Abstract
The above statement, although meant to be tongue in cheek, contains an essential truism: all work with inhibitors is inherently suspect. This fact has been known by biochemists for some time. However, use of chemical inhibitors of enzymic systems and membranes continues to be a common approach taken toward unraveling the biochemistry and biophysics of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Various types of “broad-spectrum” biochemical inhibitors (e.g., poisons, respiratory inhibitors, and uncouplers) have been employed by ecologists for many years in order to demonstrate the active participation of microbes in chemical reactions occurring in natural samples (e.g., soils, sediments, and water). In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the biochemistry of microorganisms of biogeochemical interest. Concurrent with these advances have been the discoveries of novel types of compounds that will block the metabolism of one particular group of microbes, but have little disruptive effect on other physiological types. Thus, the term “specific inhibitor” has been applied to these types of compounds when they are used to probe the functions of mixed populations of microorganisms. These substances provide powerful experimental tools for investigating the activity and function of certain types of microorganisms in natural samples.
Inhibitors are like old sports cars: They are fun to play around with, but you should never trust them!
—Anonymous microbiologist
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abram, J. W., and Nedwell, D. B., 1978a, Inhibition of methanogenesis by sulfate-reducing bacteria competing for transferred hydrogen. Arch. Microbiol. 117:89–92.
Abram, J. W., and Nedwell, D. B., 1978b, Hydrogen as a substrate for methanogenesis and sulfate reduction in anaerobic saltmarsh sediment. Arch. Microbiol. 117:93–97.
Aller, R. C., and Vingst, J. Y., 1980, Relationships between microbial distributions and the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in surface sediments of Long Island Sound, USA, Mar. Biol. 56:29–42.
Alperin, M. J., and Reeburgh, W. S., 1985, Inhibition experiments on anaerobic methane oxidation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:940–945.
Anderson, J. H., 1965, Studies on the oxidation of ammonia by Nitrosomonas, Biochem. J. 95:7926–7929.
Anthony, C., 1982,The Biochemistry of Methylotrophs, Academic Press, New York.
Arcuri, E. J., and Ehrlich, H. L., 1979, Cytochrome involvement in Mn (II) oxidation by two marine bacteria, AppL Environ. Microbiol 37:916–923.
Arp, D. J., and Zumft, W. G., 1983, Methionine-SR-sulfoximine as a probe for the role of glutamine synthetase in nitrogenase switch-off by ammonia and glutamine in Rhodo- pseudomonas palustris, Arch. Microbiol. 134:17–22.
Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., and Thingstad, F., 1983, The ecological role of water column microbes in the sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10:257–263.
Babiker, H. M., and Pepper, I. L., 1984, Microbial production of ethylene in desert soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16:559–564.
Badour, S. S., 1978, Inhibitors used in studies of algal metabolism, in: Handbook ofPhy- cological Methods. Physiological and Biochemical Methods (J. Hellebust and J. Craigie, eds.), pp. 479–488, Cambridge University Press, London.
Balba, M. T., and Nedwell, D. B., 1982, Microbial metabolism of acetate, propionate and butyrate in anoxic sediment from the Colne Point saltmarsh, Essex, U.K., J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:1415–1422.
Balch, W. E., and Wolfe, R. S., 1979a, Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid), J. Bacteriol. 137:256–263.
Balch, W. E., and Wolfe, R. S., 1979b, Transport of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) in Methanobacterium ruminantium, J. Bacteriol. 137:264–273.
Balch, W. M., 1987, Studies of nitrate transport of marine phytoplankton using 14Cl-ClOj as a transport analog: I. Physiological findings, J. Phycol. 23:107–118.
Balderston, W. L., and Payne, W. J., 1976, Inhibition of methanogenesis in salt marsh sediments and whole-cell suspensions of methanogenic bacteria by nitrogen oxides, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:264–269.
Balderston, W. L., Sherr, B., and Payne, W. J., 1976, Blockage by acetylene of nitrous oxide reduction inPseudomonas perfectomarinus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:504–508.
Banat, I. M., and Nedwell, D. B., 1983, Mechanisms of turnover of C2-C4 fatty acids in high-sulfate and low-sulfate anaerobic sediments,FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 17:107–110.
Banat, I. M., and Nedwell, D. B., 1984, Inhibition of sulfate reduction in anoxic marine sediments by Group VI anions, Est. Coast. Shelf Sei. 18:361–366.
Banat, I. M., Lindstrom, E. B., Nedwell, D. B., and Balba, M. T., 1981, Evidence for coexistence of two distinct functional groups of sulfate-reducing bacteria in saltmarsh sediment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:985–992.
Banat, I. M., Nedwell, D. B., and Balba, M. T., 1983, Stimulation of methanogenesis by slurries of saltmarsh sediment after the addition of molybdate to inhibit sulfate-reduc- ing bacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:123–129.
Barker, H. A., 1956.Bacterial Fermentations, Wiley, New York.
Barnes, R. O., and Goldberg, E. D., 1976, Methane production and consumption in anoxic marine sediments. Geology 4:297–300.
Batterson, J., Winters, K., and Van Baalen, C., 1978, Anilines: Selective toxicity to blue- green algae. Science 199:1068–1070.
Bauchop, T., 1967, Inhibition of rumen methanogenesis by methane analogues, J. Bacteriol. 94:171–175.
Belay, N., Sparling, R., and Daniels, L., 1984, Dinitrogen fixation by a thermophilic methanogenic bacterium. Nature 312:286–288.
Belser, L. W., and Mays, E. L., 1980, Specific inhibition of nitrite oxidation by chlorate and its use in assessing nitrification in soils and sediments, AppL Environ. Microbiol. 39:505–510.
Belser, L. W., and Schmidt, E. L., 1981, Inhibitory effect of nitrapyrin on three genera of ammonia-oxidizing nitrifiers, J. Environ. Microbiol. 41:819–821.
Benner, R., Moran, M. A., and Hodson, R. E., 1986, Biogeochemical cycling of ligno-cel- lulose carbon in marine and freshwater ecosystems: Relative contribution of procary- otes and encaryotes. Limnol Oceanogr. 31:89–100.
Bennett, E. O., and Bauerle, R. H., 1960, The sensitivities of mixed populations of bacteria to inhibitors, Aust. J. Biol Sei. 13:142–149.
Berg, P., Klemedtsson, L., and Rosswall, T., 1982, Inhibitory effect of low partial pressures of acetylene on nitrification. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:301–303.
Billen, G., 1976, Evaluation of nitrifying activity in sediments by dark C-14 bicarbonate incorporation. Water Res. 10:51–57.
Blackmer, A. M., Bremner, J. M., and Schmidt, E. L., 1980, Production of nitrous oxide by ammonia-oxidizing chemoautotrophic microorganisms in soil, AppL Environ. Microbiol. 40:1060–1066.
Bomar, M., Knoll, K., and Widdel, F., 1985, Fixation of molecular nitrogen byMethano- sarcina barkeri, FEMS Microb. Ecol. 31:47–55.
Bothe, H., 1982, Hydrogen production by algae, Experientia 38:59–66.
Bothe, H., Tennigket, J. and Eisbrenner, G., 1977a, The utilization of molecular hydrogen by the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. Arch. Microbiol. 114:43–49.
Bothe, H., Tennigket, J., and Eisbrenner, G., 1977b, The hydrogenase-nitrogenase relationship in the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica, Planta 33:237–242.
Boussiba, S., and Gibson, J., 1985, The role of glutamine synthetase activity in ammonium and methylammonium transport in Anacystis nidulans R-2, FEBS Lett. 180:13–16.
Bouwer, E. J., and McCarthy, P. L., 1983a, Transformation of 1- and 2-carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds under methanogenic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1295–1299.
Bouwer, E. J., and McCarthy, P. L., 1983b, Effects of 2-bromethanesulfonic acid and 2- chloroethanesulfonic acid on acetate utilization in a continuous-flow methanogenic fixed-film column,Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1408–1410.
Bremner J. M., and Blackmer, A. M., 1978, Nitrous oxide: Emission from soils during nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen. Science 199:295–296.
Bremner, J. M., and Blackmer, A. M., 1979, Effects of acetylene and soil water content on emission of nitrous oxide from soils. Nature 280:380–381.
Bremner, J. M., and Blackmer, A. M., 1981, Terrestrial nitrification as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide, in: Denitrification, Nitrification, and Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (C. C. Delwiche, ed.), pp. 151–170, Wiley, New York.
Brenchley, J. E., 1973, Effect of methionine sulfoximine and methionine on glutamate synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes, J. Bacteriol. 114:666–673.
Brierley, C. L., and Brierley, J. A., 1982, Anaerobic reduction of molybdenum by Sulfolobus species, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. I Abt. Orig. 3:289–294.
Brock, T. D., 1961, Chloramphenicol, Bacteriol. Rev. 25:32–48.
Brock, T. D., 1978, The poisoned control in biogeochemical investigations, in: Environmental Biogeochemistry and Geomicrobiology, Vol. 3 (W. Krumbein, ed.), pp. 717–725, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Brodbeck, U., 1980, Enzyme Inhibitors, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
Brouzes, R., and Knowles, R., 1971, Inhibition of growth of Clostridium pasteurianum by acetylene: Implications for nitrogen fixation assay, Can. J. Microbiol. 17:1483–1489.
Burdige, D. J., and Kepkay, P. E., 1983, Determination of bacterial manganese oxidation rates in sediments using an in situ dialysis technique. I. Laboratory studies, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47:1907–1916.
Burdige, D. J., and Nealson, K. H., 1985, Microbial manganese reduction by enrichment cultures from coastal marine sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:491–497.
Burris, R. H., 1974, Methodology, in: The Biology of N 2 Fixation (A. Quispel, ed.), pp. 9–33, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Campbell, A. M., del Campillo-Campbell, A., and Villaret, D. B., 1985, Molybdate reduction by Escherichia coli K-12 and its chl mutants, Proc. Nati Acad. Sei. USA 82:227–231.
Campbell, L., and Carpenter, E. J., 1986, Estimating the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoplankton on Synechococcus spp. using the sea water dilution and selective inhibitor techniques, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 33:121–129.
Campbell, N. E. R., and Aleem, M. I. H., 1965a, The effect of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine on the chemoautotrophic metabolism of nitrifying bacteria. I. Ammonia and hydroxylamine oxidation by Nitrosomonas, Antonie Leeuwenhoek. J. Microbiol. Serol. 31:124–136.
Campbell, N. E. R., and Aleem, M. I. H., 1965b, The effect of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine on the chemoautotrophic metabolism of nitrifying bacteria. II. Nitrite oxidation by Nitrobacter, Antonie Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 31:137–144.
Capone, D. G., 1982, Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by rhizosphere sediments of the eelgrass, Zostera marina. L., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10:67–75.
Capone, D. G., 1983, Benthic nitrogen fixation, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone, eds.), pp. 105–137, Academic Press, New York.
Capone, D. G., 1984, Factors controlling nitrogen fixation in marine sediments, in: Abstracts, 47th Annual Meeting of American Society of Limnol. Oceanogr., p. 14.
Capone, D. G., 1987, Benthic nitrogen fixation; Microbiology, physiology and ecology, in: Nitrogen Cycling in Marine, Coastal Environments (T. H. Blackburn, J. Sorenson, and T. Roswall, eds.), Wiley, New York, in press.
Capone, D. G., and Carpenter, E. J., 1982a, A perfusion method for assaying microbial activities in estuarine sediments: Applicability to studies of N2 fixation by C2H2 reduction, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1400–1405.
Capone, D. G., and Carpenter, E. J., 1982b, Nitrogen fixation in the marine environment. Science 217:1140–1142.
Capone, D. G., and Kiene, R. P., 1987, Comparison of microbial dynamics in marine and freshwater sediments: Contrasts in anaerobic carbon catabolism, in: The Comparative Ecology of Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems (S. Nixon, ed.),Limnol. Oceanogr. (Special Volume), in press.
Capone, D. G., Oremland, R. S., and Taylor, B. F., 1977, Significance of N2 fixation to the production of Thalassia testudinum communities, in:Proceedings of the CICAR [Cooperative Investigations of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions] II Symp. Prog. Mar. Res. Caribbean & Adjacent Regions (L. B. Stewart, Jr., ed.), pp. 71–85, FAO Fisheries Report 200, Rome, Italy.
Capone, D. G., Reese, D. D., and Kiene, R. P., 1983, Effects of metals on methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, carbon dioxide evolution, and microbial biomass in anoxic salt marsh sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1586–1591.
Cappenberg, T. E., 1974, Interrelations between sulfate-reducing and methane-producing bacteria in bottom deposits of a freshwater lake. II. Inhibition experiments, Antonie Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol 40:297–306.
Carpenter, E. J., 1983a, Nitrogen fixation by marineOscillatoria (Trichodesmium) in the world’s oceans, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone, eds.), pp. 65–104, Academic Press, New York.
Carpenter, E. J., 1983b, Physiology and ecology of marine planktonic Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium), Mar. Biol. Lett. 4:69–85.
Chan, Y., and Knowles, R., 1979, Measurements of denitrification in two freshwater sediments by an in situ acetylene inhibition method, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:1067–1072.
Chan, Y. K., Nelson, L. M., and Knowles, R., 1980, Hydrogen metabolism of Azospirillum brasilense in nitrogen-free medium. Can. J. Microbiol. 26:1126–1131.
Chapnick, S. D., Moore, W. S., and Nealson, K. H., 1982, Microbially mediated manganese oxidation in a freshwater lake, Limnol Oceanogr. 27:1004–1014.
Chemerys, R. A., 1983, Nitrogen fixation and hydrogen cycling in salt marsh sediment, M. S. Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Chen, M., and Wolin, M. J., 1979, Effect of monensin and lasalocid-sodium on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 38:72–77.
Ching, W. M., Wittwer, A. J., Tsai, L., and Stadtman, T. C., 1984, Distribution of two sele- nonucleosides among the selenium-containing t RNAs from Methanococcus vanielii, Proc. Natl Acad. Sei. USA 81:57–60.
Christensen, D., 1984, Determination of substrates oxidized by sulfate-reduction in intact cores of marine sediments, Limnol Oceanogr. 29:189–192.
Cloem, J. E., Cole, B. E., and Oremland, R. S., 1983, Autotrophic processes in Big Soda Lake, Nevada, Limnol Oceanogr. 28:1049–1061.
Compeau, G. C., and Bartha, R., 1985, Sulfate-reducing bacteria: Principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediment, Appl Environ. Microbiol 50:498–502.
Compeau, G. C., and Bartha, R., 1987, Effect of salinity on mercury-methylating activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in estuarine sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 53:261–265.
Conrad, R., and Seiler, W., 1980, Role of microorganisms in the consumption and production of atmospheric carbon monoxide by soil, Appl Environ. Microbiol 40:437–445.
Comforth, I. S., 1975, The persistence of ethylene in aerobic soils. Plant Soil 42:85–96.
Coty, V. F., 1967, Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria,Biotech. Bioeng 9:25–32.
Cox, R. B., and Zatman, L. J., 1976, The effect of fluoroacetate on the growth of the facultative methylotrophs bacterium 5H2 and Pseudomonas AMI and bacterium 5B2,J. Gen. Microbiol 93:397–400.
Cresswell, R. C., and Syrett, P. J., 1984, Effects of methylammonium and of l-methionine- dl-sulfoximine on the growth and nitrogen metabolism of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Arch. Microbiol 139:67–71.
Culbertson, C. W., 1983, Anaerobic oxidation of acetylene by estuarine sediments and enrichment cultures. M. S. Thesis, San Francisco State University.
Culbertson, C. W., and Oremland, R. S., 1983, Anaerobic growth of the enrichment culture on acetylene gas, in: Abstracts Third International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, p. A4.
Culbertson, C. W., Zehnder, A. J. B., and Oremland, R. S., 1981, Anaerobic oxidation of acetylene by estuarine sediments and enrichment cultures, Appl Environ. Microbiol 41:396–403.
Daday, A., Platz, R. A., and Smith, G. D., 1977, Anaerobic and aerobic hydrogen gas formation by the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica, Appl Environ. Microbiol 34:478–483.
Dalton, H., 1977, Ammonia oxidation by the methane oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath, Arch. Microbiol 114:273–279.
Dalton, H., and Whittenbury, R., 1976, The acetylene reduction technique as an assay for nitrogenase activity in the methane oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath,Arch. Microbiol 109:147–151.
Davis, J. B., and Yarbrough, H. F., 1966, Anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons by Desul- fovibrio desulfuricans, Chem. Geol 1:137–144.
Dawson, R. M. C, Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M. (eds.) 1969, Data for Biochemical Research, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York.
De Bont, J. A. M., 1976a, Oxidation of ethylene by soil bacteria, Antonie Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol Serol 42:59–71.
De Bont, J. A. M., 1976b, Bacterial degradation of ethylene and the acetylene reduction test, Can. J. Microbiol 22:1060–1062.
De Bont, J. A. M., and Albers, A. J. M., 1976, Microbial metabolism of ethylene, Antonie Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 42:73–80.
De Bont, J. A. M., and Harder, W., 1978, Metabolism of ethylene byMycobacterium E 20, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 3:89–93.
De Bont, J. A. M., and Mulder, E. G., 1974, Nitrogen fixation and cooxidation of ethylene by a methane-utilizing bacterium, J. Gen. Microbiol. 83:113–121.
De Bont, J A. M., and Mulder, E. G., 1976, Invalidity of the acetylene reduction assay in alkane-utilizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 31:640–647.
De Bont, J. A. M., and Peck, M. W., 1980, Metabolism of acetylene by Rhodococcus Al, Arch. Microbiol 127:99–104.
Dellinger, C. A., and Ferry, J. G., 1984, Effect of monensin on growth and methanogenesis ofMethanobacterium formicicum, Appl Environ. Microbiol 48:680–682.
Delwiche, C. C., 1981, The nitrogen cycle and nitrous oxide, in: Denitrification, Nitrification and Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (C. C. Delwiche, ed.), pp. 1–15, Wiley, New York.
Devol, A. H., 1983, Methane oxidation rates in the anaerobic sediments of Saanich Inlet, Limnol Oceanogr. 28:738–742.
Devol, A. H., Anderson, J. J., Kuivila, K., and Murray, J. W., 1984, A model for coupled sulfate reduction and methane oxidation in the sediments of Saanich Inlet, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48:993–1004.
Dicker, H. J., and Smith, D. W., 1980, Physiological ecology of acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) in a Delaware salt marsh, Microb. Ecol 6:161–171.
Dicker, H. J., and Smith D. W., 1985a, Effects of organic amendments on sulfate reduction activity, H2 consumption, and H2 production in salt marsh sediments, Microb. Ecol 11:299–315.
Dicker, H. J., and Smith, D. W., 1985b, Metabolism of low molecular weight organic compounds by sulfate-reducing bacteria in a Delaware saltmarsh, Microb. Ecol 11:317–335.
Dilworth, M. J., 1966, Acetylene-reduction by nitrogen-fixing preparations from Clostridium pasteurianum, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 127:285–294.
Dodds, K. L., and Collins-Thompson, D. L., 1985, Production of N2O and CO2 during the reduction of NO2 - by Lactobacillus lactis TS4, Appl Environ. Microbiol 50:1550- 1552.
Duguay, L. E., and Taylor, D. L., 1978, Primary production and calcification by the soritid fordimimfQx Archais angulatus (Fichtel & Moll), J. Protozool 25:356.
Duran, A., Cabib, E., and Bowers, B., 1979, Chitin synthetase distribution on the yeast plasma membrane. Science 203:363–365.
Ehrlich, H. L., 1966, Reactions of manganese by bacteria from marine ferromanganese nodules, Dev. Ind. Microbiol 13:57–65.
Ehrlich, H. L., 1968, Bacteriology of manganese nodules. IL Manganese oxidation by cell- free extracts from a manganese nodule bacterium, Appl Microbiol 16:196–202.
Ehrlich, H. L., 1978, Inorganic energy sources for chemolithotrophs and mixotrophic bacteria, Geomicrobiol J. 1:65–83.
Ehriich, H. L., 1981,Geomicrobiology, Dekker, New York.
Eisbrenner, G., and Bothe, H., 1979, Modes of electron transfer for molecular hydrogen in Anabaena cylindrica, Arch. Microbiol 123:37–45.
Elleway, R. F., Sabine, J. R., and Nicholas, D. J. D., 1971, Acetylene reduction by rumen microflora. Arch. Microbiol 76:277–291.
Elrifi, I., and Turpin, D. F., 1986, Nitrate and ammonium induced photosynthetic supres- sion in N-limited Selenastrum minutum, Plant Physio. 81:273–279.
Emerson, S., Kalhorn, S., Jacobs, L., Tebo, B. M., Nealson, K. H., and Rosson, R. A., 1982, Environmental oxidation rate of manganese (II): Bacterial catalysis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46:1073–1079.
Enoch, H. G., and Lester, R. L., 1972, Effects of molybdate, tungstate, and selenium compounds on formate dehydrogenase and other enzymes in Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol 110:1032–1040.
Ereckinska, M., and Wilson, D. F. (eds.), 1984, Inhibition of Mitochondrial Function, Pergamon Press, New York.
Evans, H. J., and Barber, L. E., 1977, Biological nitrogen fixation for food and fiber production, Science 197:332–339.
Evans, D. G., Beauchamp, E., and Trevors, J. T., 1985, Sulfide alleviation of the acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction in soil,Appl Environ. Microbiol 49:217–220.
Falkowski, P., 1983, Enzymology of nitrogen assimilation, in Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone), pp. 809–838, Academic Press, New York.
Fedorova, R. I., Milekhina, E. I., and L’yukhina, I., 1973, Evaluation of the method of "gas metabolism" for detecting extraterrestrial life. Identification of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms,Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Biol 6:797–806.
Fenchel, T. M., and Riedl, R. J., 1970, The sulfide system: A new biotic community underneath the oxidized layer of marine sand bottoms. Mar. Biol 7:255–268.
Ferenci, T., 1974, Carbon monoxide-stimulated respiration in methane-utilizing bacteria, FEBS Lett. 11:94–97.
Fischer, C. R., Childress, J. J, Oremland, R. S., and Bidigare, R. R., 1987, The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep sea mussels. Marine Biol 96:59–72.
Flores, E., Guerro, M. G., and Losada, M., 1980, Short-term ammonium inhibition of nitrate utilization by Anacystis nidulans and other cyanobacteria, Arch. Microbiol 128:137–144.
Franklin, T. J., and Snow, G. A., 1981, Biochemistry of Antimicrobial Action, 3rd ed.. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Fuhrman, J. A., and Azam, F., 1980, Bacterioplankton secondary production estimates for coastal waters of British Columbia, Antarctica, and California, Appl Environ. Micobiol 39:1085–1095.
Fuhrman, J. A., and Azam, F., 1982, Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters: Evaluation of field results. Mar. Biol 66:109–120.
Fuhrman, J. A., and McManus, G. B., 1984, Do bacteria-sized marine eukaryotes consume significant bacterial production?, Science 224:1257–1259.
Fuhrman, J. A., Ducklow, H. W., Kirchman, D. L., Hudak, J., McManus, G. B., and Kramer, J., 1986, Does adenine incorporation into nucleic acids measure total microbial production? Limnol Oceanogr. 31:627–636.
Furusaka, C., 1961, Sulfate transport and metabolism by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Nature 192:427–429.
Gadd, G. M., and Griffiths, A. J., 1978, Microorganisms and heavy metal toxicity, Microb. Ecol 4:303–317.
Ghiorse, W. C., and Ehrlich, H. L., 1976, Electron transport components of the MnO2 reductase system and the location of terminal reductase in a marine Bacillus, Appl Environ. Microbiol 31:977–985.
Glover, H. E., 1982, Methylamine, an inhibitor of ammonium oxidation and chemoauto- trophic growth in the marine, nitrifying bacterium Nitrosococcus oceanus, Arch. Microbiol 132:37–40.
Glover, H. E., and Morris, I., 1979, Photosynthetic carboxylating enzymes in marine phy- toplankton, Limnol Oceanogr. 24:510–519.
Goodman, B. A., and Cheshire, M. V., 1982, Reduction of molybdate by soil organic matter: EPR evidence for formation of both Mo(V) and Mo(III), Nature 299:618–620.
Gordon, J. K., and Brill, W. J., 1974, Derepression of nitrogenase synthesis in the presence of excess NH4+, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59:967–971.
Goring, C. A., 1962, Control of nitrification by 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine. Soil, Sd. 93:211–218.
Gottleib, D., and Shaw, P. D., (eds.), 1967, Antibiotics, Vol. 1: Mechanism of Action, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Graham, B. M., Hamilton, R. D., and Campbell, N. E. R., 1980, Comparison of the nitro- gen-15 uptake and acetylene reduction methods for estimating the rates of nitrogen fixation by freshwater blue-green algae, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sei. 37:488–493.
Grbic-Galic, D., and Young, L. Y., 1985, Methane fermentation of ferulate and benzoate: Anaerobic degradation pathways, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:292–297.
Green, J., Prior, S. D., and Dalton, H., 1985, Copper ions as inhibitors of protein C of soluble methane monooxygenase ofMethylococcus capsulatus (Bath), Eur. J. Biochem. 153:137–144.
Gunsalus, R. P., and Wolfe, R. S., 1978, ATP activation and properties of the methyl coen-zyme M reductase system in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, J. Bacteriol. 135:851–857.
Gunsalus, R. P., and Wolfe, R. S., 1980, Methyl coenzyme M reductase from Methanobac-f terium thermoautotrophicum. Resolution and properties of the components, J. Biol. Chem. 255:1891–1895.
Gunsalus, R. P., Roemesser, J. A., and Wolfe, R. S., 1978, Preparation of coenzyme M analogues and their activity in the methyl coenzyme M reductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Biochemistry 17:2374–2377.
Habets-Crutzen, A. Q. H., and de Bont, J. A. M., 1985, Inactivation of alkene oxidation by epoxides in alkene- and alkane-grown bacteria,Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22:428–433.
Habte, M., and Alexander, M., 1980, Nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic bacteria in low-land rice culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:342–347.
Hahn, F. E. (ed.), 1983, Antibiotics, Vol. 6: Modes and Mechanisms of Microbial Growth Inhibitors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Hall, G. H., 1982, Apparent and measured rates of nitrification in the hypolimnion of a mesotrophic lake, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 43:542–547.
Hall, G. H., 1984, Measurement of nitrification rates in lake sediments: Comparison of the nitrification inhibitors nitrapyrin and allythiourea, Microb. Ecol 10:25–36.
Hardy, R. W. F., and Havelka, U. D., 1975, Nitrogen fixation research: A key to world food?. Science. 188:633–642.
Hardy, R. W. F., Holsten, R. D., Jackson, E. K., and Bums, R. C., 1968, The acetylene- ethylene assay for N2 fixation: Laboratory and field evaluation, Plant Physiol 43:1185–1207.
Harrison, W. G., 1983, Use of isotopes, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone, eds.), pp. 763–808, Academic Press, New York.
Harrits, S. M., and Hanson, R. S., 1980, Stratification of aerobic methane-oxidizing organisms in Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin, Limnol Oceanogr. 25:412–421.
Healy, J. B., Young, L. Y., and Reinhard, M., 1980, Methanogenic decomposition of ferulic acid, a model lignin derivative, App. Environ. Microbiol 39:436–444.
Henninger, N. M., and Bollag, J. M., 1976, Effect of chemicals used as nitrification inhibitors on the denitrification process.Can. J. Microbiol 22:688.
Hendrickson, L. I., and Keeney, D. R., 1979a, Effect of some physical and chemical factors on the rate of hydrolysis of nitrapyrin (N-serve), Soil Biol Biochem. 11:47–50.
Hendrickson, L. I., and Keeney, D. R., 1979b, A bioassay to determine the effect of organic matter and pH on the effectiveness of nitrapyrin (N-serve) as a nitrification inhibitor, Soil Biol Biochem. 11:51–55.
Henriksen, K., 1980, Measurement of in situ rates of nitrification in sediment, Microb. Ecol 6:329–337.
Higgins, I. J., and Quayle, J. R., 1970, Oxygenation of methane by methane grown Pseudomonas methanica and Methylomonas methano-oxidans, Biochem. J. 118:201–208.
Hill, I. R., and Wright, S. J. L. (eds.), 1978, Pesticide Microbiology, Academic Press, New York.
Hillmer, P., and Fahlbusch K., 1979, Evidence for an involvement of glutamine synthetase in regulation of nitrogenase activity inRhodopseudomonas capsulata, Arch Microbiol 122:213–218.
Hilpert, R., Winter, J., Hammes, W., and Kandier, O., 1981, The sensitivity of archaebac- teria to antibiotics, Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg. Abt. Orig. 2:11–20.
Hines, M. E., and Lyons, W. B., 1982, Biogeochemistry of nearshore Bermuda sediments. I. Sulfate reduction rates and nutrient generation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 8:87–94.
Hobbie, J., and Williams, P. J. LeB. (eds.), 1984, Heterotrophic Activity in the Sea, Plenum Press, New York.
Hochachka, P. W., and Somero, G. N., 1984, Biochemical Adaptation, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Hordijk, K. A., Hagenaars, C. P. M. M., and Cappenberg, T. E., 1985, Kinetic studies of bacterial sulfate reduction in freshwater sediments by high-pressure liquid chromatography and microdistillation, Appl Environ. Microbiol 49:434–440.
Horrigan, S. G., and Capone, D. G., 1985, Rates of nitrification and nitrate reduction in nearshore marine sediments at near ambient substrate concentrations.Mar. Chem. 16:317–327.
Hou, C. T., Patel, R., Laskin, A. I., and Bamabe, N., 1979, Microbial oxidation of gaseous hydrocarbons: Epoxidation of C2 to C4-alkenes by methylotrophic bacteria, Appl Environ. Microbiol 38:127–134.
Houchins, J. P., and Burris, R. H., 1981, Physiological reactions of the reversible hydrogen- ase from Anabaena 7120, Plant Physiol 68:717–721.
Howarth, R. W., and Cole, J. J., 1985, Molybdenum availability, nitrogen limitation, and phytoplankton growth in natural waters. Science 229:653–655.
Huber, D. M., Murray, G. A., and Crane, J. M., 1969, Inhibition of nitrification as a deterrent to nitrogen loss. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J. 33:975–976.
Huber, D. M., Warren, H. L., Nelson, D. W., and Tsai, C. Y., 1977, Nitrification inhibitors—New tools for food production. Bioscience 27:523–529.
Hubley, J. H., Thomson, A. W., and Wilkinson, J. F., 1975, Specific inhibitors of methane oxidation inMethylosinus trichosporium. Arch. Microbiol 102:199–202.
Hyman, M. R., and Arp, D., 1987, Quantification and removal of some contaminating gases from acetylene used to study gas-utilizing enzymes and microorganisms, Appl Environ. Microbiol 53:298–303.
Hyman, M. R., and Wood, P. M., 1985, Suicidal inactivation and labelling of ammonia mono-oxygenase by acetylene, Biochem. J. 227:719–725.
Hynes, R. K., and Knowles, R., 1978, Inhibition by acetylene of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomonas europaea, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 4:319–321.
Hynes, R. K., and Knowles, R., 1982, Effect of acetylene on autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification, Can. J. Microbiol 28:334–340.
Hynes, R. K., and Knowles, R., 1983, Inhibition of chemoautotrophic nitrification by sodium chlorate and sodium chlorite: A reexamination, Appl Environ. Microbiol 45:1178–1182.
Hynes, R. K., and Knowles, R., 1984, Production of nitrous oxide by Nitrosomonas europaea: Effects of acetylene, pH, and oxygen. Can. J. Microbiol 30:1397–1404.
Hag, L., and Curtis, R. W., 1968, Production of ethylene by fungi, Science 159:1357.
Indrebo, G., Pengerud, B., and Dundas, I., 1979, Microbial activities in a permanently stratified estuary. II. Microbial activities at the oxic-anoxic interface, Mar. Biol 51:305–309.
Iversen, N., and Blackburn, T. H., 1981, Seasonal rates of methane oxidation in anoxic marine sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1295–1300.
Iversen, N., and Jorgensen, B. B., 1985, Anaerobic methane oxidation rates at the sulfate- methane transition in marine sediments from Kattegat and Skagerrat (Denmark), Lim- nol. Oceanogr. 30:944–955.
Iversen, N., Oremland, R. S., and Klug, M. J., 1987, Big Soda Lake (Nevada). 3. Pelagic methanogenesis and anaerobic methane-oxidation, Limnol. Oceanogr. 32:804–814.
Izawa, S., 1980, Acceptors and donors for chloroplast electron transport, in: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 69 (A. San Pietro, ed.), pp. 413–434, Academic Press, New York.
Jacobson, M. E., Mackin, J. E., and Capone, D. G., 1987, Ammonium production in sediments inhibited with molybdate: Implications for the sources of ammonium in anoxic marine sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 53:2435–2439.
Jain, B., 1982,Handbook of Enzyme Inhibitors, Wiley, New York.
Jannasch, H. W., and Wirsen, C. O., 1979, Chemosynthetic primary production at east Pacific sea floor spreading centers. Bioscience 29:592–598.
Jarrell, K. F., and Hamilton, E. A., 1985, Effect of gramicidin on methanogenesis by various methanogenic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:179–182.
Jarrell, K. F., and Sprott, G. D., 1983, The effect of ionophores and metabolic inhibitors on methanogenesis and energy-related properties of Methanobacterium bryantii, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 225:33–41.
Jenkins, M. C., and Kemp, W. M., 1984, The coupling of nitrification and denitrification in two estuarine sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr. 29:598–608.
Jensen, S., and Jumelov, A., 1969, Biological methylation of mercury in aquatic environments, Nature 223:753–754.
Johnson, P. W., and Sieburth, J. McN., 1982, In-situ morphology and occurrence of eucary- otic phototrophs of bacterial size in the picoplankton of estuarine and oceanic waters, J. Phycol. 18:318–327.
Jones, J. B., and Stadtman, T. A., 1977, Methanococcus vannielii: Culture and effects of selenium and tungsten on growth, J. Bacteriol. 130:1404–1406.
Jones, J. B., and Stadtman, T. C., 1981, Selenium-dependent and selenium-independent formate dehydrogenases of Methanococcus vannielii. Separation of the two forms and characterization of the purified selenium-independent form, J. Biol. Chem. 256:656–663.
Jones, J. G., and Simon, B. M., 1985, Interactions of acetogens and methanogens in anaerobic freshwater sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:944–948.
Jones, J. G., Simon, B. M., and Gardener, S., 1982, Factors affecting methanogenesis and associated anaerobic processes in the sediments of a stratified eutrophic lake, J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:1–11.
Jones, R. D., and Morita, R. Y., 1983a, Carbon monoxide oxidation by chemolithotrophic ammonium oxidizers, Can. J. Microbiol. 29:1545–1551.
Jones, R. D., and Morita, R. Y., 1983b, Methane oxidation by Nitrosococcus oceanus and Nitrosomonas europea, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:401–410.
Jones, R. D., and Morita, R. Y., 1984, Effect of several nitrification inhibitors on carbon monoxide and methane oxidation by ammonium oxidizers, Can. J. Microbiol. 30:1276–1279.
Jones, R. D., Morita, R. Y., and Griffiths, R. P., 1984, Methods for estimating in situ chemolithotrophic ammonium oxidation using carbon monoxide oxidation, Mar. Ecol. Prog Ser. 17:259–269.
Jones, T. W., and Estes, P. S., 1984, Uptake and phytotoxicity of soil-sorbed atrazine for the submerged aquatic plant,Potamogeton perfoliatus L.,Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:237–241.
Jorgensen, B. B., 1982, Ecology of the bacteria of the sulfur cycle with special reference to anoxic-oxic interface environments. Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 298:543–561.
Kandier, O., and Hippe, H., 1977, Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barken, Arch. Microbiol. 113:57–60.
Kandier, O., and König, H., 1978, Chemical composition of the peptidoglycan-free cell walls of methanogenic bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 118:141–152.
Kanner, D., and Bartha, R., 1979, Growth of Nocardia rhodochrous on acetylene gas, J. Bacteriol. 139:225–230.
Kanner, D., and Bartha, R., 1982, Metabolism of acetylene by Nocardia rhodochrous, J. Bacteriol. 150:989–992.
Kaplan, W. A., 1983, Nitrification, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone, eds.), pp. 139–190, Academic Press, New York.
Kaspar, H. F., 1982, Denitrification in marine sediments: Measurement of capacity and estimate of in situ rate, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:522–527.
Kaspar, H. F., and Tiedje, J. M., 1981, Denitrification and dissimilatory reduction of nitrate and nitrite in the bovine rumen: Nitrous oxide production and effect of acetylene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:705–709.
Katunuma, N., Umezawa, H., and Holzer, H., 1983, Proteinase Inhibitors: Medical and Biological Aspects, Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo.
Kays, S. J., and Pallas, J. E., Jr., 1980, Inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene. Nature 285:51–52.
Kelly, D. P., 1982, Biochemistry of the chemolithotrophic oxidation of inorganic sulphur, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 298:499–528.
Kemps, C. W., Curtiss, M. A., Robrish, S. A., and Bowen, W. H., 1983, Biogenesis of methane in primate dental plaque, FEBS Lett. 155:61–64.
Kenealy, W., and Zeikus, J. G., 1981, Influence of corrinoid antagonists on methanogen metabolism, J. Bacteriol. 146:133–140.
Kepkay, P. E., Cooke, R. C., and Novitsky, J. A., 1979, Microbial autotrophy: A primary source of organic carbon in marine sediments.Science 204:68–69.
Kiene, R. P., and Capone, D. G., 1985, Degassing of pore water methane during sediment incubations, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:143–147.
Kiene, R. P., and Visscher, P., 1987. Metabolism of the terminal s-methyl group of methionine in anoxic sediments.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2426–2434.
Kiene, R. P., Oremland, R. S., Catena, A., Miller, L. G., and Capone, D. G., 1986, Metabolism of reduced methylated sulfur compounds in anaerobic sediments and by a pure culture of an estuarine methanogen, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 52:1037–1045.
King, G. M., 1984, Metabolism of trimethylamine, choline, and glycine betaine by sulfate- reducing and methanogenic bacteria in marine sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 48:719–725.
King, G. M., Klug, M. J., and Lovely, D. R., 1983, Metabolism of acetate, methanol, and methylated amines in intertidal sediments of Lowes Cove, Maine, Appl Environ. Microbiol 45:1848–1853.
Knowles, R., 1979, Denitrification, acetylene reduction and methane metabolism in lake sediment exposed to acetylene, Appl Environ. Microbiol 38:486–493.
Knowles, R., 1983, Denitrification, Microbiol Rev. 46:43–70.
Kosiur, D. R., and Warford, A. L., 1979, Methane production and oxidation in Santa Barbara Basin sediments, Est. Coast. Mar. ScL 8:379–385.
Kuenen, J. G., and Beudeker, R. F., 1982, Microbiology of thiobacilli and other sulphur- oxidizing autotrophs, mixotrophs and heterotrophs, Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 298:473–497.
Kun, E., 1969, Mechanism of action of fluoro analogs of citric acid cycle compounds: An.essay on biochemical tissue specificity, in: Citric Acid Cycle, Control and Compartmen- tation (J. M. Lowenstein, ed.), pp. 297–339, Dekker, New York.
Lai, R. (ed.), 1984, Insecticide Microbiology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Lambert, G. R., and Smith, G. D., 1981, The hydrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria (blue- green algae), Biol Rev. 56:589–660.
Lambert, G. R., Daday, A., and Smith, G. D., 1979, Effects of ammonium ions, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and acetylene on anaerobic and aerobic hydrogen formation by Ana- baena cylindrica B629, Appl Environ. Microbiol 38:521–529.
Lancini, G., and Parenti, F., 1982, Antibiotics: An Integrated View, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Landry, M. R., and Hassett, R. P., 1982, Estimating the grazing impact of marine micro-’ Zooplankton, Mar. Biol 67:282–288.
Legendre, L., Demers, S., Yentsch, C. M., and Yensch, C. S., 1983, The 14C method: Patterns of dark CO2 fixation and DCMU correction to replace the dark bottle, Limnol Ocean-ogr. 28:996–1003.
Leighton, T., Markes, E., and Leighton, F., 1981, Pesticides: Insecticides and fungicides are Chitin synthesis inhibitors, Science 213:905–907.
Lethbridge, G., Davison, M. S., and Sparung, G. P., 1982, Critical evaluation of the acetylene reduction test for estimating the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with the roots of wheat and bariey.Soil Biol Biochem. 14:27–35.
Li, W. K. W., and Dickie, P. M., 1985a, Metabolic inhibition of size-fractionated marine plankton radiolabeled with amino acids, glucose, bicarbonate, and phosphate in the light and dark, Microb. Ecol 11:11–24.
Li, W. K. W., and Dickie, P. M., 1985b, Growth of bacteria in seawater filtered through 0.2 /Ltm Nuclepore membranes: Implications for dilution experiments. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. 26:245–252.
Li, W. K. W., Subba Rao, V., Harrison, W. G., Smith, J. C., Gullen, J. J., Irwin, B., and Piatt, T., 1983, Autotrophic picoplankton in the tropical ocean. Science 219:292–295.
Lidstrom, M. E., 1983, Methane consumption in Framvaren Fjord, Limnol Oceanogr. 28:1247–1251.
Lipschultz, F., 1981, Methane release from a brackish intertidal salt-marsh embayment of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Estuaries 4:143–145.
Lovley, D. R., and Klug, M. J., 1982, Intermediary metabolism of organic matter in the sediments of a eutrophic lake,Appl Environ. Microbiol 43:522–560.
Lovley, D. R., and Klug, M. J., 1983, Sulfate reducers can outcompete methanogens at freshwater sulfate concentrations, Appl Environ. Microbiol 45:187–192.
Lovley, D. R., Dwyer, D. F., and Klug, M. J., 1982, Kinetic analysis of competition between sulfate reducers and methanogens for hydrogen in sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 43:1373–1379.
Macalaster, E. G., Barker, D. A., and Kasper, M. W. (eds.), 1983, Chesapeake Bay: A Profile of Environmental Change, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Martens, C. S., and Bemer, R. A., 1977, Interstitial water chemistry of anoxic Long Island Sound sediments. 1. Dissolved gases, Limnol Oceanogr. 22:10–25.
Martikainen, P. J., 1985, Nitrous oxide emission associated with autotrophic ammonium oxidation in acid coniferous forest soil, Appl Environ. Microbiol 50:1519–1525.
Maurino, S. G., Vargas, M. A., Aparicio, P. J., and Maldonado, J. M., 1983, Blue-light reactivation of spinach nitrate reductase inactivated by acetylene or cyanide, Physiol Plant. 57:411–416.
McBride, B. C., and Edwards, T. L., 1977, Role of methanogenic bacteria in the alkylation of arsenic and mercury, in: Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment (H. Drucker and R. E. Wildung, eds.), pp. 1–17, ERDA Symposium Series 42, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia.
McCambridge, J., and McMeekin, T. A., 1980, Relative effects of bacterial and protozoan predators on survival of Escherichia coli in estuarine water samples, Appl Environ. Microbiol. 40 :901–911.
McCarthy, R. E., 1980, Delineation of the mechanism of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts: Use of uncouplers, energy transfer inhibitors, and modifiers of coupling factor, in: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 69 (A. San Pietro, ed.) pp. 719–728, Academic Press, New York.
McFadden, B. A., and Purohit, K., 1978, Chemosynthetic, photosynthetic, and cyanobac- terial ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, in: Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation (W. Siegleman and G. Hine, eds.), pp. 179–207. Plenum Press, New York.
McKenna, C. E., and Huang, C. W., 1979, In vivo reduction of cyclopropene by Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase. Nature 280:609–610.
McKenna, C. E., Benemann, J. R., and Taylor, T. G., 1970, A vanadium containing nitrogenase preparation: Implications for the role of molybendenum in nitrogen fixation, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 41:1501–1508.
Meyers, A. J., 1980, Evaluation of bromomethane as a suitable analogue in methane oxidation studies, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 9:297–300.
Meyers, A. J., 1982, Obligate methylotrophy: Evaluation of dimethylether as a C-1 compound, J. Bacteriol. 150:966–968.
Moller, M. M., Nielsen, L. P., and Jorgensen, B. B., 1985, Oxygen responses and mat formation by Beggiatoa spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:373–382.
Mopper, K., and Taylor, B. F., 1986, Biogeochemical cycling of sulfur: Thiols in coastal marine sediments, in: Organic Marine Geochemistry (M. Sohn, ed.), pp. 324–339, American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington, D.C.
Moreno-Vivian, C., Cejudo, F. J., Cardenas, J., and Castillo, F., 1983, Ammonia assimilation pathways in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata El Fl, Arch. Microbiol. 136:147–151.
Moriarty, D. J. W., and Hayward, A. C., 1982, Ultrastructure of bacteria and the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in marine sediments, Microb. Ecol. 8:1–14.
Mosier, A. R., 1980, Acetylene inhibition of ammonium oxidation in soil.Soil Biol. Biochem. 12:443–444.
Mountfort, D. O., Asher, R. A., Mays, E. L., and Tiedje, J. M., 1980, Carbon and electron flow in mud and sandflat sediments at Delaware Inlet, Nelson, New Zealand, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:686–694.
Murphy, L. S., and Haugen, E. M., 1985, The distribution and abundance of phototrophic ultraplankton in the North Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr. 30:47–58.
Murray, P. A., and Zinder, S. H., 1984, Nitrogen fixation by a methanogenic archaebacter- ium. Nature 312:284–286.
Naumann, E., Fahlbusch, K., and Gottshalk, G., 1984, Presence of a trimethylamine:HS- coenzyme M methyltransferase in Methanosarcina barkeri, Arch. Microbiol. 138:79–83.
Nedwell, D. B., 1982, The cycling of sulfur in marine and freshwater sediments, in: Sediment Microbiology, (D. B. Nedwell and C. M. Brown, eds.), pp. 73–106, Academic Press, New York.
Nedwell, D. B., and Aziz, S., 1980, Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in an intertidal saltmarsh sediment. Est. Coast. Mar. Sei. 10:699–702.
Nedwell, D. B., and Banat, L M., 1981, Hydrogen as an electron donor for sulfate-reducing bacteria in slurries of salt marsh sediment. Microb. Ecol. 7:305–313.
Newell, S. Y., Sherr, F. B., Sherr, E. B., and Fallon, R. D., 1983, Bacterial response to presence of eukaryote inhibitors in water from a coastal marine environment, Mar. Environ. Res. 10:147–157.
Nicholas, D. J. D., 1978, Intermediary metabolism of nitrifying bacteria, with particular reference to nitrogen, carbon and sulfur compounds, in: Microbiology—1978 (D. Schlessinger, ed.), pp. 305–309, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Nicholas, D. J. D., Wilson, P. W., Heinen, W., Palmer, G., and Beinert, H., 1962. Use of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in investigations of functional metal components in micro-organisms, Nature 196:433–436.
Nishio, T., Koike, L, and Hattori, A., 1982, Denitrification nitrogen reduction and oxygen consumption in coastal and estuarine sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 43:648–653.
Norqvist, A., and RofFey, R., 1983, Alternative method for monitoring the effect of inhibitors on sulfate reduction, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 29:335–344.
Notton, B. A., Watson, E. F., and Hewitt, E. J., 1979, Effects of A-serve (2-chloro-6- [trichloromethyl] pyridine) formulations on nitrification and on loss of nitrate in sand culture experiements, Plant Soil 51:1–12.
O’Neill, J. G., and Wilkinson, J. F., 1977, Oxidation of ammonia by methane-oxidizing bacteria and the effects of ammonia on methane oxidation, J. Gen. Microbiol. 100:407–412.
Oremland, R. S., 1975, Methane production in shallow-water, tropical marine sediments, Appl. Microbiol 30:602–608.
Oremland, R. S., 1976, Studies on the methane cycle in tropical marine sediments. Dissertation, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
Oremland, R. S., 1979, Methanogenic activity in plankton samples and fish intestines: A mechanism for in situ methanogenesis in oceanic surface waters, Limnol Oceanogr. 24:1136–1141.
Oremland, R. S., 1981, Microbial formation of ethane in anoxic estuarine sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 42:122–129.
Oremland, R. S., 1983, Hydrogen metabolism by decomposing cyanobacterial aggregates in Big Soda Lake, Nevada, Appl Environ. Microbiol 45:1519–1525.
Oremland, R. S., and Polcin, S., 1982, Methanogenesis and sulfate-reduction: Competitive and non-competitive substrates in estuarine sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 44:1270–1276.
Oremland, R. S., and Silverman, M. P., 1979, Microbial sulfate reduction measured by an automated electrical impedance technique,Geomicrobiol J. 1:355–372.
Oremland, R. S., and Taylor, B. F., 1975, Inhibition of methanogenesis in marine sediments by acetylene and ethylene: Validity of the acetylene reduction assay for anaerobic microcosms,Appl Microbiol 30:707–709.
Oremland, R. S., and Taylor, B. F., 1978, Sulfate reduction and methanogenesis in marine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42:209–214.
Oremland, R. S., and Zehr, J. P., 1986, Formation of methane and carbon dioxide from dimethylselenide in anoxic sediments and by a methanogenic bacterium, Appl Environ. Microbiol 52:1031–1036.
Oremland, R. S., Marsh, L., and Des Marais, D. J., 1982a, Methanogenesis in Big Soda Lake, Nevada: An alkaline, moderately hypersaline desert lake, Appl Environ. Microbiol 43:462–468.
Oremland, R. S., Marsh, L. M., and Polcin, S., 1982b, Methane production and simultaneous sulfate reduction in anoxic saltmarsh sediments. Nature 296:143–145.
Oremland, R. S., Culbertson, C. W., and Simoneit, B. R. T., 1982c, Methanogenic activity in sediment from Leg 64, Gulf of California, Init. Rep. Deep Sea Drilling Project 64:759–762.
Oremland, R. S., Umberger, C., Culbertson, C. W., and Smith, R. L., 1984, Denitrification in San Francisco bay intertidal sediments, Appl Environ. Microbiol 47:1106–1112.
Oremland, R. S., Cloem, J. E., Sofer, Z., Smith, R. L., Culbertson, C. W., Zehr, J., Miller, L., Cole, B., Harvey, R., Iversen, N., Klug, H., Des Marais, D. J., and Rav, G., 1988, Microbial and biogeochemical processes in Big Soda Lake, Nevada, in: Lacustrine petroleum source rocks (K. Kelts and A. Fleet, eds.) Geological Society, London (in press).
Orth, R. J., and Moore, K. A., 1983, Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented dedine in submerged aquatic vegetation, Science 222:51–53.
Pace, J., and McDermott, E, 1952, Methionine sulphoximine and some enzyme systems involving glutamine, Nature 169:415–416.
Paerl, H. W., 1983, Environmental regulation of H2 utilization (3H2 exchange) among natural and laboratory populations of N2 and non-Na fixing phytoplankton. Microb, Ecol 9:79–97.
Panganiban, Jr., A. T., Patt, T. E., Hart, W., and Hanson, R. S., 1979, Oxidation of methane in the absence of oxygen in lake water samples, Appl Environ. Microbiol 37:303–309.
Patrick, Jr., W. H., Peterson, F. J., and Turner, F. T., 1968, Nitrification inhibitors for lowland rice. Soil Sei. 105:103–105.
Paul, J. H. 1984. Effects of antimetabolites on the adhesion of an estuarine Vibrio sp. to polystyrene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:924–929.
Payne, W. J., 1973, Gas chromatographic analysis of denitrification by marine bacteria, in: Estuarine Microbial Ecology (L. H. Stevenson, ed.), pp. 53–71, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina.
Payne, W. J., 1981,Denitrification, Wiley, New York.
Payne, W. J., 1984, Influence of acetylene on microbial and enzymatic assays,J. Microbiol. Meth. 2:117–133.
Payne, W. J., and Grant, M. A., 1982, Influence of acetylene on growth of sulfate-respiring bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:727–730.
Pearsall, K. A., and Bonner, F. T., 1980, Analysis of dinitrogen-nitrogen oxide mixtures employing direct vacuum line-gas Chromatograph injection, J. Chromatog. 200:224–227.
Peck, Jr., H. D., 1959, The ATP-dependent reduction of sulfate with hydrogen in extracts of Desulfovibrio desulfiirican, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 45:701–708.
Peck, Jr., H. D., 1960, Evidence for oxidative phosphorylation during the reduction of sulfate with hydrogen byDesulfovibrio desulfuricans, J. Biol. Chem. 235:2734–2738.
Peck, Jr., H. D., 1962, The role of adenosine-5’-5-phosphosulfate in the reduction of sulfate to sulfite by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, J. Biol. Chem. 237:198–203.
Pedersen, D., and Sayler, G. D., 1981, Methanogenesis in freshwater sediments: Inherent variability and effects of environmental contaminants. Can. J. Microbiol. 27:198–205.
Peeters, T., and Aleem, M. I. H., 1970, Oxidation of sulfur compounds and electron transport in Thiobacillus denitrificans, Arch. Microbiol. 71:319–330.
Pelczar, M. J., Jr., Chan, E. C. S., and Krieg, N. R., 1986, Microbiology, 5th ed., McGraw- Hill, New York.
Peschek, G. A., 1979, Evidence for two functionally distinct hydrogenases in Anacystis nidu- lans. Arch. Microbiol. 123:81–92.
Peterson, H. G., 1986,Antimicrobial Agents Annual, Elsevier, New York.
Peterson, R. B., and Burris, R. H., 1976, Conversion of acetylene reduction rates to nitrogen fixation rates in natural populations of blue-green algae, Anal. Biochem. 73:404–410.
Phelan, P. J., and Mattigod, S. V., 1984, Adsorption of molybdate anion (MoO4 2) by sodium-saturated kaolinite,Clays Clay Minerals 32:45–48.
Phelps, T. J., and Zeikus, J. G., 1985, Effect of fall turnover on terminal carbon metabolism in Lake Mendota sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:1285–1291.
Pizzey, J. A., Bennett, F. A., and Jones, G. E., 1983, Monensin inhibits initial spreading of cultured human fibroblasts, Nature 305:315–317.
Piatt, T., Subba Rao, V., and Irwin, B., 1983, Photosynthesis of picoplankton in the oligo- trophic ocean, Nature 301:702–704.
Postgate, J., 1949, Competitive inhibition of sulfate reduction by selenate. Nature 172:670–671.
Postgate, J. R., 1952, Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors of bacterial sulfate reduction, J. Gen. Microbiol. 6:128–142.
Postgate, J. R., 1979, The Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Postgate, J. R., 1982, The Fundamentals of Nitrogen Fixation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Poth, M., and Focht, D. D., 1985, ’15N kinetic analysis of N2O production by Nitrosomonas europaea: An examination of nitrifier denitrification, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 49:1134–1141.
Powell, S. J., and Prosser, J. I., 1985, The effects of nitrapyrin and chloropicolinic acid on ammonium oxidation byNitrosomonas europaea, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 28:51–54.
Primrose, S. B., 1976, Ethylene-forming bacteria from soil and water, J. Gen. Microbiol 97:343–346.
Primrose, S. B., 1977, Evaluation of the role of methional, 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid and peroxidase in ethylene formation by Escherichia coli, J. Gen. Microbiol 98:519–528.
Primrose, S. B., and Dilworth, M. J., 1976, Ethylene production by bacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol 93:l77–181.
Prins, R. A., van Nevel, C. J., and Demeyer, D. L, 1972, Pure culture studies of inhibitors for methanogenic bacteria, Antonie Leeuwenhoek Microbiol Serol 38:281–287.
Prins, R. A., Cline-Thiel, W., Malestein, A., and Counotte, G. H. M., 1980, Inhibition of nitrate reduction in some rumen bacteria by tungstate, Appl Environ. Microbiol 40:163–165.
Raimbault, M., 1975, Etude d’influence inhibitrice de I’acetylene sur la formation biolo- gique du methane dans un sol riziere, Ann. Microbiol Inst. Pasteur 126A:247–258.
Ramirez, C., and Alexander, M., 1980, Evidence suggesting protozoan predation on Rhi- zobium associated with germinating seeds and in the rhizosphere of beans(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),Appl Environ. Microbiol 40:492–499.
Ramos, J. L., and Guerrero, M. G., 1983, Involvement of ammonium metaboHsm in the nitrate inhibition of nitrogen fixation in Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, Arch. Microbiol 136:81–83.
Reeburgh, W. S., 1976, Methane consumption in Cariaco Tranch waters and sediments, Earth Planet. ScL Lett. 15:334–337.
Reeburgh, W. S., 1980, Anaerobic methane oxidation: Rate depth distributions in Skan Bay sediments. Earth Planet. Sci Lett. 47:345–352.
Reeburgh, W. S., and Heggie, D. T., 1977, Microbial methane consumption reactions and their effect on methane distributions in freshwater and marine environments, Limnol Oceanogr. 22:1–9.
Ribbons, D. W., 1975, Oxidation of C-1 compounds by particulate fractions from Meth- ylococcus capsulatus: Distribution and properties of methane-dependent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase (methane hydroxylase), J. Bacteriol 122:1351–1363.
Ribbons, D. W., and Michaelover, J. L., 1970, Methane oxidation by cell-free extracts of Methylococcus capsulatus, FEBS Lett. 11:41–44.
Richmond, M. H., 1969, Antimetabolites, antibacterial agents and enzyme inhibitors, in: Data for Biochemical Research, 2nd ed. (R. M. C. Dawson, D. C. Elliott, W. H. Elliott, and K. M. Jones, eds.), pp. 335–404, Oxford University Press, New York.
Rigano, C., Rigano, V., Vona, V., and Fuggi, A., 1979, Glutamine synthetase activity, ammonia assimilation and control of nitrate reduction in the unicellular red alga Cyan- idium caldarium, Arch. Microbiol 121:117–120.
Rittmann, B. E., and McCarty, P. L., 1980, Utilization of dichloromethane by suspended and fixed-film bacteria, Appl Environ. Microbiol 39:1225–1226.
Rivera-Ortiz, J. M., and Burris, R. H., 1975, Interactions among substrates and inhibitors of nitrogenase, J. Bacteriol 123:537–545.
Robbins, P. W., and Lipmann, F., 1958, Enzymatic synthesis of adenosine-5’-phosphosul- fate, J. Biol Chem. 233:686–690.
Robson, R. L., Eady, R. R., Richardson, T. H., Miller, R. W., Hawkins, M., and Postgate, J. R., 1986, The alternative nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum is a vanadium enzyme, Nature 322:388–390.
Rodgers, G. A., and Ashworth, J., 1982, Bacteriostatic action of nitrification inhibitors, Can. J. Microbiol 28:1093–1100.
Rodgers, G. A., Ashworth, J., and Walker, N., 1980, Recovery of nitrifier populations from inhibition by nitrapyrin or carbon disulfide, Zentralbl BakterioL Parasitkd Infek- tionskr. Hyg. Abt. 2 135:477–483.
Rosson, R. A., and Nealson, K. H., 1982, Manganese binding and oxidation by spores of a marine bacillus, J. Bacteriol 151:1027–1034.
Rozyccki, M., and Bartha, R., 1981, Problems associated with the use of azide as an inhibitor of microbial activity in soil, Appl Environ. Microbiol. 41:833–846.
Rudd, J. W., and Hamilton, R. D., 1978, Methane cycling in a eutrophic shield lake and its effects on whole lake metabolism,Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:337–348.
Rudd, J. W. M., Hamilton, R. D., and Campbell, N. E. R., 1974, Measurement of microbial oxidation of methane in lakewater, Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:519–524.
Rudd, J. W., Fututania, A., Flett, R. J., and Hamilton, R. D., 1976, Factors controlling methane oxidation in shield lakes: The role of nitrogen fixation and oxygen concentration, Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:357–364.
Ryden, J. C., 1982, Effects of acetylene on nitrification and denitrification in two soils during incubation with ammonium nitrate, J. Soil Sei. 33:263–270.
Saino, T., and Hattori, A., 1982, Aerobic nitrogen fixation by the marine non-heterocystous cyanobacteriumTrichodesmium (Oscillatoria) spp.: Its protective mechanism against oxygen. Mar. Biol. 70:251–254.
Saleh, A. M., Macpherson, R., and Miller, J. D. A., 1964, The effect of inhibitors on sulfate reducing bacteria: A compilation, J. Appl. Bacteriol 27:281–293.
Salvas, P. L., and Taylor, B. F., 1980, Blockage of methanogenesis in marine sediments by the nitrification inhibitor 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin or N-serve), Curr. Microbiol. 4:305–308.
Salvas, P. L., and Taylor, B. F., 1984, Effect of pyridine compounds on ammonia oxidation by autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Curr. Microbiol. 10:53–56.
Samuelsson, M.-O., 1985, Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitrous oxide, and ammonium by Pseudomonas putrefaciens, Appl Environ. Microbiol. 50:812–815.
Sanders, R. W., and Porter, K. G., 1986, Use of metabolic inhibitors to estimate protozoo- plankton grazing and bacterial production in a monomictic eutrophic lake with an anaerobic hypolimnion, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:101–107.
Schannong Jorgensen, K., Beck Jensen, H., and Sorensen, J., 1984, Nitrous oxide production from nitrification and denitrification in marine sediment at low oxygen concentrations. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:1073–1078.
Schink, B., 1985a, Fermentation of acetylene by an obligate anaerobe, Pelobacter acetylen- icus sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol 142:295–301.
Schink, B., 1985b, Inhibition of methanogenesis by ethylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons, FEMS Microbiol Ecol 31:63–68.
Scranton, M. I., 1983, The role of the cyanobacteriumOscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thie- bautii in the marine hydrogen cycle. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. 11:79–87.
Scranton, M. I., 1984, Hydrogen cycling in the waters near Bermuda: The role of the nitrogen fixer, Oscillatoria thiebautii, Deep-Sea Res. 31:133–143.
Scranton, M. I., Novelli, P. C., and Loud, P. A., 1984, The distribution and cycUng of hydro-gen gas in the waters of two anoxic marine environments, Limnol Oceanogr. 29:993–1003.
Seitzinger, S., Nixon, S., Pilson, M. E. Q., and Burke, S., 1980, Denitrification and N2O production in near-shore marine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44:1853–1860.
Shapiro, S., and Wolfe, R. S., 1980, Methyl-coenzyme M, an intermediate in methanogenic dissimilation of Q compounds by Methanosarcina barkeri, J. Bacteriol 141:728–734.
Shattuck, G. E., and Alexander, M., 1963, A differential inhibitor of nitrifying organisms, Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:600–601.
Shaw, D. G., Alperin, M. J., Reeburgh, W. S., and Mcintosh, D. J., 1984, Biogeochemistry of acetate in anoxic sediments of Skan Bay, Alaska, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48:1819–1825.
Sherr, B. F., Sherr, E. B., Andrew, T. L., Fallon, R. D., and Newell, S. Y., 1987, Investigation of the trophic interactions between heterotrophic protozoa and bacterioplankton in estuarine water using selective metabolic inhibitors,Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., in press.
Sieburth, J. McN., 1979,Sea Microbes, Oxford, London.
Slater, J., and Capone, D. G., 1984, Effect of metals on nitrogen fixation and denitrification in slurries of anoxic saltmarsh sediment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 18:89–95.
Slater, J. and Capone, D. G., 1987, Denitrification in aquifer soil and nearshore marine sediments influenced by groundwater nitrate, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1292–1297.
Slater, J., and Capone, D. G., 1988a, Denitrification by enrichment cultures of bacteria from sahmarsh sediments: Effects of Ni(II) and Cr(VI), manuscript submitted.
Slater, D. G., and Capone, D. G., 1988b, Assessment of denitrification measurement in salt- marsh sediments by acetylene blockage, manuscript submitted.
Slovacek, R. E., and Hannan, P. J., 1977, In vivo fluorescence determinations of phytoplank-ton chlorophylla, Limnol. Oceanogr. 22:919–924.
Smith, A. M., 1976, Ethylene in soil biology, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 14:53–73.
Smith, K. A., and Dowdell, R. J., 1974, Field studies of soil atmosphere. I. Relationships between ethylene, oxygen, soil-moisture content and temperature, Soil Sei. 25:217–230.
Smith, K. A., and Restall, S. W. F., 1971, The occurrence of ethylene in anaerobic soil, J. Soil Sei. 22:430–433.
Smith, K. A., and Russell, R. S., 1969, Occurrence of ethylene, and its significance, in anaerobic soil. Nature 222: 769–771.
Smith, L. A., Hills, S., and Yates, M. G., 1976, Inhibition by acetylene of conventional hydrogenase in nitrogen-fixing bacteria,Nature 262:209–210.
Smith, M. R., 1983, Reversal of 2-bromoethanesulfonate inhibition of methanogenesis in Methanosarcina sp., J. Bacteriol. 156:516–523.
Smith, M. R., and Mah, R. A., 1978, Growth and methanogenesis by Methanosarcina strain 227 on acetate and methanol, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:870–879.
Smith, M. R., and Mah, R. A., 1981,2-Bromoethanesulfonate: A selective agent for isolating resistant Methanosarcina mutants, Curr. Microbiol. 6:321–326.
Smith, M. S., 1982, Dissimilatory reduction of N02 - to NH4 + and N2O by a soil Citrobacter sp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol 43:854–860.
Smith, R. L., and Klug, M. J., 1981, Electron donors utilized by sulfate-reducing bacteria in eutrophic lake sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:116–121.
Smith, R. L., and Oremland, R. S., 1987, Big Soda Lake (Nevada). 2. Pelagic sulfate reduction, Limnol Oceanogr., 32:794–803.
Smucker, R. A., and Simon, S. L., 1986, Some effects of diflubenzuron on growth and spo- rogenesis in Streptomyces spp., Appl Environ. Microbiol 51:25–31.
Somville, M., 1978, A method for the measurement of nitrification rates in water.Water Res. 12:843–848.
Somville, M., 1984, Use of nitrifying activity measurements for describing the effect of salinity on nitrification in the Sheldt Estuary, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:424–426.
Sorensen, J., 1978, Denitrification rates in a marine sediment as measured by the acetylene inhibition technique, Appl Environ. Microbiol. 35:301–305.
Sorensen, J., 1982, Reduction of ferric iron in anaerobic, marine sediment and interaction with reduction of nitrate and sulfate, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:319–324.
Sorensen, J., Tiedje, J. M., and Firestone, R. B., 1980, Inhibition by sulfide of nitric and nitrous oxide reduction by denitrifying Pseudomonas fluorescens, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:105–108.
Sorensen, J., Christensen, D., and Jorgensen, B. B., 1981, Volatile fatty acids and hydrogen as substrates for sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic marine sediment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:5–11.
Sprott, G. D., and Jarrell, K. F., 1982, Sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria to dicyclohex- ylcarbodiimide.Can. J. Microbiol. 28:982–986.
Sprott, G. D., Jarrell, K. F., Shaw, K. M., and Knowles, R., 1982, Acetylene as an inhibitor of methanogenic bacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol 128:2453–2462.
Stevenson, J. C., and Confer, N. M., 1978, Summary of Available Information on Chesapeake Bay Submerged Vegetation, FWS/OBS-78/66, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior.
Stewart, W. D. P., and Rowell, P., 1975, Effects of l-methionine-of dl-sulfoximine on the assimilation of newly fixed NH3, acetylene reduction and heterocyst production in Anabaena cylindrica, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 65:846–856.
Stewart, W. D. P., Fitzgerald, G. P., and Burris, R. H., 1967, In situ studies on N2 fixation, using the acetylene reduction technique, Proc. Natl Acad. Scl USA 58:2071–2078.
Stirling, D. I., and Dalton, H., 1979, Properties of the methane monooxygenase from extracts of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and evidence for its similarity to the enzyme from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), Eur. J. Biochem. 96:205–212.
Stokes, D. M., and Walker, D. A., 1972, Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts,Biochem. J. 128:1147–1157.
Stratton, G. W., Burrell, R. E., and Corke, C. T., 1982, Technique for identifying and minimizing solvent-pesticide interactions in bioassays. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 11:437–445.
Sutherland, J. B., and Cook, R. J., 1980, Effects of chemical and heat treatments on ethylene production in soil. Soil Biol Biochem. 12:357–362.
Sutton, W. D., 1980, Eifects of protein synthesis inhibitors on acetylene reduction activity of lupin root nodules, Aust. J. Plant Physiol 7:261–270.
Syrett, P. J., 1981, Nitrogen metabolism of microalgae, in: Physiological Basis of Phyto- plankton Ecology (T. Piatt, ed.). Can. Bull Fish. Aquat. Set Bull 210:182–210.
Takeda, K., Tezuka, C., Fukuoka, S., and Takahara, Y., 1976, Role of copper ions in methane oxidation byMethanomonas margaritae, J. Ferment. Technol 54:557–562.
Tam, T. Y., and Knowles, R., 1979, Effects of sulfide and acetylene on nitrous oxide reduction by soil and by Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Can. J. Microbiol 25:1133–1138.
Tam, T. Y., Mayfield, C. I., and Inniss, W. E., 1981, Nitrogen fixation and methane metabolism in a stream-water system amended with leaf material. Can. J. Microbiol 27:511–516.
Tam, T. Y., Mayfield, C. I., and Inniss, W. E., 1983, Aerobic acetylene utilization by stream sediment and isolated bacteria, Curr. Microbiol 8:165–168.
Tate III, R. L., 1977, Nitrification in histosols: A potential role for the heterotrophic nitrifier, Appl Environ. Microbiol 33:911–914.
Taylor, B. F., 1983, Assays of microbial nitrogen transformations, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Capone, eds.), pp. 809–837, Academic Press, New York.
Taylor, B. F., and Oremland, R. S., 1979, Depletion of adenosine triphosphate in Desulfov- ibrio by oxyanions of group VI elements, Curr. Microbiol 3:101–103.
Taylor, C. D., and Wolfe, R. S., 1974, Structure and methylation of coenzyme M (HSCH2CH2SO3), J. Biol Chem. 249:4879–4885.
Taylor, C. D., McBride, B. C., Wolfe, R. S., and Bryant, M. P., 1974, Coenzyme M, essential for growth of a rumen strain of Methanobacterium ruminantium, J. Bacteriol 120:974–975.
Taylor, G. T., and Pace, M. L., 1987, Validity of eucaryote inhibitors for assessing production and grazing mortality of marine bacterioplankton, Appl Environ. Microbiol 53:119–128.
Thomas, K. C., and Spencer, M., 1978, Evolution of ethylene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as influenced by the carbon source for growth and the presence of air. Can. J. Microbiol 24:637–642.
Tonge, G. M., Harrison, D. E. F., Knowles, C. J., and Higgins, I. J., 1975, Properties and partial purification of the methane-oxidizing enzyme system from Methylosinus tri- chosporium, FEBS Lett. 58:293–299.
Tonge, G. M., Drozd, J. W., and Higgins, I. J., 1977, Energy coupling in Methylosinus tri- chosporium, J. Gen. Microbiol 99:229–232.
Tonsager, S. R., and Averill, B. A., 1980, Difficulties in the analysis of acid-labile sulfide in Mo-S and Mo-Fe-S systems. Anal Biochem. 102:13–15.
Topp, E., and Knowles, R., 1982, Nitrapyrin inhibits the obligate methylotrophsMethylosinus trichosporium and Methylococcus capsulatus, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 14:47–49.
Topp, E., and Knowles, R., 1984, Effects of nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine] on the obligate methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Appl Environ. Microbiol 47:258–262.
Trebst, A., 1980, Inhibitors in electron flow: Tools for the functional and structural localization of carriers and energy conservation sites, in: Methods in Enzymology, (A. SanPietro, ed), pp. 765, Academic Press, New York.
Trimble, R. B., and Ehrlich, H. L., 1968, Bacteriology of manganese nodules. III. Reduction of Mn02 by two strains of nodule bacteria, Appl Microbiol 16:695–702.
Tromballa, H. W., and Broda, E., 1971, Das verhalten von Chlorella fusca gegenüber Perchlorat und chlorat, Arch. Microbiol. 78:214–223.
Truper, H. G., and Fischer, U., 1982, Anaerobic oxidation of sulphur compounds as electron donors for bacterial photosynthesis, Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 298:529–542.
Turpin, D. H., Edie, S. A., and Canvin, D. T., 1984, In vivo nitrogenase regulation by ammonium and methlyamine and the effect of MSX on ammonium transport in Anabaena flos-aquae. Plant Physiol 74:701–704.
Tuttle, J. H., and Dugan, P. R., 1976, Inhibition of growth, iron, and sulfur oxidation in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans by simple organic compounds, Can. J. Microbiol 22:719–730.
Tuttle, J. H., and Jannasch, H. W., 1977, Thiosulfate stimulation of microbial dark assimilation of carbon dioxide in shallow marine waters, Microb. Ecol 4:9–25.
Umezawa, H., 1982, Low-molecular-weight enzyme inhibitors of microbial origin,Annu. Rev. Microbiol 36:75–99.
Van Berkum, P., and Sloger, C., 1979, Immediate acetylene reduction by excised grass roots not previously preincubated at low oxygen tensions. Plant Physiol 64:739–743.
Van Berkum, P., and Sloger, C., 1981, Comparing time course profiles of immediate acetylene reduction by grasses and legumes, Appl Environ. Microbiol 41:184–189.
Van der Meijden, P., Heythuysen, H. J., Sliepenbeek, H. T., Houwen, F. P., van der Drift, C., and Vogels, G. D., 1983, Activation and inactivation of methanol: 2-Mercapto- ethanesulfonic acid methyltransferase from Methanosarcina barkeri, J. Bacteriol 153:6–11.
Vanderaieulen, J. H., Davis, N. D., and Muscatine, L., 1972, The effect of inhibitors of photosynthesis on zooxanthellae in corals and other marine invertebrates, Mar. Biol 16:185–191.
Van Nevel, C. J., and Demeyer, D. L, 1977, Effect of monensin on rumen metabolism in vitro, AppL Environ. Microbiol. 34:251–257.
Van Raalte, C. D., and Patriquin, D. G., 1979, Use of the "acetylene blockage" technique for assaying denitrification in a salt marsh. Mar. Biol. 52:315–320.
van Vliet-Smits, M., Harder, W., and van Dijken, J. P., 1981, Some properties of the amine oxidase of the facultative methylotroph Arthrobacter P1, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 11:31–35.
Vincent, W. F., and Downes, M. T., 1981, Nitrate accumulation in aerobic hypolimnia: Relative importance of benthic and planktonic nitrifiers in an oligotrophic lake, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:565–573.
Vogel, T. M., Oremland, R. S., and Kvenvolden, K. A., 1982, Low temperature formation of hydrocarbon gases in San Francisco Bay sediment (California, U.S.A.), Chem. Geol. 37:289–298.
Wake, L. V., Christopher, R. K., Rickard, P. A. D., Andersen, J. E., and Ralph, B. J., 1977, A thermodynamic assessment of possible substrates for sulfate/reducing bacteria,Aust. J.Biol.Sci 30:115–127.
Walter, H. M., Kenney, D. R., and Fillery, I. R., 1979, Inhibition of nitrification by acetylene, Soil Sei. Am. J. 43:195–196.
Ware, D. A., and Postgate, J. R., 1971, Physiological and chemical properties of a reductant- activated inorganic pyrophosphatase fromDesulfovibrio desulfuricans, J. Gen. Microbiol, 67:145–160.
Watanabe, I., and de Guzman, M. R., 1980, Effect of nitrate on acetylene disappearance from anaerobic soil. Soil Biol. Biochem, 12:193–194.
Weathers, P. J., 1984, N2O evolution by green algae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:1251–1253.
Webb, K. L., and Wiebe, W. J., 1975, Nitrification on a coral reef, Can. J. Microbiol. 21:1427–1431
Wheeler, P. A., 1980, Use of methylammonium as an ammonium analogue in nitrogen transport and assimilation studies withCyclotella cryptica (Bascillariophyceae), J. Phy- col. 16:328–334.
Wheeler, P. A., and Kirchman, D. L., 1986, Utilization of inorganic and organic nitrogen by bacteria in marine systems,Limnol. Oceanogr, 31:998–1009.
Wildenauer, F. X., Blotevogel, K. H., and Winter, J., 1984, Effect of monensin and 2-bro- methanesulfonic acid on fatty acid metabolism and methane production from cattle manure, Microbiol. Biotechnol 19:125–130.
Wilson, L. G., and Bandurski, R. S., 1958, Enzymatic reactions involving sulfate, sulfite, selenate, and molybdate, J. Biol. Chem. 233:975–981.
Winfrey, M. R., and Ward, D. M., 1983, Substrates for sulfate reduction and methane production in intertidal sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:193–199.
Winfrey, M. R., and Zeikus, J. G., 1977, Effect of sulfate on carbon and electron flow during microbial methanogenesis in freshwater sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:312–318.
Winfrey, M. R., and Zeikus, J. G., 1979, Anaerobic metabolism of immediate methane precursors in Lake Mendota, Appl Environ. Microbiol 37:244–253.
Witty, J. F., 1979, Acetylene reduction assay can overestimate nitrogen/fixation in soil.Soil Biol Biochem. 11:209–210.
Wolin, M. J., and Miller, T. L., 1980, Molybdate and sulfide inhibit H2 and increase formate production from glucose byRuminococcus albus, Arch. Microbiol 124:137–142.
Wolin, E. A., Wolfe, R. S. and Wilin, M. J., 1964, Viologen dye inhibition of methane formation of Methanobacillus omelianskii, J. BacterioL 87:993–998.
Wood, J. M., Kennedy, F. S., and Wolfe, R. S., 1968a, The reaction of multihalogenated hydrocarbons with free and bound vitamin B12,Biochemistry 7:1707–1713.
Wood, J. M., Kennedy, F. S., and Rosen, C. G., 1968b, Synthesis of methyl-mercury compounds by extracts of a methanogenic bacterium. Nature 220:173–174.
Wood, L. B., Hurley, B. J. E., and Matthews, P. J., 1981, Some observation on the biochemistry and inhibition of nitrification. Water Res. 15:543–551.
Wright, R. T., and Coffin, R. B., 1983, Flanktonic bacteria in estuaries and coastal waters of northern Massachusetts: Spatial and temporal distributions, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 11:205–216.
Yamazaki, S., 1982, A selenium-containing hydrogenase from Methanococcus vannielii, J. Biol. Chem. 257:7926–7929.
Yang, S. F., 1974, The biochemistry of ethylene: Biogenesis and metabolism, Ree. Adv. Phyto. chem. 7:131–164.
Yeomans, J., and Beauchamp, E. G., 1978, Limited inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction in soil in the presence of acetylene. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10:517–519.
Yetka, J. E., and Wiebe, W. J., 1974, Ecological application of antibiotics as respiratory inhibitors of bacterial populations, Appl. Microbiol. 28:1033–1039.
Yoch, D. C., and Gotto, J. W., 1982, Effect of light intensity and inhibitors of nitrogen assimilation on inhibition of nitrogenase activity in Rhodopseudomonas rubrum and Anabaena sp.,J. Bacteriol 151:800–806.
Yoch, D. C., and Whiting, G. J., 1986, Evidence for NH^ switch-off regulation of nitrogenase activity by bacteria in salt marsh sediments and roots of the grass Spartina alter- niflora, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:143–149.
Yokota, A., and Canvin, D. T., 1985, Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content determined with [14C] carboxypentitol biphosphate in plants and algae, Plant Physiol. 77:735–739.
Yoshinari, T., 1984, Nitrite and nitrous oxide production by Methylosinus trichosporium. Can. J. Microbiol. 31:139–144.
Yoshinari, T., and Knowles, R., 1976, Acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction by denitrifying bacteria, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 69:705–710.
Yoshinari, T, Hynes, R., and Knowles, R., 1977, Acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction and measurement of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem. 9:177–183.
Young, J. C., 1983, Comparison of 3 forms of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine as a nitrification inhibitor in BOD tests, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 55:415–416.
Zehnder, A. J. B., and Brock, T. D., 1979, Methane formation and methane oxidation by methanogenic bacteria, J. Bacteriol 137:420–432.
Zehnder, A. J. B., and Brock, T. D., 1980, Anaerobic methane oxidation: Occurrence and ecology, Appl Environ. Microbiol 39:194–204.
Zehr, J. P., and Oremland, R. S., 1987, Reduction of selenate to selenide by sulfate-respiring bacteria: Experiments with cell suspensions and estuarine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 53:1365–1369.
Zinder, S. H, and Brock, T. D, 1978, Production of methane and carbon dioxide from methane thiol and dimethylsulfide by anaerobic lake sediments, Nature 273 :226–228
Zinder, S. H., Anguish, T., and Cardwell, S. C., 1984, Selective inhibition by 2-bromo- ethanesulfonate of methanogenesis from acetate in a thermophilic anaerobic digestor, Appl Environ. Microbiol, 47:1343–1345.
ZoBell, C. E., 1947, Microbial transformations of molecular hydrogen in marine sediments, with particular reference to petroleum, Am. Assoc. Petrol. GeoL Bull 31:1709–1751.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oremland, R.S., Capone, D.G. (1988). Use of “Specific” Inhibitors in Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology. In: Marshall, K.C. (eds) Advances in Microbial Ecology. Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5411-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5409-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive