Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Psychological Model of Panic

  • Chapter
Anxiety Disorders

Abstract

As late as five years ago the topic of this chapter would have been a psychological model of anxiety. However, research has now progressed to the point where it is very difficult to talk of a psychological model of anxiety as if anxiety were a unitary phenomenon. Evidence is increasing that a large proportion of patients presenting with anxiety symptoms suffer from panic attacks. These panic attacks may represent a qualitatively different type of anxiety than the more generalized anxiety with which we are all familiar. And yet, we know very little about the phenomenon of panic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerman, S. & Sachar, E. (1974). The lactate theory of anxiety: A review and reevaluation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36, 69–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington,D.C.: American Psychaitric Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrasik, F., Blanchard, E.B., Arena, J.G., Saunders, N., & Barron, K.D. (1982). Psychophysiology of recurrent headache: Methodological issues and new empirical findings. Behavior Therapy, 13, 407–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appleby, I., Klein, D., Sachar, E., & Levitt, M. (1981). Biochemical indices of lactate-induced panic: A preliminary report. In D.F. Klein & J. Rabkin (Eds.)., Anxiety: New research and changing concepts (pp. 411–424). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H. (1983). The classification of anxiety disorders. Paper presented at the Conference DSM-III: An Interim Appraisal. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H. (1985). The dimensions of anxiety disorders. In A.H. Tuma & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., & Beck, J.G. (1984). The psychosocial treatment of anxiety disorders: Current states, future directions. In J.B.W. Williams & R.L. Spitzer (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Where are we and where should we go? (pp. 29–69). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., Cohen, A.S., Waddell, M.T., Vermilyea, B.B., Klosko, J.S., Blanchard, E.B., & DiNardo, P.A. (1984). Panic and generalized anxiety disorders: Nature and treatment. Behavior Therapy, 15, 431–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., DiNardo, P.A., Vermilyea, J.A., Vermilyea, B.B., & Blanchard, E.B. (1984). Co-morbidity within the anxiety disorders. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., & Maser, J.D. (in press). Psychopathology in anxiety disorders. Journal of Behavioral Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., Vermilyea, J.A., Blanchard, E.B., Vermilyea, B.G., DiNardo, P.A., & Cerny, J.A. (1985). The phenomenon of panic. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 320–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boon, J., Harrison, J., & Rees, W. (1971). Lactate-induced anxiety: Therapeutic application. British Journal of Psychaitry, 119, 468–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D.L., & Goldstein, A.J. (1981). Clinical treatment of agoraphobia. In M. Mavissakalian & D.H. Barlow (Eds.), Phobia: Psychological and pharmacological treatment (pp. 103–144). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D.M., Salkovskis, P. & Chalkley, A.J. (in press). Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A.S., Barlow, D.H., & Blanchard, E.B. (1985). The psychophysiology of relaxation-associated panic attacks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 96–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, R.R., Noyes, R., Paul, D.L., & Slymen, D. (1983). A family study of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1065–1069.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiNardo, P.A., O’Brien, G.T., Barlow, D.H., Waddell, M.T., & Blanchard, E.B. (1983). Reliability of DSM-III anxiety disorder categories using a new structured interview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1070–1075.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (1982). Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: Theory, research and practice. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, I.M. (1972). A conditioning model of a common neurotic pattern — fear of flying. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 9, 238–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, M., Taylor, M., & Volavka, J. (1971). Anxiety precipitated by lactate. The New England Journal of Medicine, 281, 1429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griez, E., & Van Den Hout, M.A. (1983). Carbon dioxide and anxiety: Cardio-vascular effects of a single inhalation. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14, 297–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, E.L., Noyes, R., Crowe, R.R., & Chaundhry, D.R. (1983). Family study of agoraphobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1061–1064.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heide, F.J., & Borkovec, T.C. (1983). Relaxation induced anxiety. Paradoxical anxiety enhancement due to relaxation training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 171–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn-Saric, E. (1981). Characteristics of chronic anxiety patients. In D.F. Klein & J. Rabkin (Eds.), Anxiety: New research and changing concepts (pp. 399–410). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D., Mitchell-Heggs, N., Sherman, D. (1971). Anxiety and the effects of sodium lactate assessed clinically and physiologically. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 129–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D.F. (1981). Anxiety reconceptualied. In D.F. Klein & J. Rabkin (Eds.), Anxiety: New research and changing concepts (pp. 235–264). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Last, G.C., Barlow, D.H., & O’Brien, G.T. (1984). Precipitants of agoraphobia: Role of stressful life events. Psychological Reports, 54, 567–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman, J.F., Merikangas, K.R., Pauls, D.L., Prusoff, B.A., & Weissman, M.M. (1983). Anxiety disorders associated with episodes of depression: Family study data contradict DSM-III Convention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 880–882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman, J.F., Weissman, M.M., Merikangas, K.R., Pauls, D.L., & Prusoff, B.A. (1983). Panic disorder and major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1055–1060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liebowtiz, M., Fyer, A., Gorman, J., Dillon, D., Appleby, I., Levy, G., Anderson, S., Levitt, M., Palij, M., Davies, S., & Klein, D.F. (1984). Lactate provocation of panic attacks. I. Clinical and behavioral findings. Archives of General Psychaitry, 41, 764–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. (1981). Cure and care of neuroses: Theory and practice of behavioral psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, A.M., Gelder, M.G., & Johnston, D.W. (1981). Agoraphobia: Nature and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S. (1985). Animal models of anxiety-based disorders: Their usefulness and limitations. In A.H. Turna & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, R.G., Harrison, B., Hauch, J., & Rhodes, L. (1985). Characteristics of people with infrequent panic attacks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 216–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, F., & McClure, J. (1967). Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 277, 1329–1336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, J.M., Frohman, C.E., Freedman, R.R., Pohl, R.B., Ettedgui, E., & Williams, M. (1984). Specificity of lactate infusion as a model of anxiety. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 20, 45–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, J.M., Pohl, R.B., Williams, M., Knitter, E., Freedman, R.R., & Ettedgui, E. (1984). A comparison of lactate and isoproterenol anxiety states. Psychopathology, 17, supp. 1, 74–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, M., Peeke, H.V.S., Dickman, W., & Pinkster, H. (1982). Panic and generalized anxiety disorders: Developmental antecedents and precipitants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 687–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Razran, G. (1961). The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning and the orienting reflex. Psychological Review, 68, 81–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, A., Klein, D., Dillon, D., & Levitt, M. (1981). Blockade of imipramine or desipramine of panic induced by sodium lactate. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 676–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, G.E., Davidson, R.J., & Coleman, D.J. (1978). Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of medication versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D.V., Ballenger, J., & Jacobsen, G. (1980). Treatment of endogenous anxiety with phobic, hysterical, and hypochondriacal symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 51–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D.V., & Sheehan, M.S. (1982). The classification of anxiety and hysterical states. Part I. Historical review and empirical delineation. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 235–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R.L., & Williams, J.B.W. (1983). Proposed Revisions of the DSM-III Classification of Anxiety Disorders based on Research and Clinical Experience. Paper presented at the conference on Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders, sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, Tuxedo, New York, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thyer, B.A., Papsdorf, J.D., & Wright, P. (1984). Physiological and psychological effects of acute intentional hyperventilation. Behavior Research and Therapy, 22, 587–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torgersen, S. (1983). Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1085–1089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waddell, M.T., Barlow, D.H., & O’Brien, G.T. (1984). A preliminary investigation of Cognitive and relaxation treatment of panic disorder: Effects on intense anxiety versus “background” anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 22, 393–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G.T. (1984). Fear reduction methods and the treatment of anxiety disorders. In G.T. Wilson, C.M. Franks, K.D. Brownell & P.C. Kendall (Eds.), Annual Review of Behavior Therapy (Vol. 10, pp. 87–122). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitrin, C.M. (1981). Combined pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment of phobias. In M.R. Mavissakalian & D.H. Barlow (Eds.), Phobia: Psychological and pharmacological treatment (pp. 145–174). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitrin, C.M., Klein, D.F., & Woerner, M.G. (1980). Treatment of agoraphobia with group exposure in vivo and imipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 63–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zitrin, C.M., Klein, D.F., Woerner, M.G., & Ross, D.C. (1983). I. Comparison of imipramine hydrochloride and placebo. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 125–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State University of New York at Albany, USA

    David H. Barlow

Authors
  1. David H. Barlow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Brian F. Shaw , Zindel V. Segal , T. Michael Vallis  & Frank E. Cashman , ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barlow, D.H. (1986). A Psychological Model of Panic. In: Shaw, B.F., Segal, Z.V., Vallis, T.M., Cashman, F.E. (eds) Anxiety Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5254-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5254-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5256-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5254-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation