Abstract
Since Freud (1895) differentiated anxiety neurosis from the other neurotic disorders there has been debate about whether this particular entity exists separate from other nosological entities. Recent interest in the clear delineation of psychiatric states from each other has had impetus from a number of directions. These include the examination of the rates and criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia across countries (Carpenter, Strauss, & Bartko, 1973), the development of specific criteria for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders (Feighner et al., 1972), and the introduction of diagnostic systems which rely on definite criteria (e.g., DSM-III, American Psychiatric Association, 1980). All of these developments force greater precision in psychiatric diagnosis and classification. They are relevant mainly because of changes in treatment techniques and the increasing ability of clinicians to be able to match specific treatments to specific clinical problems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd edition). Washington, D.C. Author.
Bowen, R.C., & Kohut, J. (1979). The relationship between agoraphobia and primary affective disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 317–321.
Brier, A., Charney, D.S., & Heninger, G.R. (1984). Major depression in patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1129–1135.
Buglass, D., Clarke, J., Henderson, A.S., Kreitman, N., & Presley, A.S. (1977). A study of agoraphobic housewives. Psychological Medicine, 7, 73–86.
Carpenter, W.T., Strauss, S.J., & Bartko, J.J. (1973). Flexible system for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Report from the W.H.O. International Pilot Study on Schizophrenia, 182, 57–63.
Cassidy, W.L., Flanagan, N.B., & Spellman, M.N. (1957). Clinical observations in manic-depressive disease: A quantitative study of one hundred manic depressive patients and fifty medically sick controls. Journal of the American Medical Association, 164, 1535–1546.
Clancy, J., Noyes, R. Jr., Hoenk, P.R., & Slymen, D.J. (1978). Secondary depression in anxiety neurosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 166, 846–850.
Cleghorn, J. (1970). The anxiety-depression syndrome. Psychosomatics 11, 438–441.
Curtis, G.C., Cameron, O.G., & Nesse, R.M. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test in panic disorder and agoraphobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1043–1046.
Dealy, R.S., Ishiki, D.M., Avery, D.H., Wilson, L.G., & Dumes, D.L. (1981). Secondary depression in anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 612–618.
Delmas cited in Mapother, E. (1926). Discussion on manic-depressive psychosis. British Medical Journal, 1, 225–227.
Derogatis, L.R., Klerman, G.L., & Lipman, R.S. (1972). Anxiety states and depressive neuroses. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 155, 392–403.
Derogatis, L.R., Lipman, R.S., Covi, L., & Rickels, K. (1971). Neurotic symptom dimensions: As perceived by psychiatrists and patients of various social classes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 454–464.
Dimes, D.L. (1981). Secondary depression in anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 612–618.
Feighner, J.P., Robins, E., Guze, S.B., Woodruff, R.A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57–63.
Finlay-Jones, R., & Brown, G.W. (1981). Types of stressful life event and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 11, 803–815.
Freud, S. (1895). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth.
Gersh, F.S., & Fowles, D.C. (1979). Neurotic depression: The concept of anxious depression. In R.A. Depue (Ed.), The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. New York: Academic Press.
Goldberg, D.P., Rickeis, K., Downing, R., & Hesbacher, P. (1976). A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 61–67.
Goldberg, D.P. (1982). Depressive reactions in adults. In G.F.M. Russell and L. Hersor (Eds.), Handbook of psychiatry: Vol. IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gurney, C., Roth, M., Garside, R.F., Kerr, T.A., & Schapira, K. (1972). Studies in the classification of affective disorders. The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses-II. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 162–166.
Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50–55.
Hamilton, M. (1981). Depression and anxiety: A clinical viewpoint. In M. Hamilton and J.B. Bakker (Eds.). Psychiatry in the 80’s: Ideas, research, practice. Excerpta Medica.
Hays, P. (1964). Modes of onset of psychotic symptoms. British Medical Journal, 2, 779–784.
Houshang, G., Zitrin, C.G., & Klein, D.F. (1984). Treatment of panic disorder with imipramine alone. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 446–448.
Kerr, T.A., Schapira, K., & Roth, M. (1969). The relationship between premature death and affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 1277–1282.
Klein, D.F. (1981). Anxiety reconceptualized. In D.F. Klein and J.G. Rabkin (Eds.), Anxiety: New research and changing concepts. New York: Raven Press.
Leckman, J.F., Merikangas, K.R., Pauls, D.L., Prusoff, B.A., & Weissman, M.M. (1983). Anxiety disorders and depression: Contradictions between family study data and DSM-III conventions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 880–882.
Leckman, J.F., Weissman, M.M., Merikangas, K.R., Pauls, D.L., & Prusoff, B.A. (1983). Panic disorder and major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1055–1060.
Lewis, A.J. (1934). Melancholic — a clinical survey of depressive states. Journal of Mental Sciences, 80, 277–278.
Mapother, E. (1926). Discussion on manic-depressive psychosis. British Medical Journal, 1, 225–227.
McNair, D.M., & Fisher, S. (1978). Separating anxiety from depression. In Lipton, DiMascio, and Kilman (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress. New York: Raven Press.
Mendel, J.G.C., & Klein, D.F. (1969). Anxiety attacks with subsequent agoraphobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 10, 190–195.
Mountjoy, C.Q., Roth, M., Garside, R.F., & Leitcn, I.M. (1977). A clinical trial of phenelzine and anxiety depressive and phobic neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 486–492.
Myers, J.K., Weissman, M.M., Tischler, G.L., Holzer, C.E. III., Leaf, P.J., Anthony, J.C., Boyd, J.H., Burke, J.D. Jr., Kramer, M., & Stoltzman, R. (1984). Six month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 959–967.
Noyes, R., Clancy, J., Hoenk, P.R., & Slymen, D.J. (1980). The prognosis of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 173–178.
Pitts, F.N., Jr., & McLure, J.N., Jr. (1967). Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 277, 1329–1336.
Pollitt, J., & Young, J. (1971). Anxiety state or masked depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1043–1046.
Prusoff, B. & Klerman, G.L. (1974). Differentiating depressed from anxious neurotic outpatients: Use of discriminant function analysis for separation of neurotic affective states. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 302–309.
Rickeis, K., Downing, R.W., & Stein, M. (1979). The differentiation between neurotic depression and anxiety and drug treatment. In Saletu, Bruner, & Hollister (Eds.), Neuropsychopharmacology. New York: Permagon Press.
Robins, L.N., Heizer, J.E., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K.S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389.
Robins, L.N., Heizer, J.E., Weissman, M.M., Orvaschel, H., Gruenberg, E., Burke, J.D., Jr. & Regier, D.A. (1984). Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 949–958.
Roth, M., Gurney, C., Garside, R.F., & Kerr, T.A. (1972). Studies in the classification of affective disorders. The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illness — I. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 147–161.
Roth, M., & Mountjoy, C.Q. (1982). The distinction between anxiety states and depressive disorders. In E.S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of Affective Disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Sheehan, D.V., Coleman, J.H., Greenblatt, D.J., Jones, K.J., Levine, P.H., Orsulak, P.J., Peterson, M., Schildkraut, J.J., Uzogara, E., & Watkins, D. (1984). Some biochemical correlates of panic attacks with agoraphobia and their response to a new treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 66–75.
Snaith, R.P., Bridge, G.W.K., & Hamilton, M. (1976). The Leeds scale for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 156–165.
Spitzer, R., & Williams, J. (1986). The classification of anxiety disorders. In B.F. Shaw, Z.V. Segal, T.M. Vallis, & F. Cashman (Eds.), Anxiety Disorders: Psychological and biological perspectives. New York: Plenum Press.
Spitzer, R., & Williams, J. (1983). The structured clinical interview for DSM III (SCID). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.
Strian, F., & Klicpera, C. (1984). Anxiety and depression in affective disorders. Psychopathology, 17, 37–48.
Swinson, R.P., & McCormick, O.W. (1981). Diagnostic practice survey. Unpublished manuscript. University of Toronto.
Weissman, M.M., Leckman, J.F., Merikangas, K.R., Gammon, G.D., & Prusoff, B.A. (1984). Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 845–852.
Wing, J.K., Nixon, J.M., Mann, S.A., & Leff, J.P. (1977). Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population study. Psychological Medicine, 7, 505–516.
Woodruff, R.A., Guze, S.B., & Clayton, P.J. (1972). Anxiety neurosis among psychiatric outpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 13, 165–170.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Swinson, R.P., Kirby, M. (1986). The Differentiation of Anxiety and Depressive Syndromes. In: Shaw, B.F., Segal, Z.V., Vallis, T.M., Cashman, F.E. (eds) Anxiety Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5254-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5254-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5256-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5254-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive