Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis includes any diagnosis made by any diagnostic method of any abnormality in a fetus in utero. Early prenatal diagnosis is defined as prenatal diagnosis made early enough to allow induced abortion for (severe) abnormalities. The definition of early depends upon the local legal situation and therefore varies from one country to another. In some countries termination of pregnancy is not allowed after a certain gestational age, for example, after the end of the second trimester. In other countries permission for late termination depends on the severity of the situation (Daffos et al., 1984b). Hansmann et al. (1985) defines the second trimester as the period from the 14th to the 27th gestational week, and the third trimester would thus comprise the 28–40th weeks. The borderline between second and third trimesters, however, is difficult to define.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, E. S., Spitz, H. B., and Clark, R. A., 1982, Sonography of polyhydramnios, Am. J. Roentgenol. 138:343.
Ampola, M. G., Mahoney, M. J., Nakamura, E., et al., 1975, Prenatal therapy of a patient with vitamin-B12-responsive methylmalonic acidemia, N. Engl. J. Med. 293:313.
Anonymous, 1985, Diabetes in pregnancy, Lancet 1:961.
Bang, J., 1985, Intrauterine needle diagnosis, in: Interventional Ultrasound (H. H. Holm and J. K. Christensen, eds.), p. 122, Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
Bang, J., and Normeved, A., 1972, A new ultrasonic method for transabdominal amniocentesis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 114:599.
Barss, V. A., Benacerraf, B. R., and Frigoletto, F. D., 1984, Second trimester oligohydramnios, a predictor of poor fetal outcome, Obstet. Gynecol. 64:608.
Baxi, L. V., Ming-Neng, Y., Blanc, W. A., et al., 1983, Antepartum diagnosis and management of in utero intestinal volvulus with perforation, N. Engl. J. Med. 308:1519.
Beretsky, I., Lankin, D. H., Rusoff, J. H., et al., 1984, Sonographic differentiation between the multicystic dysplastic kidney and the uteropelvic junction obstruction in utero using high resolution real-time scanners employing digital detection, J. Clin. Ultrasound 12:429.
Birnholz, J. C., and Frigoletto, F. D., 1981, Antenatal treatment of hydrocephalus, N. Engl. J. Med. 304:1021.
Bock, J. F., Bang, J., Trolle, D., et al., 1985, Successful ultrasound guided intravascular transfusion in severe fetal anemia without blood group incompatability, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 64:681.
Boué, A., and Boué, J., 1978, Chromosome anomalies associated with fetal malformation, in: Towards the Prevention of Fetal Malformation (J. B. Scrimgeour, ed.), p. 49, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Brereton, R. J., 1984, Importance of surgical consultation after ultrasonic diagnosis, Br. Med. J. 289:1618.
Brock, D. J. H., Barron, L., Jelen, P., et al., 1977, Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein measurements as an early indicator of low birth-weight, Lancet 2:267.
Broekhuizen, F. F., Elejalde, M., Elejalde, R., et al., 1983, Neonatal myotonic dystrophy as a cause of hydramnios and neonatal death, J. Reprod. Med. 28:595.
Bull, C., Rigby, M. L., and Shinebourne, E. A., 1985, Should management of complete atrio-ventricular canal defect be influenced by coexistent Down syndrome? Lancet 1:1147.
Campbell, S., 1974, The assessment of fetal development by diagnostic ultrasound, Clin. Perinatol. 1:507.
Campbell, S., and Dewhurst, C. J., 1971, Diagnosis of the small-for-dates fetus by serial ultrasonic cephalometry, Lancet 2:1002.
Campbell, S., and Thorns, A., 1977, Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 84:165.
Chamberlain, P. F., Manning, F. A., and Morrison, I., 1984a Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid volume I. The relationship of marginal and decreased amniotic fluid volumes to perinatal outcome, Am.J. Obstet. Gynecol. 150:245.
Chamberlain, P. F., Manning, F. A., and Morrison, I., 1984b, Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid volume II. The relationship of increased amniotic fluid volume to perinatal outcome, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 150:250.
Chard, T., 1984, Placental function tests, in: Antenatal and Neonatal Screening (N. J. Wald, ed.), p. 510, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chervenak, F. A., Duncan, C., Ment, L. R., et al., 1984a, Perinatal management of meningomyelocele, Obstet. Gynecol. 63:376.
Chervenak, F. A., Farley, M. A., Walters, L.-R., et al., 1984b, When is termination of pregnancy during the third trimester morally justifiable? N. Engl. J. Med. 310:501.
Chervenak, F. A., Jeanty, P., Cantraine, F., et al., 1984c, The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 149:512.
Chervenak, F. A., Romero, R., Berkowitz, R. L., et al., 1984d, Use of sonographic estimated fetal weight in the prediction of intrauterine growth retardation, Am. J. Perinatol. 1:298.
Chervenak, F. A., Berkowitz, R. L., Tortora, M., et al., 1985, The management of fetal hydrocephalus, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 151:933.
Clementi, M., Tenconi, R., and Turolla, L., 1983, Further investigations when abdominal wall defects are diagnosed in utero, Lancet 2:1083.
Clewell, W. H., Johnson, M. L., Meir, P. R., et al., 1982, A surgical approach to the treatment of fetal hydrocephalus, N. Engl. J. Med. 306:1320.
Cohen, L. F., di Sant’Agnese, P., and Friedlander, J., 1980, Cystic fibrosis and pregnancy, Lancet 2:842.
Daffos, F., Forestier, F., Muller, J. Y., 1984a, Prenatal treatment of alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Lancet 2:632.
Daffos, F., Forestier, F., Pavlovsky, M. C., et al., 1984b, Fetal blood sampling during the third trimester of pregnancy, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 91:118.
Délèze, G., Sidiropoulos, D., and Paumgartner, G., 1977, Determination of bile acid concentration in human amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, Pediatrics 59:647.
De Vore, G. R., 1985, The prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease—A practical approach for the fetal sonographer, J. Clin. Ultrasound 13:229.
Dewbury, K. C., Aluwihare, A. P. R., Chir, M., et al., 1980, Prenatal ultrasound demonstration of a choledochal cyst, Br. J. Radiol. 53:906.
Elias, S., and Annas, G. J., 1983, Perspectives on fetal surgery, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 145:807.
Etches, P. C., and Lemons, J. A., 1979, Nonimmune hydrops fetalis: Report of 22 cases including three siblings, Pediatrics 64:326.
Filkins, K., and Russo, J., 1985, Third trimester ultrasound diagnosis of intestinal atresia following clinical evidence of polyhydramnios, Prenat. Diagn. 5:215.
Flowers, W. K., 1983, Hydramnios and gastrointestinal atresias: A review, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 38:685.
Fuhrmann, K., Reiher, H., Semmler, K., et al., 1983, Prevention of congenital malformations in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers, Diabetes Care 6:219.
Gluck, L., Kulovich, M. V., Borer, R. C., et al., 1971, Diagnosis of the respiratory distress syndrome by amniocentesis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109:440.
Gohari, P., Berkowitz, R. L., and Hobbins, J. C., 1977, Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation by determination of total intrauterine volume, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 127:255.
Griffiths, D. M., and Gough, M. H., 1985, Dilemmas after ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal abnormality, Lancet 1:623.
Hansmann, M., Hackelöer, B. J., and Staudach, A., 1985, Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe undGynäkologie, Springer, Berlin.
Harrison, M. R., Filly, R. A., Parer, J. T., et al., 1981, Management of the fetus with a urinary tract malformation, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246:635.
Harrison, M. R., Filly, R. A., and Golbus, M. S., 1982a, Fetal treatment, N. Engl. J. Med. 307:1651.
Harrison, M. R., Golbus, M. S., Filly, R. A., et al., 1982b, Fetal surgery for congenital hydronephrosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 306:591.
Hauge, M., Bugge, M., and Nielsen, J., 1983, Early prenatal diagnosis of omphalocele constitutes indication for amniocentesis, Lancet 2:507.
Hill, L. M., Breckle, R., Wolfgram, K. R., et al., 1983, Oligohydramnios: Ultrasonically detected incidence and subsequent fetal outcome, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 147:407.
Hobbins, J. C., and Mahoney, M. J., 1976, Clinical experience with fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling, in: Intrauterine Fetal Visualization, A Multidisciplinary Approach (M. M. Kaback and C. Valenti, eds.), p. 164, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
Hobbins, J. C., Brachen, M. B., and Mahoney, M. J., 1982, Diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias of ultrasound, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 142:306.
Hobbins, J. C., Romero, R., Grannum, P., et al., 1984, Antenatal diagnosis of renal anomalies with ultrasound, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 148:868.
Hobbins, J. C., Grannum, P. A., Romero, R., et al., 1985, Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 152:1.
Hughey, M. J., 1984, Routine ultrasound for detection and management of the small-for-gestational-age fetus, Obstet. Gynecol. 64:101.
Hutchison, A. A., Drew, J. H., Yu, V. Y. H., et al., 1982, Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis: A review of 61 cases, Obstet. Gynecol. 59:347.
Hutson, J. M., McNay, M. B., MacKenzie, J. R., et al., 1985, Antenatal diagnosis of surgical disorders by ultrasonography, Lancet 1:621.
Ikeda, K., Suita, S., Nakano, H., et al., 1983, Antenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies, Z. Kinderchir. 38:199.
Im, S. S., Rizos, S., Jouitsi, P., et al., 1984, Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 148:566.
Jassani, M. N., Gauderer, M. W. L., Fanaroff, A. A., et al., 1982, A perinatal approach to the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal malformations, Obstet. Gynecol. 59:33.
Jeanty, P., Kirkpatrick, C., Dramaix-Wilmet, M., et al., 1981, Ultrasonic evaluation of fetal limb growth, Radiology 140:165.
Jouppila, P., and Kirkinen, P., 1984, Ultrasonic and clinical aspects in the diagnosis and prognosis of congenital gastrointestinal anomalies. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 10:465.
King, C. R., 1982, Genetic disease and pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 37:151.
Kirkinen, P., Jouppila, P., and Herva, R., 1983, Intra-uterine growth and fatal fetal abnormality, ActaObstet. Gynecol. Scand. 62:43.
Kramer, S. A., 1983, Current status of fetal intervention for congenital hydronephrosis, J. Urol. 130:641.
Kullendorf, C. M., Larsson, L. T., and Jörgensen, C, 1984, The advantage of antenatal diagnosis of intestinal and urinary tract malformations, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 91:144.
Kurjak, A., and Kirkinen, P., 1982, Ultrasonic growth pattern of fetuses with chromosomal abberations, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 61:223.
Legge, M., and Rippon, P., 1982, Prenatal diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in the third trimester using amniotic fluid bile acid analysis, Prenat. Diagn. 2:71.
Lenz, S., Lund-Hansen, T., Bang, J., et al., 1985, A possible prenatal evaluation of renal function by amino acid analysis on fetal urine. Prenat. Diagn. 5:259.
Machin, G. A., 1974, Chromosome abnormality and perinatal death, Lancet 1:549.
Machin, G. A., Popkin, J. S., and Styles, S., 1984, Termination of pregnancy during the third trimester, N. Engl. J. Med. 311:264.
Manning, F. A., Hill, L. H., and Platt, L. D., 1981, Qualitative amniotic fluid volume determination by ultrasound: Antepartum detection of intrauterine growth retardation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 139:254.
McCue, C. M., Mantakas, M. E., Tingelstad, J. B., et al., 1977, Congenital heart block in newborns of mothers with connective tissue disease, Circulation 56:82.
McFadyen, I. R., 1978, Fetal survival—who decides?, J. Med. Ethics 4:30
McFadyen, I. R., 1984, Obstruction of the fetal urinary tract: A role for surgical intervention in utero, Br. Med. J. 288:459.
McFadyen, I. R., Wigglesworth, J. S., and Dillon, M. J., 1983, Fetal urinary tract obstruction: Is intervention before delivery indicated?, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 90:342.
Mendez, H., 1985, Introduction to the study of pre- and postnatal growth in humans: A review, Am. J. Med. Genet. 20:63.
Miller, H. C., and Hassanein, K., 1971, Diagnosis of impaired fetal growth in newborn infants, Pediatrics 48:511.
Milunsky, A., 1983, Genetics, law and obstetric practice, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 90:497.
Mohide, P. T., and Hill, R. E., 1978, Amniotic fluid lipase in two cases of duodenal obstruction, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:221.
Mølsted-Pedersen, L., 1985, Pregnancy and diabetes, in: The Diabetes Annual (K. G. M. M. Alberti and L. P. Krall, eds.(, p. 238, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Mølsted-Pedersen, L., and Pedersen, J. F., 1985, Congenital malformations in diabetic pregnancies, Acta Paediatr. Scand. 320(Suppl):79.
Morin, P. R., Potier, M., Daillaire, L., et al., 1980, Prenatal detection of intestinal obstruction: Deficient amniotic fluid disaccaridases in affected fetuses, Clin. Genet. 18:217.
Mor-Yosef, S., Navot, D., and Rabinowitz, R., 1984, Collagen disease in pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol.Surv. 39:67.
Muller, F., Frot, J. C., Aubrey, M. C., et al., 1984, Meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis fetuses, Lancet 2:223.
Murphy, S., Das, P., Gant, D. N., et al., 1984, Importance of neurosurgical consultation after ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal hydrocephalus, Br. Med. J. 289:1212.
Nakayama, D. K., Harrison, M. R., Gross, B. H., et al., 1984, Management of the fetus with an abdominal wall defect, J. Pediatr. Surg. 19:408.
Neilson, J. P., Whitfield, C. R., and Aitchison, T. C., 1980, Screening for small-for-dates fetus: A two stage ultrasonic examination schedule, Br. Med. J. 280:1203.
Neilson, J. P., Munjanja, S. P., Mooney, R., et al., 1984, Product of fetal crown-rump length and trunk area: Ultrasound measurement in high risk pregnancies, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 91:756.
Nelson, L. H., Clark, C. E., Fishburne, J. L, et al., 1982, Value of serial sonography in the in utero detection of duodenal atresia, Obstet. Gynecol. 59:657.
Olofsson, P., Liedholm, H., Sartor, G., et al., 1984, Diabetes and pregnancy. A 21 year Swedish material, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. 122:3.
Pedersen, J. F., and Mølsted-Pedersen, L., 1981, Early fetal growth delay detected by ultrasound marks increased risk of congenital malformation in diabetic pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 283:269.
Perlin, B. M, Pomerance, J. J., and Schifrin, B. S., 1981, Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis, Obstet. Gynecol. 57:584.
Persson, P.-H., and Kullander, S., 1983, Long-term experience of general ultrasound screening in pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 146:942.
Philip, J., Tabor, A., Bang, J., et al., 1983, Fetal chromosome analysis. Screening for chromosome disease, Prenat. Diagn. 3:209.
Philipson, E. H., Sokol, R. J., and Williams, T., 1983, Oligohydramnios: Clinical associations and predictive value for intrauterine growth retardation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 146:271.
Philipson, E. H., Wolfson, R. N., and Kedia, K. R., 1984, Fetal hydronephrosis and polyhydramnios associated with vesico-uteral reflex, J. Clin. Ultrasound 12:585.
Polani, P. E., 1974, Chromosomal and other genetic influences on birth weight variation, in: Size at Birth (K. Elliott and J. Knight, eds.), p. 127, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Queenan, J. T., and Gadow, E. C., 1970, Amniography for detection of congenital malformations, Obstet. Gynecol. 35:648.
Quinlan, R. W., Cruz, A. C., and Martin, M., 1983, Hydramnios: Ultrasound diagnosis and its impact on perinatal management and pregnancy outcome, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 145:306.
Redwine, F., and Petres, R. E., 1983, Fetal surgery—Past, present, and future, symposium on operative obstetrics, Clin. Perinatol. 10:399.
Rodeck, C. H., and Campbell, S., 1978, Sampling pure fetal blood by fetoscopy in second trimester of pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 2:728.
Rome, R. M., Glover, J. I., and Simmons, S. C., 1975, The benefits and risks of amniocentesis for the assessment of fetal lung maturity, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:662.
Schaaps, J. P., Thoumsin, H., and Lambotte, R., 1983, Intrauterine unilateral nephrostomy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 146:105.
Scott, J. S., Maddison, P. J., Taylor, P. V., et al., 1983, Connective tissue disease, antibodies to ribonucleoprotein, and congenital heart block, N. Engl. J. Med. 309:209.
Seeds, A. E., 1980, Current concepts of amniotic fluid dynamics, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138:575.
Seeds, J. W., 1984, Impaired fetal growth: Definition and clinical diagnosis, Obstet. Gynecol. 64:303.
Seeds, J. W., Cefalo, R. C, Herbert, W. N. P., et al., 1984a, Hydramnios and maternal renal failure: Relief with fetal therapy, Obstet. Gynecol. (Suppl.) 64:26s.
Seeds, J. W., Herbert, W. N. P., Bowes, W. A., et al., 1984b, Recurrent idiopathic fetal hydrops: Results of prenatal therapy, Obstet. Gynecol. (Suppl.) 64:30s.
Silvermann, N. H., Enderlein, M. A., Stanger, P., et al., 1985, Recognition of fetal arrhythmias by echocardiography, J. Clin. Ultrasound 13:255.
Simpson, P. C., Trudinger, B. J., Walker, A., et al., 1983, The intrauterine treatment of fetal cardiac failure in a twin pregnancy with an acardiac, acephalic monster, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 147:842.
Touloukian, R. J., 1978, Intestinal atresia, in: Symposium on Neonatal Surgery (M. I. Rowe, ed.), p. 3, Saunders, Philadelphia.
Turnock, R. R., and Shawis, R., 1984, Management of fetal urinary tract anomalies detected by prenatal ultrasonography, Arch. Dis. Child. 59:962.
Van den Berg, B. J., and Yerushalmy, J., 1966, The relationship of the rate of intrauterine growth of infants of low birth weight to mortality, morbidity and congenital anomalies, J. Pediatr. 69:531.
Wald, N., Cuckle, H., Stirrat, G. M., et al., 1977, Maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein and low birth weight, Lancet 2:268.
Weiner, S., Sharf, J. I., and Bolognese, R. J., 1980, Antenatal diagnosis and treatment of a fetal goiter, J. Reprod. Med. 24:39.
Williams, J., Nathan, R. O., and Worthen, N. J., 1984, Sonographic demonstration of the progression of meconium peritonitis, Obstet. Gynecol. 64:822.
Wladimiroff, J. W., Stewart, P. A., and Tonge, H. M., 1984, The role of diagnostic ultrasound in the study of fetal cardiac abnormalities, Ultrasound Biol. Med. 10:457.
Wong, W. S., and Filly, R. A., 1983, Polyhydramnios associated with fetal limb abnormalities, Am. J. Roentenol. 140:1001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Aubrey Milunsky
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Philip, J. (1986). Prenatal Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Malformations in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. In: Milunsky, A. (eds) Genetic Disorders and the Fetus. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5155-9_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5155-9_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5157-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5155-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive