Abstract
The somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are small polypeptides which play an important role in fetal and postnatal growth and development (1,2). Two major human IGFs have been fully characterized: IGF-I is a basic peptide of 70 amino acids, which is required for postnatal growth, while IGF-II is a neutral peptide containing 67 residues probably involved in fetal development (3,4). Recently, the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding IGF-I and IGF-II were reported (5–9). From the cDNA sequences it can be derived that both IGFs are synthesized as larger precursor molecules which undergo extensive processing. Employing the IGF-specific cDNAs as probes, the chromosomal assignment and structure of the IGF genes has been established. In this communication, our current insight in the organization and expression of the IGF genes will be presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Daughaday WH, Hall K, Raben MS, Salmon WD, Van den Brande JL, Van Wyk JJ. Somatomedin: a proposed designation for the “sulfation factor. ” Nature 1972; 235: 107.
Clemmons DR, Van Wyk JJ. Somatomedin C and platelet-derived growth factor stimulate human fibroblast replication. J Cell Physiol 1981; 106:361
Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with pro- insulin. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 2769.
Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE. Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Lett 1978; 89: 283.
Jansen M, Van Schaik FMA, Ricker AT, et al. Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor. Nature 1983; 306: 609.
Jansen M, Van Schaik FMA, Van Tol H, Van den Brande JL, Sussenbach JS. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding precursors of human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and an IGF-II variant. FEBS Lett 1985; 179: 243.
Bell GI, Merryweather JP, Sanchez-Pescador R, et al. Sequence of a cDNA clone encoding human preproinsulin-like growth factor II. Nature 1984; 310: 775.
LeBouc Y, Dreyer D, Jaeger F, Binoux M, Sondermayer P. Complete characterization of the human insulin-like growth factor I nucleotide sequence isolated from a newly constructed adult liver cDNA library. FEBS Lett 1986; 196: 108.
Rotwein P. Two insulin-like growth factor I messenger RNAs are expressed in human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 77.
Hoppener JWM,, de Pagter-Holthuizen P, Geurts van Kessel AHM et al. The human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor I is located on chromosome 12. Hum Genet 1985; 69: 157.
Bell GI, Gerhard DS, Fong NM, Sanchez-Pescador R, Rail LB. Isolation of the human insulin-like growth factor genes: insulin-like growth factor II and insulin genes are contiguous. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 6450.
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Van Schaik FMA, Verduijn GM, et al. Organization of the human genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II. FEBS Lett 1986; 195: 179.
Rotwein P, Pollock KM, Didier DK, Krivi GG. Organization and sequence of the human insulin like growth factor 1 gene. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 4828.
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Hoppener JWM, Jansen M, Geurts van Kessel AHM, Van Ommen GJB, Sussenbach JS. Chromosomal localization and preliminary characterization of the human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor II. Hum Genet 1985; 69: 170.
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Jansen M, Van Schaik FMA, et al. The human insulin-like growth factor II gene contains two development-specific promoters. FEBS Lett 1987; 214: 259.
Dull TJ, Gray A, Hayflick JS, Ullrich A. Insulin-like growth factor II precursor gene organization in relation to insulin gene family. Nature 1984; 310: 777.
McKnight S, Tjian R. Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells. Cell 1986; 46: 795.
Dynan WS. Promoters for housekeeping genes. Trends in Genetics 1986; 2: 196.
Soares MB, Türken A, Ishii D, et al. The rat insulin-like growth factor II gene: a single gene with two promoters expressing a multi-transcript family. J Mol Biol 1986; 192: 737.
Frunzio R, Chairotti L, Brown AL, Graham DE, Rechler MM, Bruni CB. Structure and expression of the rat insulin-like growth factor II (rIGF-II) gene. J Biol Chem 1986; 262: 17138.
Leff SE, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RMA. Complex transcriptional units: diversity in gene expression by alternative RNA processing. Annu Rev Biochem 1986; 55: 1091.
Bell Gl, Pictet R, Cordeil B, Tischer E, Goodman HM, Rutter WJ. Sequence of the human insulin gene. Nature 1980; 284: 26.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sussenbach, J.S., de Pagter-Holthuizen, P., Jansen, M., Van den Brande, J.L. (1988). Organization and Expression of the Genes Encoding the Human Somatomedins. In: Bercu, B.B. (eds) Basic and Clinical Aspects of Growth Hormone. Serono Symposia, USA. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5505-2_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5505-2_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5507-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5505-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive