Skip to main content

Virus-Induced Immunosuppression

Influenza Virus

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Infectious agents and pathogenesis ((IAPA))

Abstract

Influenza virus infection is common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, the latter usually due to secondary (bacterial) complications.(1–3) Several recent reviews are available that discuss in depth one or more particular aspects of the anti-influenza virus immune response(4,5) including aspects of the virus that might play a role in the development of leukocyte dysfunction.(3,6) The review by Sweet and Smiths(3) is especially pertinent to any considerations of influenza virus pathogenicity. Concepts of viral immunosuppression, with attention to viruses other than influenza, are reviewed in other chapters in this volume, as well as elsewhere.(7–11)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Davenport, F. M., Influenza viruses, in: Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (A. S. Evans, ed.), pp. 372–396, Plenum, New York (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kilbourne, E. D., Influenza as a problem in immunology, J. Immunol. 120:1447–1452 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sweet, C., and H. Smith, Pathogenicity of influenza virus, Microbiol. Rev. 44:303–330 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ennis, A., Some newly recognized aspects of resistance against and recovery from influenza, Arch. Virol. 73:207–217 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mitchell, D. M., A. J. McMichael, and J. R. Lamb, The immunology of influenza, Br. Med. Bull. 41:80–85 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Couch, R. B., The effects of influenza on host defenses, J. Infect. Dis. 144:284–291 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Friedman, H., S. Specter, and M. Bendinelli, Influence of viruses on cells of the immune response system, in: Host Defenses to Intracellular Pathogens (T. K. Eisenstein, P. Actor, and H. Friedman, eds.), pp. 463–474, Plenum, New York (1983).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Kirn, A., and F. Keller, How viruses may overcome non-specific defences in the host, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 303:115–122 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mims, C. A., Immunopathology in virus disease, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 303:189–198 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Nash, A. A., Tolerance and suppression in virus diseases, Br. Med. Bull. 41:41–45 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ohmann, H. B., and L. A. Babiuk, Viral infections in domestic animals as models for studies of viral immunology and pathogenesis, J. Gen. Virol. 66:1–25 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dolin, R., B. R. Murphy, and E. A. Caplan, Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to influenza virus antigens after influenza infection and vaccination in humans, Infect. Immun. 19:867–874 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Roberts, N. J., Jr., R. G. Douglas, Jr., R. L. Simons, and M. E. Diamond, Virus-induced interferon production by human macrophages, J. Immunol. 123:365–369 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Roberts, N. J., Jr., and R. T. Steigbigel, Effect of in vitro virus infection on response of human monocytes and lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation, J. Immunol. 121:1052–1058 (1978).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Murphy, B. R., and R. G. Webster, Influenza viruses, in: Virology (B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, R. M. Chanock, J. L. Melnick, B. Roizman, and R. E. Shope, eds.), pp. 1179–1239, Raven, New York (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Palese, P., and J. F. Young, Variation of influenza A, B, and C viruses, Science 215:1468–1474 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Webster, R. G., W. G. Laver, G. M. Air, and G. C. Schild, Molecular mechanisms of variation in influenza viruses, Nature (Lond.) 296:115–121 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rott, R., Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of myxovirus: Brief review, Arch. Virol. 59:285–298 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Couch, R. B., and J. A. Kasel, Immunity to influenza in man, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 37:529–549 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Morris, J. A., J. A. Kasel, M. Saglam, V. Knight, and F. A. Loda, Immunity to influenza as related to antibody levels, N. Engl. J. Med. 274:527–535 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Virelizier, J.-L., Host defenses against influenza virus: The role of anti-hemagglutinin antibody, J. Immunol. 115:434–439 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ramphal, R., W. Fischlschweiger, J. S. Shands, and P. A. Small, Jr., Murine influenzal tracheitis: A model for the study of influenza and tracheal epithelial repair, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 120:1313–1324 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Murphy, B. R., D. L. Nelson, P. F. Wright, E. L. Tierney, M. A. Phelan, and R. M. Chanock, Secretory and systemic immunological response in children infected with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines, Infect. Immun. 36:1102–1108 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Virelizier, J.-L., Humoral immune response to viruses in humans, in: Human Immunity to Viruses (F. A. Ennis, ed.), pp. 71–79, Academic, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Burlington, D. B., M. L. Clements, G. Meiklejohn, M. Phelan, and B. R. Murphy, Hemagglutinin-specifìc antibody responses in immunoglobulin G, A and M isotypes as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after primary or secondary infection of humans with influenza A virus, Infect. Immun. 41:540–545 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wright, P. F., B. R. Murphy, M. Kervina, E. M. Lawrence, M. A. Phelan, and D. T. Karzon, Secretory immunological response after intranasal inactivated influenza A virus vaccinations: Evidence for immunoglobulin A memory, Infect. Immun. 40:1092–1095 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Waldman, R. H., P. F. Jurgensen, G. N. Olsen, R. Ganguly, and J. E. Johnson III, Immune response of the human respiratory tract. I. Immunoglobulin levels and influenza virus vaccine antibody response, J. Immunol. 111:38–41 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Scott, G. H., and R. J. Sydiskis, Responses of mice immunized with influenza virus by aerosol and parenteral routes, Infect. Immun. 13:696–703 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mitchell, D. M., P. Fitzharris, R. A. Knight, and G. C. Schild, Kinetics of specific in vitro antibody production following influenza immunization, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 48:491–498 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yarchoan, R., and D. L. Nelson, Specificity of in vitro anti-influenza virus antibody production by human lymphocytes: Analysis of original antigenic sin by limiting dilution cultures, J. Immunol 132:928–935 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wylie, D. E., L. A. Sherman, and N. R. Klinman, Participation of the major histocompatibility complex in antibody recognition of viral antigens expressed on infected cells, J. Exp. Med. 155:403–414 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Butchko, G. M., R. B. Armstrong, W. J. Martin, and F. A. Ennis, Influenza A viruses of the H2N2 subtype are lymphocyte mitogens, Nature (Lond.) 271:66–67 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Scalzo, A. A., and E. M. Anders, Influenza viruses as lymphocyte mitogens. I. B cell mitogenesis by influenza A viruses of the H2 and H6 subtypes is controlled by the I-E/C subregion of the major histocompatibility complex, J. Immunol. 134:757–760 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ada, G. L., and P. D. Jones, The immune response to influenza virus infection, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal and P. A. Patriarca, eds.), pp. 107–124, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fischer, A., S. Nash, P. C. L. Beverly, and M. Feldmann, An influenza virus matrix protein-specific human T cell line with helper activity for in vitro anti-hemagglutinin antibody production, Eur. J. Immunol. 12:844–849 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Virelizier, J.-L., P. Postlethwate, G. C. Schild, and A. C. Allison, Antibody responses to antigenic determinants of influenza virus hemagglutinin. I. Thymus dependence of antibody formation and thymus independence of immunological memory, J. Exp. Med. 140:1559–1570 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Callard, R. E., G. W. McCaughan, J. Babbage, and R. L. Souhami, Specific in vitro antibody responses by human blood lymphocytes: Apparent nonresponsiveness of PBL is due to a lack of recirculating memory B cells, J. Immunol. 129:153–156 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ashman, R. B., and A. Mullbacher, A T helper cell for anti-viral cytotoxic T-cell responses, J. Exp. Med. 150:1277–1282 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ennis, F. A., W. J. Martin, M. W. Verbonitz, and G. M. Butchko, Specificity studies on cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes reactive with influenza virus-infected cells: Evidence for dual recognition of H-2 and viral hemagglutinin antigens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3006–3010 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Leung, K. N., R. B. Ashman, H. C. J. Ertl, and G. L. Ada, Selective suppression of the cytotoxic T cell response to influenza virus in mice, Eur. J. Immunol. 10:803–810 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Liew, F. Y., and S. M. Russell, Delayed-type hypersensitivity to influenza virus: Induction of antigen-specific suppressor T cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity to haemag-glutinin during influenza virus infection in mice, J. Exp. Med. 151:799–814 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Reiss, C. S., and S. J. Burakoff, Specificity of the helper T cell for the cytolytic T lymphocyte response to influenza viruses, J. Exp. Med. 154:541–546 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Biddison, W. E., and S. Shaw, Differences in HLA antigen recognition by human influenza virus-immune cytotoxic T cells, J. Immunol. 122:1705–1709 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Effros, R. B., P. C. Doherty, W. Gerhard, and J. Bennink, Generation of both cross-reactive and virus-specific T-cell populations after immunization with serologically distinct influenza A viruses, J. Exp. Med. 145:557–568 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Greenspan, N. S., D. H. Schwartz, and P. C. Doherty, Role of lymphoid cells in immune surveillance against viral infection, in: Advances in Host Defense Mechanisms ,Vol. 2: Lymphoid Cells (J. I. Gallin and A. S. Fauci, eds.), pp. 101–141, Raven, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Yap, K. L., and G. L. Ada, Cytotoxic T cells in the lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus, Scand.J. Immunol. 7:73–80 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Yap, K. L., G. L. Ada, and I. F. C. McKenzie, Transfer of specific cytotoxic T lympho cytes protects mice inoculated with influenza virus, Nature (Lond.) 273:238–239 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ogra, P. L., J. C. Cumella, and R. C. Welliver, Immune response to viruses, in: Immunology of the Lung and Upper Respiratory Tract (J. Bienenstock, ed.), pp. 242–263, McGraw-Hill, New York (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Erard, F., P. Corthesy, and M. Nabholz, Induction of cytolytic T lymphocytes by lectin or alloantigen: Lack of requirement for accessory cells or differentiation factors other than interleukin-2, in: Cellular and Molecular Biology of Lymphokines (C. Sorg, A. Schimpl, and M. Landy, eds.), pp. 105–110, Academic, Orlando, Florida (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cambridge, G., J. S. MacKenzie, and D. Keast, Cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus infections in mice, Infect. Immun. 13:36–43 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Askonas, B. A., and P. M. Taylor, Murine cytotoxic T-cells in influenza, in: Human Immunity to Viruses (F. A. Ennis, ed.), pp. 137–149, Academic, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  52. McMichael, A. J., F. M. Gotch, D. W. Dongworth, A. Clark, and C. W. Potter, Declining T-cell immunity to influenza, 1977–82, Lancet 2:762–764 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lamb, J. R., and D. D. Eckels, Human T cell recognition of influenza viral antigens and class II MHC gene products, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal and P. A. Patriarca, eds.), pp. 423–434, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Askonas, B. A., and R. G. Webster, Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin and to H-2 inhibit the cross-reactive cytotoxic T cell populations induced by influenza, Eur. J. Immunol. 10:151–156 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hackett, C. J. ,B. A. Askonas, R. G. Webster, and K. van Wyke, Quantitation of influenza virus antigens on infected target cells and their recognition by cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells, J. Exp. Med. 151:1014–1025 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Braciale, T. J., A. E. Lukacher, L. Morrison, V. L. Braciale, G. Smith, B. Moss, M.-J. Gething, and J. Sambrook, Influenza viral antigen recognition by class I and class II MHC restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal and P. A. Patriarca, eds.), pp. 407–421, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  57. McMichael, A. J., A. Townsend, C. A. Michie, F. M. Gotch, G. Smith, and B. Moss, Virus antigen recognition by influenza A virus specific cytotoxic T-cells, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal and P. A. Patriarca, eds.), pp. 445–451, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Askonas, B. A., and P. Pala, Cytotoxic T-cell repertoire: Individual variation in influenza A virus nucleoprotein recognition, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal and P. A. Patriarca, eds.), pp. 453–459, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Townsend, A. R. M., A. J. McMichael, N. P. Carter, J. A. Huddleston, and G. G. Brownlee, Cytotoxic T cell recognition of the influenza nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin expressed in transfected mouse L cells, Cell 39:13–25 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wraith, D. C., Induction of influenza A virus crossreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes by purified viral proteins, in: Options for the Control of Influenza (A. P. Kendal and P. A. Patriarca, eds.), pp. 461–468, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Leung, K. N., and G. L. Ada, The effect of helper T cells on the primary in vitro production of delayed-type hypersensitivity to influenza virus, J. Exp. Med. 153:1029– 1043 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Katz, J. M., W. G. Laver, D. O. White, and E. M. Anders, Recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin by subtype-specific and cross-reactive proliferative T cells: Contribution of HA and HA2 polypeptide chains, J. Immunol. 134:616–622 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Liew, F. Y., Delayed type hypersensitivity to influenza virus, in: Human Immunity to Viruses (F. A. Ennis, ed.), pp. 163–175, Academic, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Leung, K. N., and G. L. Ada, Cells mediating delayed-type hypersensitivity in the lungs of mice infected with an influenza A virus, Scand. J. Immunol. 12:393–400 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Buckley, C. E., III, M. J. Zitt, and T. R. Cate, Two categories of lymphocyte unresponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, Cell. Immunol. 6:140–148 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Casali, P., G. P. A. Rice, and M. B. A. Oldstone, Viruses disrupt functions of human lymphocytes: Effects of measles virus and influenza virus on lymphocyte-mediated kill ing and antibody production, J. Exp. Med. 159:1322–1337 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jarstrand, C., and J. Wasserman, Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes from patients with epidemic influenza, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 8:7–11 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kantzler, G. B., S. F. Lauteria, C. L. Cusumano, J. D. Lee, R. Ganguly, and R. H. Waldman, Immunosuppression during influenza virus infection, Infect. Immun. 10:996– 1002 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Reed, W. P., J. W. Olds, and A. L. Kisch, Decreased skin-test reactivity associated with influenza, J. Infect. Dis. 125:398–402 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Roberts, N. J., Jr., Different effects of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Sendai virus on human lymphocytes and macrophages, Infect. Immun. 35:1142–1146 (1982).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Roberts, N. J., Jr., M. E. Diamond, R. G. Douglas, Jr., R. L. Simons, and R. T. Steigbigel, Mitogen responses and interferon production after exposure of human macrophages to infectious and inactivated influenza viruses, J. Med. Virol. 5:17–23 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Roberts, N. J., Jr., and J. E. Nichols, Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation after influenza virus infection of human mononuclear leukocytes, J. Med. Virol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ettensohn, D. B., and N. J. Roberts, Jr., Influenza virus infection of human alveolar and blood-derived macrophages: Differences in accessory cell function and interferon production, J. Infect. Dis. 149:942–949 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kleinerman, E. S., C. A. Daniels, R. P. Polisson, and R. Snyderman, Effect of virus infection on the inflammatory response: Depression of macrophage accumulation in influenza-infected mice, Am. J. Pathol. 85:373–382 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Warshauer, D., E. Goldstein, T. Akers, W. Lippert, and M. Kim, Effect of influenza viral infection on the ingestion and killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115:269–277 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jakab, G. J., G. A. Warr, and M. E. Knight, Pulmonary and systemic defenses against challenge with Staphylococcus aureus in mice with pneumonia due to influenza A virus, J. Infect. Dis. 140:105–108 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Nugent, K. M., and E. L. Pesanti, Effect of influenza infection on the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of pulmonary macrophages, Infect. Immun. 26:651–657 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kleinerman, E. S., R. Snyderman, and C. A. Daniels, Depressed monocyte chemotaxis during acute influenza infection, Lancet 2:1063–1066 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gardner, I. D., and J. W. M. Lawton, Depressed human monocyte function after influenza infection in vitro, RES: J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 32:443–448 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Kleinerman, E. S., R. Snyderman, and C. A. Daniels, Depression of human monocyte chemotaxis by herpes simplex and influenza viruses, J. Immunol. 113:1562–1567 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bell, D. M., N. J. Roberts, Jr., and C. B. Hall, Different antiviral spectra of human macrophage interferon activities, Nature (Lond.) 305:319–321 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Roberts, N. J., Jr., R. G. Douglas, Jr., and R. T. Steigbigel, Interferon production by human macrophages, in: Interferon: Properties and Clinical Uses (A. Khan, N. O. Hill, and G. L. Dorn, eds.), pp. 85–93, Leland Fikes Foundation, Dallas, Texas (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Roberts, N. J., Jr., A. H. Prill, and T. N. Mann, Interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 inhibitor production by human macrophages exposed to influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus: Respiratory syncytial virus is a potent inducer of inhibitor activity, J. Exp. Med. 163:511–519 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Watanabe, H., and J. S. Mackenzie, Spontaneous cytotoxicity against viral-infected cells: Effects of leucocytes and sera from older mice, Cell. Immunol. 70:180–187 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Stein-Streilein, J., M. Bennett, D. Mann, and V. Kumar, Natural killer cells in mouse lung: Surface phenotype, target preference, and response to local influenza virus infection, J. Immunol. 131:2699–2704 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stein-Streilein, J., P. L. Witte, J. W. Streilein, and J. Guffee, Local cellular defenses in influenza-infected lungs, Cell. Immunol 95:234–246 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ennis, F. A., A. Meagher, A. S. Beare, Q. Yi-Hua, D. Riley, G. Schwarz, G. C. Schild, and A. H. Rook, Interferon induction and increased natural killer-cell activity in influenza infections in man, Lancet 2:891–893 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Greenberg, S. B., H. R. Six, S. Drake, and R Couch, Cell cytotoxicity due to specific influenza antibody production in vitro after recent influenza antigen stimulation, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76:4622–4626 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hashimoto, G., P. F. Wright, and D. T. Karzon, Ability of human cord blood lympho cytes to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells, Infect. Immun. 42:214–218 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Douglas, R. G., Jr., R. H. Alford, T. R. Cate, and R. B. Couch, The leukocyte response during viral respiratory illness in man, Ann. Intern. Med. 64:521–530 (1966).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Faden, H., and P. Ogra, Neutrophils and antiviral defense, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 5:86–92 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ruutu, P., A. Vaheri, and T. U. Kosunen, Depression of human neutrophil motility by influenza virus in vitro, Scand. J. Immunol 6:897–906 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Larson, H. E., and R. Blades, Impairment of human polymorphonuclear leucocyte function by influenza virus, Lancet 1:283 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Schlesinger, J., C. Ernst, and L. Weinstein, Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by influenza virus, Lancet 1:650–651 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Abramson, J. S., J. C. Lewis, D. S. Lyles, K. A. Heller, E. L. Mills, and D. A. Bass, Inhibition of neutrophil lysosome-phagosome fusion associated with influenza virus infection in vitro: Role in depressed bactericidal activity, J. Clin. Invest. 69:1393–1397 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Ruutu, P., Depression of rat neutrophil exudation and motility by influenza virus, Scand. J. Immunol 6:1113–1120 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Abramson, J. S., D. S. Lyles, K. A. Heller, and D. A. Bass, Influenza A virus-induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte dysfunction, Infect. Immun. 37:794–799 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Busse, W. W., and J. M. Sosman, Altered luminol-dependent granulocyte chemiluminescence during an in vitro incubation with an influenza vaccine, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123:654–658 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shult, P. A., E. C. Dick, K. A. Joiner, and W. W. Busse, Role of serum in stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by influenza A, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:267–272 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Mills, E. L., Y. Debets-Ossenkopp, H. A. Verbrugh, and J. Verhoef, Initiation of the respiratory burst of human neutrophils by influenza virus, Infect. Immun. 32:1200–1205 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Loosli, C. G., Influenza and the interaction of viruses and bacteria in respiratory infections, Medicine (Baltimore) 52:369–384 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Goldman, R., and N. Hogg, Enhanced susceptibility of virus-infected fibroblasts to cytostasis mediated by peritoneal exudate cells, J. Immunol 121:1657–1663 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Jao, R. L., E. F. Wheelock, and G. G.Jackson, Production of interferon in volunteers infected with Asian influenza, J. Infect. Dis. 121:419–426 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Chonmaitree, T., N. J. Roberts, Jr., R. G. Douglas, Jr., C. B. Hall, and R. L. Simons, Interferon production by human mononuclear leukocytes: Differences between respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses, Infect. Immun. 32:300–303 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Green, J. A., R. P. Charette, T-J. Yeh, and C. B. Smith, Serum interferon in humans with naturally acquired influenza, in: Current Chemotherapy and Infectious Disease ,Vol. II (J. D. Nelson and C. Grassi, eds.), pp. 1332–1334, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C. (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hall, C. B., R. G. Douglas, Jr., R. L. Simons, and J. M. Geiman, Interferon production in children with respiratory syncytial, influenza, and parainfluenza virus infections, J. Pediatr. 93:28–32 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Mcintosh, K., Interferon in nasal secretions from infants with viral respiratory tract infections, J. Pediatr. 93:33–36 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wyde, P. R., M. R. Wilson, and T. R. Cate, Interferon production by leukocytes infiltrating the lungs of mice during primary influenza virus infection, Infect. Immun. 38:1249–1255 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Burke, D. C., and A. Isaacs, Interferon: Relation to heterologous interference and lack of antigenicity, Acta Virol (Praha) 4:215–219 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  110. Atkins, E., and W. C. Huang, Studies on the pathogenesis of fever with influenzal viruses. I. The appearance of an endogenous pyrogen in the blood following intravenous injection of virus, J. Exp. Med. 107:383–401 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Atkins, E., and W. C. Huang, Studies on the pathogenesis of fever with influenzal viruses. II. The effects of endogenous pyrogen in normal and virus-tolerant recipients, J. Exp. Med. 107:403–414 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bennett, I. L., Jr., R. R. Wagner, and V. S. LeQuire, Pyrogenicity of influenza virus in rabbits, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 71:132–133 (1949).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Jennings, S. T., D. B. Ettensohn, and N. J. Roberts, Jr., Influenza virus infection of human alveolar and peripheral blood-derived macrophages: Production of factors that alter fibroblast proliferation, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130:98–101 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wilkinson, P. J., and R. Borland, Persistent infection of human lung cells with influenza virus, Nature (Lond.) 238:153–155 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ginsberg, H. S., and J. R. Blackmon, Reactions of influenza viruses with guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes. I. Virus-cell interactions, Virology 2:618–636 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Denman, A. M., B. Rager-Zisman, T. C. Merigan, and D. A. J. Tyrell, Replication or inactivation of different viruses by human lymphocyte preparations, Infect. Immun. 9:373–376 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Hackeman, M. M. A., A. M. Denman, and D. A. J. Tyrrell, Inactivation of influenza virus by human lymphocytes, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 16:583–591 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Roberts, N. J., Jr., and P. K. Horan, Expression of viral antigens after infection of human lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages with influenza virus, J. Infect. Dis. 151:308–313 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Rodgers, B., and C. A. Mims, Interaction of influenza virus with mouse macrophages, Infect. Immun. 31:751–757 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Rodgers, B. C., and C. A. Mims, Influenza virus replication in human alveolar macrophages, J. Med. Virol. 9:177–184 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wells, M. A., P. Albrecht, S. Daniel, and F. A. Ennis, Host defense mechanisms against influenza virus: Interaction of influenza virus with murine macrophages in vitro, Infect. Immun. 22:758–762 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Zisman, B., and A. M. Denman, Inactivation of myxoviruses by lymphoid cells, J. Gen. Virol. 20:211–233 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wilson, A. B., D. N. Planterose, J. Nagington, J. R. Park, R. D. Barry, and R. R. A. Coombs, Influenza A antigens on human lymphocytes in vitro and probably in vivo, Nature (Lond.) 259:582–584 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Butchko, G. M., R. B. Armstrong, and F. A. Ennis, Specificity studies on the proliferative response of thymus-derived lymphocytes to influenza viruses, J. Immunol. 121:2381–2385 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Mock, D. J., F. Domurat, N. J. Roberts, Jr., E. E. Walsh, M. R. Licht, and P. Keng, Macrophages are required for influenza virus infection of human lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 79:620–624 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Brownson, J. M., B. W. J. Mahy, and B. L. Hazleman, Interaction of influenza A virus with human peripheral blood lymphocytes, Infect. Immun. 25:749–756 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Merigan, T. C. Jr., and E. F. Wheelock, Virus-lymphocyte interactions, in: Progress in Immunology (B. Amos, ed.), pp. 1351–1353, Academic, New York (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Woodruff, J. F., and J. J. Woodruff, T lymphocyte interaction with viruses and virus-infected tissues, Prog. Med. Virol. 19:120–160 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Domurat, F., D.J. Mock, N.J. Roberts, Jr., and P. C. Keng, Proliferation alone does not increase human lymphocyte susceptibility to influenza virus infection, in: Twenty-fifth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Minneapolis (1985) (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  130. Wyde, P. R., and T. R. Cate, Cellular changes in lungs of mice infected with influenza virus: Characterization of the cytotoxic responses, Infect. Immun. 22:423–429 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Wyde, P. R., D. L. Peavy, and T. R. Cate, Morphological and cytochemical characteriza tion of cells infiltrating mouse lungs after influenza infection, Infect. Immun. 21:140–146 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Ada, G. L., K.-N. Leung, and H. Ertl, An analysis of effector T cell generation and function in mice exposed to influenza A or Sendai viruses, Immunol. Rev. 58:5–24 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Liew, F. Y., and S. M. Russell, Inhibition of pathogenic effect of effector T cells by specific suppressor T cells during influenza virus infection in mice, Nature (Lond.) 304:541–543 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Hurwitz, J. L., and C. J. Hackett, Influenza-specific suppression: Contribution of major viral proteins to the generation and function of T suppressor cells, J. Immunol. 135:2134–2139 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lipscomb, M. F., D. Yaekel-Houlihan, C. R. Lyons, R. R. Gleason, and J. Stein-Streilein, Persistence of influenza as an immunogen in pulmonary antigen-presenting cells, Infect. Immun. 42:965–972 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Jakab, G. J., C. L. Astry, and G. A. Warr, Alveolitis induced by influenza virus, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:730–739 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Owens, S. L., J. W. Osebold, and Y. C. Zee, Dynamics of B-lymphocytes in the lungs of mice exposed to aerosolized influenza virus, Infect. Immun. 33:231–238 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Zee, Y. C., J. W. Osebold, and W. M. Dotson, Antibody responses and interferon titers in the respiratory tracts of mice after aerosolized exposure to influenza virus, Infect. Immun. 25:202–207 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Astry, C. L., and G. J. Jakab, Influenza virus-induced immune complexes suppress alveolar macrophage phagocytosis, J. Virol. 50:287–292 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Lindahl-Magnusson, P., P. Leary, and I. Gresser, Interferon inhibits DNA synthesis induced in mouse lymphocyte suspensions by phytohaemagglutinin or by allogeneic cells, Nature (New Biol) 237:120–121 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Pacheco, D., R. Falcoff, L. Catinot, F. Floc’h, G. H. Werner, and E. Falcoff, Inhibitory effect of interferon on DNA and RNA synthesis in murine spleen cells stimulated by lectins, Ann. Immunol. 127C:163–171 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Singer, S. H., P. Noguchi, and R. L. Kirschstein, Respiratory diseases in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. II. Decreased virulence of PR8 influenza virus, Infect. Immun. 5:957–960 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Suzuki, F., J. Ohya, and N. Ishida, Effect of antilymphocyte serum on influenza virus infection, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 146:78–84 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Abou-Donia, H., R. Jennings, and C. W. Potter, The spread and persistence of influenza viruses in normal and cyclophosphamide-treated mice, J. Med. Virol. 7:251–262 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Reiss, C. S., and J. L. Schulman, Cellular immune responses of mice to influenza virus infection, Cell. Immunol. 56:502–509 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Wells, M. A., F. A. Ennis, and P. Albrecht, Recovery from a viral respiratory infection. II. Passive transfer of immune spleen cells to mice with influenza pneumonia, J. Immunol. 126:1042–1046 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Wells, M. A., P. Albrecht, and F. A. Ennis, Recovery from a viral respiratory infection. I. Influenza pneumonia in normal and T-deficient mice, J. Immunol. 126:1036–1041 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Ennis, F. A., M. A. Wells, G. M. Butchko, and P. Albrecht, Evidence that cytotoxic T cells are part of the host’s response to influenza pneumonia, J. Exp. Med. 148:1241–1250 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Yap, K. L., and G. L. Ada, The recovery of mice from influenza A virus infection: Adoptive transfer of immunity with influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing a common virion antigen, Scand. J. Immunol. 8:413–420 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. McLaren, C., and G. M. Butchko, Regional T-and B-cell responses in influenza-infected ferrets, Infect. Immun. 22:189–194 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Sellers, T. F., Jr., J. Schulman, C. Bouvier, R. McCune, and E. D. Kilbourne, The influence of influenza virus infection on exogenous staphylococcal and endogenous murine bacterial infection of the bronchopulmonary tissues of mice, J. Exp. Med. 114:237–255 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Gardner, I. D., Effect of influenza virus infection on susceptibility to bacteria in mice, J. Infect. Dis. 142:704–707 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Giebink, G. S., and P. F. Wright, Different virulence of influenza A virus strains and susceptibility to pneumococcal otitis media in chinchillas, Infect. Immun. 41:913–920 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Woodruff, J. F., and J.J. Woodruff, Lymphocyte receptors for myxoviruses and para myxoviruses, J. Immunol. 112:2176–2183 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Ennis, F. A., A. H. Rook, Q. Yi-Hua, G. C. Schild, D. Riley, R. Pratt, and C. W. Potter, HLA-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to live and inactivated influenza vaccines, Lancet 2:887–891 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Cunningham-Rundles, S., A. Brown, D. Gross, D. Braun, J. A. Hansen, R. A. Good, D. Armstrong, and B. Dupont, Association of HLA in immune response to influenza-A immunization, Transplant. Proc. 11:1849–1852 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Spencer, M. J., J. D. Cherry, and P. I. Terasaki, HL-A antigens and antibody response after influenza A vaccination: Decreased response associated with HL-A type W16, N. Engl. J. Med. 294:13–16 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Domurat, F., A. Nikaein, D. Mock, P. Keng, and N. J. Roberts, Jr., Demonstration and selective abrogation of class II HLA-DR-restricted activity in human mononuclear leukocytes exposed to respiratory syncytial virus, Hum. Immunol. 14:164–165 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Lindenmann, J., E. Deuel, S. Fanconi, and O. Haller, Inborn resistance of mice to myxoviruses: Macrophages express phenotype in vitro, J. Exp. Med. 147:531–540 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. McLaren, C., and B. Pope, Macrophage dependency of in vitro B cell response to influenza virus antigens, J. Immunol. 125:2679–2684 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roberts, N.J., Domurat, F. (1989). Virus-Induced Immunosuppression. In: Specter, S., Bendinelli, M., Friedman, H. (eds) Virus-Induced Immunosuppression. Infectious agents and pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5583-0_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5583-0_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5585-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5583-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics