 512:269–299 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bishop, J. M., Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52:301–354 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Vogt, P. K., and R. R. Friis, An avian leukosis virus related to RSV(O): Properties and evidence for helper activity, Virology 43:223–234 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Calnek, B. W., Lymphoid leukosis virus: A survey of commercial breeding flocks for genetic resistance and incidence of embryo infection, Avian Dis. 12:104–111 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Purchase, H. G., and B. R. Burmester, Leukosis/sarcoma group, in: Diseases of Poultry (M. S. Hofstad, B. W. Calnek, C. F. Helmboldt, W. M. Reid, and H. W. Yoder,Jr., eds.), pp. 418–468, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Peterson, R. D. A., H. G. Purchase, B. R. Burmester, M. D. Cooper, and R. A. Good, Relationships among visceral lymphomatosis, bursa of Fabricius, and bursa-dependent lymphoid tissue of the chicken, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 36:585–598 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beug, H., A. von Kirckbach, G. Doederlein, J. F. Conscience, and T. Graf, Chicken hematopoietic cells transformed by seven strains of defective acute leukemia viruses display three distinct phenotypes of differentiation, Cell 18:375–390 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mlandenov, Z., U. Heine, D. Beard, and J. W. Beard, Strain MC29 avian leukosis virus. Myelocytoma, endothelioma, and renal growth: Pathomorphological and ultrastructural aspects, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 38:251–258 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Burmester, B. R., M. A. Gross, W. G. Walter, and A. K. Fontes, Pathogenicity of a viral strain (RPL12) causing avian visceral lymphomatosis and related neoplasms. II. Host-virus interactions affecting response, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 22:103–127 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Beard, J. W., Avian virus growths and their etiological agents, in: Advances in Cancer Research (A. Haddow and S. Weinhouse, eds.), pp. 1–127, Academic, New York (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Moscovici, C., and P. K. Vogt, Effect of genetic cellular resistance on cell transformation and virus replication in chicken hematopoietic cultures infected with avian my eloblastosis virus (BAI/A), Virology 35:487–497 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Langlois, A. J., L. Veprek, D. Beard, R. B. Fritz, and J. W. Beard, Isolation of a non-focus forming virus from stock MC29 by endpoint dilution, Cancer Res. 31:1010–1016 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ishizuki, R., and T. Shimuzi, Heterogeneity of strain R avian (erythroblastosis) virus, Cancer Res. 30:2827–2831 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Smith, R. E., and C. Moscovici, The oncogenic effects of nontransforming viruses from avian myeloblastosis virus, Cancer Res. 29:1356–1366 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Graf, T., B. Royer-Pokora, G. E. Schubert, and H. Beug, Evidence for the multiple oncogenic potential of cloned leukemia virus: In vitro and in vivo studies with avian erythroblastosis virus, Virology 71:423–433 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Holmes, J. R., Experimental transmission of avian osteopetrosis, J. Comp. Pathol. 68:439–443 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sanger, V. L., T. N. Fredrickson, C. C. Merrill, and B. R. Burmester, Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in chickens, Am. J. Vet. Res. 27:1735–1744 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Purchase, H. G., R. C. Chubb, and P. M. Biggs, Effect of lymphoid leukosis and Marek’s disease on the immunological responsiveness of the chicken, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 40:583– 592 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dent, P. B., M. D. Cooper, L. M. Payne, J. J. Solomon, B. R. Burmester, and R. A. Good, Pathogenesis of avian lymphoid leukosis. II. Immunological reactivity during lympho-magenesis, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 41:391–401 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Crittenden, L. B., Exogenous and endogenous leukosis virus genes-A review, Avian Pathol. 10:101–112 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Granlund, D. J., and R. W. Loan, Effect of lymphoid leukosis virus infection on the cell immune capacity of the chicken, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52:1373–1374 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fadly, A. M., L. F. Lee, and L. D. Bacon, Immunocompetence of chickens during early and tumorigenic stages of Rous-associated virus-1 infection, Infect. Immun. 37:1156–1161 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Meyers, P., G. D. Ritts, and D. R. Johnson, Phytohemagglutinin-induced leukocyte blastogenesis in normal and avian leukosis virus infected chickens, Cell. Immunol. 27:140–146 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Smith, R. E., and L. J. van Eldik, Characterization of the immunosuppression accom panying virus-induced avian osteopetrosis, Infect. Immun. 22:452–461 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rup, B. J., J. D. Hoelzer, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Helper viruses associated with avian acute leukemia viruses inhibit the cellular immune response, Virology 116:61–71 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gazzolo, L., M. G. Moscovici, and C. Moscovici, Replication of avian sarcoma viruses in chicken macrophages, Virology 58:514–525 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gazzolo, L., M. G. Moscovici, C Moscovici, and P. K. Vogt, Susceptibility and resistance of chicken macrophages to avian RNA tumor viruses, Virology 67:553–565 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kang, C-Y., and H. M. Temin, Lack of sequence homology among RNAs of avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, reticuloendotheliosis viruses and chicken endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity, J. Virol. 12:1314–1324 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Maldonado, R. L., and H. R. Bose,Jr., Relationship of reticuloendotheliosis virus to the avian tumor viruses: Nucleic acid and polypeptide composition, J. Virol. 11:741–747 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Maldonado, R. L., and H. R. Bose,Jr., Group-specific antigen shared by the members of the reticuloendotheliosis virus complex, J. Virol. 17:983–990 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hoelzer, J. D., R. B. Franklin, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Transformation by reticuloendotheliosis virus: Development of a focus assay and isolation of a nontransforming virus, Virology 93:20–30 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ludford, G. G., H. G. Purchase, and H. W. Cox, Duck infectious anemia virus associated with Plasmodium lophurea, Exp. Parasitol. 31:29–30 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Trager, W. A., New virus of ducks interfering with development of malaria parasites (Plasmodium lophurea), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101:578–582 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cook, M. K., Cultivation of a filterable agent associated with Marek’s disease, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 43:203–213 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hoelzer, J. D., R. B. Lewis, C. R. Wasmuth, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Hematopoietic cell transformation by reticuloendotheliosis virus: Characterization of the genetic defect, Virology 100:462–474 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Purchase, H. G., and R. L. Witter, The reticuloendotheliosis viruses, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 71:103–124 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Purchase, H. G., C. Ludford, K. Nazerian, and H. W. Cox, A new group of oncogenic viruses: Reticuloendotheliosis, chick syncytial, duck infectious anemia and spleen necrosis viruses, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51:489–499 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Witter, R. L., and L. B. Crittenden, Lymphomas resembling lymphoid leukosis in chick ens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus, Int. J. Cancer 23:673–678 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sevoian, M. R., N. Larose, and D. M. Chamberlain, Avian lymphomatoses VI: A virus of unusual potency and pathogenicity, Avian Dis. 8:336–347 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Temin, H. M., and V. K. Kassner, Replication of reticuloendotheliosis virus in cell culture: Acute infection, J. Virol. 13:291–297 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Temin, H. M., and V. K. Kassner, Replication of reticuloendotheliosis virus in cell culture: Chronic infection, J. Gen. Virol. 27:267–274 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rup, B. J., J. L. Spence, J. D. Hoelzer, R. B. Lewis, C. R. Carpenter, A. S. Rubin, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Immunosuppression induced by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: Mechanism of induction of the suppressor cell, J. Immunol. 123:1362–1370 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Franklin, R. B., C-Y. Kang, M. K. Wan, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts by reticuloendotheliosis virus, Virology 83:313–321 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lewis, R. B., J. McClure, B. Rup, D. W. Niesel, R. F. Garry, J. D. Hoelzer, K. Nazerian, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: Identification of the hematopoietic target cell for transformation, Cell 25:421–431 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Beug, H., H. Muller, S. Grieser, G. Doederlein, and T. Graf, Hematopoietic cells transformed in vitro by RE V-T avian reticuloendotheliosis virus express characteristics of very immature lymphoid cells, Virology 115:295–309 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Singer, A., and R. J. Hodes, Mechanisms of T cell-B cell interaction, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1:211–241 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Evans, G., and J. Ivanyi, Antibody synthesis by chicken spleen cell in vitro. I. Requirements of B cells at various stages after immunization for T cell, macrophages and antigen, Eur. J. Immunol. 5:747–752 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. McArthur, W. P., D. G. Gilmour, and G. J. Thorbecke, Immunocompetent cell in the chicken. II. Synergism between thymus and either bursa or bone marrow cells in the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes, Cell. Immunol. 8:103–111 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hirota, Y., M-T. Martin, M. Viljanen, P. Toivanen, and R. M. Franklin, Immu-nopathology of chickens infected in ovo and at hatching with the avian osteopetrosis virus MAV-2(0), Eur. J. Immunol. 10:929–936 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Walker, M. H., B. J. Rup, A. S. Rubin, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Specificity in the immunosuppression induced by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, Infect. Immun. 40:225–235 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Paterson, R. W., and R. E. Smith, Characterization of anemia induced by avian osteopetrosis virus, Infect. Immun. 22:891–900 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Price, J. A., and R. E. Smith, Influence of bursectomy on bone growth and anemia induced by avian osteopetrosis viruses, Cancer Res. 41:752–759 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Green, D. R., P. M. Flood, and R. K. Gershon, Immunoregulatory T-cell pathways, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1:439–463 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Naspilz, C. K., and M. Richter, The action of phytohemagglutinin in vivo and in vitro, Prog. Allergy 12:1–85 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Miggiano, V. C., I. Bergen, and J. R. L. Pink, The mixed lymphocyte reaction in chickens: Evidence for control by the major histocompatibility complex, Eur. J. Immunol. 4:397–401 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hovi, T., J. Suni, L. Hortling, and A. Vaheri, Stimulation of chicken lymphocytes by T-and B-cell mitogens, Cell. Immunol. 39:70–78 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Greaves, M. F., I. M. Roitt, and N. E. Rose, Effect of bursectomy and thymectomy on the responses of chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, Nature (Land.) 220:293–295 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Toivanen, P., and A. Toivanen, Selective activation of chicken T lymphocytes by concanavalin A, J. Immunol. 111:1602–1603 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Scofíeld, V. L., and H. R. Bose,Jr., Depression of the mitogen response in spleen cells from reticuloendotheliosis virus-infected chickens and their suppressive effect on nor mal lymphocyte response. J. Immunol. 120:1321–1325 (1978).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Carpenter, C. R., H. R. Bose,Jr., and A. S. Rubin, Contact-mediated suppression of mitogen-induced responsiveness by spleen cells in reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumorigenesis, Cell. Immunol. 33:392–401 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Carpenter, C. R., A. S. Rubin, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Suppression of the mitogen-stimulated blastogenic response during reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumorigenesis: Investigations into the mechanism of action of the suppressor cells, J. Immunol. 120:1313–1320 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Price, J. A., and R. E. Smith, Inhibition of concanavalin A response during osteopetrosis virus infection, Cancer Res. 42:3617–3624 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Carpenter, C. R., K. E. Kempf, H. R. Bose,Jr., and A. S. Rubin, Characterization of the interaction of reticuloendotheliosis virus with the avian lymphoid system, Cell. Immunol. 39:309–315 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Boni-Schnetzler, M., J. Boni, and R. M. Franklin, Reversal of T-cell unresponsiveness by T-cell-conditioned medium in retrovirus MAV-2(0)-induced immunosuppression in chickens, Cancer Res. 45:4871–4875 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Pink, J. R., and O. Vainio, Genetic control of the response of chicken T-lymphocytes to concanavalin A: Cellular localisation of the low responder defect, Eur. J. Immunol. 13:571–575 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Rice, N. R., R. R. Hiebsch, M. A. Gonda, H. R. Bose,Jr., and R. V. Gilden, Genome of reticuloendotheliosis virus: Characterization by use of cloned provirus DNA, J. Virol. 42:237–252 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Stephens, R. M., N. R. Rice, R. R. Heibsch, H. R. Bose,Jr., and R. V. Gilden, Nucleotide sequence oïv-rel: The oncogene of reticuloendotheliosis virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6229–6233 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wilhelmsen, K. C., K. Eggleton, and H. M. Temin, Nucleic acid sequences of the oncogene v-rel in reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T and its cellular homolog, the protooncogene c-rel, J. Virol. 52:172–182 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mathes, L. E., R. G. Olsen, L. C. Hebebrand, E. A. Hover, and J. P. Schaller, Abrogation of lymphocyte blastogenesis by a feline leukaemia virus protein, Nature (Lond.) 274:687– 689 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mathes, L. E., R. G. Olsen, L. C. Hebebrand, E. A. Hoover, J. P. Schaller, P. W. Adams, and W. S. Nichols, Immunosuppressive properties of a virion polypeptide, a 15,000-dalton protein, from feline leukemia virus, Cancer Res. 39:950–955 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hebebrand, L. C., R. G. Olsen, L. E. Mathes, and W. S. Nichols, Inhibition of human lymphocyte mitogen and antigen response by a 15,000 dalton protein from feline leukemia virus, Cancer Res. 39:443–447 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cianciolo, G. J., T. J. Matthews, D. P. Bolognesi, and R. Synderman, Macrophage accumulation in mice is inhibited by low molecular weight products from murine leukemia viruses, J. Immunol. 124:2900–2905 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Copelan, E. A., J. J. Rinehart, M. Lewis, L. Mathes, R. Olsen, and A. Sangone, The mechanism of retrovirus suppression of human T cell proliferation in vitro, J. Immunol. 131:2017–2020 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Snyderman, R., and G. J. Cianciolo, Immunosuppressive activity of the retroviral envelope protein pl5E and its possible relationship to neoplasia, Immunol. Today 5:240–244 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cianciolo, G. J., T. D. Copeland, S. Oroszlan, and R. Snyderman, Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope proteins, Science 230:453–455 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sonigo, P., C. Barker, E. Hunter, and S. Wain-Hobson, Nucleotide sequence of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: An immunosuppressive D-type retrovirus, Cell 45:375–385 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Cerny, J., K. D. Grinwich, and R. A. Stiller, Immunosuppression by spleen cells from Moloney leukemia. III. Evidence for a suppressor cell that is not the leukemic, virus-producing cell, J. Immunol 119:1097–1081 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Caulfìeld, M. J., and J. Cerny, Cell interactions in leukemia-associated immunosuppres sion: Suppression of thymus-independent antibody responses by leukemia spleen cells (Moloney) in vitro is mediated by normal T cells, J. Immunol. 124:255–260 (1980).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Cianciolo, G. J., J. Hunter, J. Silva, J. S. Haskill, and R. Snyderman, Inhibitors of monocyte responses to chemotaxins are present in human cancerous effusion and react with monoclonal antibodies to the pl5E protein of retroviruses, J. Clin. Invest. 68:831–844 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cianciolo, G. J., M. E. Lostrom, M. Tam, and R. Snyderman, Murine malignant cells synthesize a 19,000-dalton protein that is physiochemically and antigenically related to the immunosuppressive retroviral protein, pl5E, J. Exp. Med. 158:885–900 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hershey, P., C. Bindon, M. Czerniecki, A. Spurling, J. Wass, and W. H. McCarthy, Inhibition of interleukin 2 production by factors released from tumor cells, J. Immunol. 131:2837–2842 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  85. Cianciolo, G. J., D. Phipps, and R. Snyderman, Human malignant and mitogen-trans-formed cells contain retroviral pl5E-related antigen, J. Exp. Med. 159:964–969 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Smith, K. A., Interleukin-2, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2:319–333 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Durum, S. K., J. A. Schmidt, and J. J. Oppenheim, Interleukin-1: An immunological perspective, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 3:263–287 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Theilen, G. H., R. F. Zeigel, and M. J. Twiehaus, Biological studies with RE virus (strain T) that induces reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys, chickens and japanese quail, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37:731–743 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bose, H. R.,Jr., and A. S. Levine, Replication of reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain T) in chicken embryo cell culture, J. Virol. 1:1117–1121 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Garry, R. F., G. M. Shackleford, L. J. Berry, and H. R. Bose,Jr., Inhibition of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, Cancer Res. 45:5020–5026 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Witter, R. L., H. G. Purchase, and G. H. Burgoyne, Peripheral nerve lesions similar to those of Marek’s disease in chickens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 45:567–577 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Smith, R. E., and J. Ivanyi, Pathogenesis of virus-induced osteopetrosis in the chicken, J. Immunol. 125:523–530 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Yoneda, T., and G. R. Mundy, Monocytes regulate osteoclastactivating factor production by releasing prostaglandins, J. Exp. Med. 150:338–350 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Thomson, B. M., J. Saklatvala, and T. J. Chambers, Osteoblasts mediate interleukin-1 stimulation of bone resorption by rat osteoclasts, J. Exp. Med. 164:104–112 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Marks, S. C.,Jr., Studies on the mechanism of spleen cell cure for osteopetrosis in ia rats: Appearance of osteoblasts with ruffled borders, Am. J. Anat. 151:119–123 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Marks, S. C.,Jr., and G. B. Schneider, Evidence for a relationship between lymphoid cells and osteoclasts: Bone resorption restored in ia (osteopetrotic) rats by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages from a normal litter mate, Am. J. Anat. 152:331–341 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Banes, A. J., and R. E. Smith, Biological characterization of avian osteopetrosis, Infect. Immun. 16:876–884 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Moore, M. A. S., and J. J. T. Owen, Experimental studies on the development of the bursa of Fabricius, Dev. Biol. 14:40–51 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Jotereau, F. V., and N. M. le Douarin, The development relationship between osteocytes and osteoclasts: A study using the quail-chick nuclear marker in endochondral ossification, Dev. Biol. 63:253–265 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Robinson, H. L., and B. D. Miles, Avian leukosis virus-induced osteopetrosis is associated with the persistent synthesis of viral DNA, Virology 141:130–143 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Shank, P. R., P. J. Schatz, L. M. Jensen, P. N. Tsichlis, J. M. Coffin, and H. L. Robinson, Sequences in the gag-pol-5’ env region of avian leukosis viruses confer the ability to induce osteopetrosis, Virology 145:94–104 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Coffin, J., Structure of the retroviral genome, in: RNA Tumor Viruses, Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses ,2nd ed. (R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, and J. Coffin, eds.), pp. 261–368, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  103. Linial, M., and D. Blair, Genetics of retroviruses, in: RNA Tumor Viruses, Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses ,2nd ed. (R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, and J. Coffin, eds.), pp. 649–783, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Tsai, W-P., T. D. Copeland, and S. Oroszlan, Purification and chemical and immunolog ical characterization of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus gag-gene-encoded structural proteins, Virology 140:289–312 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fujita, D. J., Y. C. Chen, R. R. Friis, and P. K. Vogt, RNA tumor viruses of pheasants: Characterization of avian leukosis subgroups F and G, Virology 60:558–571 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hanafusa, T., H. Hanafusa, C. E. Metroka, W. S. Hayward, C. W. Rettenmier, R. C. Sawyer, R. M. Dougherty, and H. S. Di Stefano, Pheasant viruses: A new class of ribodeoxyviruses, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 73:1333–1337 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Chen, Y. C., and P. K. Vogt, Endogenous leukosis viruses in the avian family Phasianidae, Virology 76:740–750 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. McDougall, J. S., P. M. Biggs, R. W. Shilleto, and B. S. Milne, Lymphoproliferative disease of turkeys. II. Experimental transmission and aetiology, Avian Pathol. 7:141–155 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712-1095, USA

    Robert W. Storms & Henry R. Bose Jr.

Authors
  1. Robert W. Storms
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Henry R. Bose Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612-4799, USA

    Steven Specter  & Herman Friedman  & 

  2. Department of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, I-56100, Pisa, Italy

    Mauro Bendinelli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Storms, R.W., Bose, H.R. (1989). Avian Retroviruses. In: Specter, S., Bendinelli, M., Friedman, H. (eds) Virus-Induced Immunosuppression. Infectious agents and pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5583-0_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5583-0_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5585-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5583-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation