Skip to main content

Clinical Aspects of Tardive Dyskinesia

Epidemiology, Natural History, and Management

  • Chapter
Book cover Movement Disorders

Abstract

Public awareness often seems to lag behind the appearance of a phenomenon by several years. The history of tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a good example. Although the first reports of the syndrome started to appear in the early 1960s, it was not until the late 1960s and early 1970s that the psychiatric profession became aware of the existence of the condition. As the literature began to swell with ever-increasing numbers of reports on TD during the 1970s, there was gradually increasing concern over this apparently iatrogenic condition, which has created alarm over the use of neuroleptics. The pendulum may be starting to swing back in response to recent reports which suggest that TD is not always irreversible, and that the prognosis is usually better than was at first feared. This chapter will provide an overview of the prevalence, course, prognosis, and management of TD. Because of the enormous amount of relevant research data, the literature review will be selective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Balbessarini, R. J. (chairperson),1980 ADA Task Force on Tardive Dyskinesia, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, T. R. E., Kidger, T., and Gore, S. M., 1983, Tardive dyskinesia: A 3-year follow-up study, Psychol. Med. 13: 71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, D. E., 1985, Spontaneous and tardive dyskinesia: Clinical and laboratory studies, J. Clin. Psychiatry 46 (4, Sec. 2): 42–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, D. E., and Toenniessen, L. M., 1983a, Neuroleptic treatment in tardive dyskinesia: Can it be developed into a clinical strategy for long-term treatment? in: Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry ( J. Bannet and R. H. Belmaker, eds), pp. 65–79, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casey, D. E., and Toenniessen, L. M., 1983b, Tardive dyskinesia: What is the natural history? Int. Drug. Ther. Newsl. 18 (No. 4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chien, C-P., and Cole, J. O., 1973, Eighteen-months follow-up of tardive dyskinesia treated with various catecholamine-related agents, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 9: 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouinard, G., Annable, L., Ross-Chouinard, A., and Nestoros, J. N., 1979, Factors related to tardive dyskinesia, Am. J. Psychiatry 136: 79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, G. E., 1970, High doses of trifluoperazine and tardive dyskinesia, Arch. Neurol. 22:176. Crane, G. E., 1972, Pseudoparkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia, Arch. Neurol. 27: 426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, G. E., 1975, Tardive dyskinesia, A review, in: Neuropsychopharmacology ( J. R. Boissier, H. Hippius, and P. Pichot, eds.), pp. 346–354, Excerpta Medica, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degkwitz, R., Consbruch, U., Haddenbrock, S., Neusch, B., Oehlert, W., and Unsold, R., 1976, Therapeutische Risiken bei der Langzeitbehandlung mit Neuroleptika und Lithium: Klinische, histologische and biochemische Befunde, Nervenarzt. 47: 81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fann, W. E., Sullivan, J. L., and Richman, B. W., 1976, Dyskinesias associated with tricyclic antidepressants, Br. J. Psychiatry 128: 490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardos, G., and Cole, J. 0., 1980, Overview: Public health issues in tardive dyskinesia, Am. J. Psychiatry 137: 776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardos, G., and Cole, J. 0., 1983, Tardive dyskinesia and anticholinergic drugs, Am. J. Psychiatry 140: 200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardos, G., Cole, J. O., Haskell, D. S., Moore, P., Bartell, Y., Salomon, M., and Schniebolk, S., 1982, A longitudinal study of early dyskinesia: Preliminary report. Proceedings of the 135th meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto 68D: 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardos, G., Perenyi, A., Cole, J. O., Samu, I., and Kallos, M., 1983, Tardive dyskinesia: Changes after three years, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 3: 315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardos, G., Cole, J. O., Salomon, M., and Schniebolk, S., 1984, Severe tardive dyskinesia. Proceedings of the 137th meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Los Angeles 59D: 140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy, W., 1976, Abnormal involuntary movements scale, in: ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacoloy, pp. 534–537, US Department of HEW, Publication No. 76–338, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, K., Wegener, I., and Bender, H. J., 1968, Spate extrapyramidale Hyperkinesen bei neuroleptischer Langzeittherapie, Pharmacopsychiat. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1: 169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeste, D. V., and Wyatt, R. J., 1979, In search of treatment for tardive dyskinesia: Review of the literature, Schizophrenia Bull. 5: 252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J., Woerner, M., Weinhold, P., Wegner, J., and Kinon, B., 1982, A prospective study of tardive dyskinesia development: Preliminary results, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 5: 345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J. M., and Smith, J. M., 1982, Tardive dyskinesia: Prevalence and risk factors 1959 to 1979, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39: 473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin, F., Rifkin, A., Gochfeld, L., and Klein, D. F., 1977, Tardive dyskinesia: Are first signs reversible ? Am. J. Psychiatry 134: 84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. M., and Baldessarini, R. J., 1980, Changes in prevalence, severity, and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37: 1368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. M., Burke, M. P., and Moon, C. O., 1981, Long-term changes in AIMS ratings and their relation to medication history, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 17: 120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sovner, R. D., 1976, Dyskinesia associated with chronic antihistamine use, N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, J. L., Youssef, H. A., Molloy, A. G., O’Boyle, K. M., and Pugh, M. T., 1985, Association of intellectual impairment, negative symptoms and aging with abnormal involuntary movements (“tardive” dyskinesia) in schizophrenia: Clinical and animal studies, J. Clin. Psychiatry 46 (4, Sec. 2): 24–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagi, G., Ogita, K., Ohtsuka, N., Itoh, H., and Miura, S., 1976, Persistent dyskinesia after longterm treatment with neuroleptics in Japan, Keio J. Med. 25: 27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gardos, G., Cole, J.O. (1986). Clinical Aspects of Tardive Dyskinesia. In: Shah, N.S., Donald, A.G. (eds) Movement Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5038-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5038-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5040-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5038-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics