Skip to main content

Eugenic Sterilization in the United States

  • Chapter

Abstract

The most important event in the rise of state-supported programs to sterilize the feebleminded, the insane, and criminals was the rediscovery in about 1900 of Mendel’s breeding experiments. The elegant laws of inheritance were seductive, and a few influential scientists, convinced that even conditions such as pauperism were caused by defective germ plasm, rationalized eugenic programs.1 But by the close of the nineteenth century, the science of eugenics was already well established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Estabrook, A., and Davenport, C. B., The Nam Family: A Study ofCacogenics ,Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Galton, F., Hereditary talent and character, Macmillan’s Magazine 12:157–66 (1865).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Macmillan, London (1869).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Two other books by Galton, English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nuture ,Macmillan, London (1874); and Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development ,Macmillan, London, (1883), did much to legitimize eugenics.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Greene, J. C, Some early speculations on the origin of human races, American Anthropologist 56:31–41 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Morton, S. G., Crania Americana ,John Pennington, Philadelphia (1839). After the Civil War, miscegenation took on new importance; the leading opponent of interracial marriages was a South Carolina physician: Nott, J. C., The mullatto a hybrid, Am. J. Med. Sci. 6:252–6 (1843).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lombroso-Ferrerr, G., Lomhrosos Criminal Man ,Patterson-Smith, Montclair, NJ (1872).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Boies, H. M., Prisoners and Paupers ,G. P. Putnam’s Sons, NY (1893).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dugdale, R. L., A record and study of the relations of crime, pauperism and disease, in Appendix to the Thirty-first Report of the NY Prison Association ,NY Prison Assoc., Albany, NY (1875).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kerlin, I., Report to the eleventh national conference on charters and reforms, Proc. A.M.O. (1884), 465.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rosenberg, C. E., Charles Benedict Davenport and the beginning of human genetics, Bull. Hist. Med. 35:266–76 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. See supra note 1; ERO workers also analyzed the inheritance of Huntington’s chorea: Davenport, D. B., Huntington’s Chorea in relation to heredity and eugenics, Bull. No. 17 ,Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1916); and early eugenic work was reported in a climate of scientific respectability.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Goddard, H. H., The Kallikak Family ,Macmillan, New York (1912).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Gould, S. J., The Mismeasure of Man ,Norton, New York (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Higham, J., Strangers in the Land ,Athenaeum, New York (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Davenport, C. B., State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection ,Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1913).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Daniel, F. E., Emasculation for criminal assaults and incest, Texas Med. J. 22:347 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ochsner, A., Surgical treatment of habitual criminals, JAMA 53:867–8 (1899).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sharp, H. C. The severing of the vasa defferentia and its relation to the neuropsychiatric constitution, N.Y. Med. J (1902), 411–14.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sharp, H. C, Vasectomy ,privately printed, Indianapolis (1909).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ochsner, supra note 18.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Reilly, P. R., The surgical solution: The writings of activist physicians in the early days of eugenical sterilization, Persp. Biol. Med. 26:637–56 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sharp, H. C., Vasectomy as a means of preventing procreation of defectives, JAMA 51:1897–1902 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Popenoe, P., The progress of eugenical sterilization, /. of Heredity 28:19–25 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  25. But see Rhode Island State Library Legislative Research Bureau, Sterilization of the Unfit ,Providence (1913); and Laughlin, H. H., Eugenical Sterilization in the United States ,Chicago Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court, Chicago (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Roosevelt, T., Twisted eugenics, Outlook 106:30–4, 1914; Eugene Smith, President of the National Prison Association, was a prominent lawyer pushing for sterilization laws-The cost of crime, Medico-Legal /. 27:140–9 (1908)-as was Judge Warren Foster, Pearsons Magazine (1909) 565–72.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Johnson, A., Race improvement by control of defectives, Ann. Am. Acad. Penal Soc. Sci. 34:22–29 (1909).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Report by the Immigration Commission, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1910).

    Google Scholar 

  29. See Laughlin supra ,note 25.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Id.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Id.

    Google Scholar 

  32. State v. Feilen ,70 Wash. 65 (1912).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Mickle v. Henrichs ,262 F. 687 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Davis v. Berry ,216 F. 413 (1914).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Spaulding, E. R., and Healy, W., Inheritance as a factor in criminality, in Physical Basis of Crime ,American Academy of Med. Press, Easton, PA (1914).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ludmerer, K., Genetics and American Society ,Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mencke, J. G., Mulattoes and Race Mixture: American Attitudes and Images, 1865–1918 ,UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Loving v. Virginia ,388 U.S. 1 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Parmelee, M., Criminology ,Macmillan, New York (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Strother, F., The cause of crime: Defective brain, World’s Work 48:275–81 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gosney, E. S., & Popenoe, P., Sterilization for Human Betterment ,Macmillan, New York (1929). HBF was the leading source of prosterilization literature during the 1930s, sponsored a social eugenics column in the Los Angeles Times ,aired radio programs, produced pamphlets, and underwrote lectures. It remained vigorous until Gosney’s death in 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Smith v. Probate ,231 Mich. 409 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Buck v. Bell ,274 U.S. 200 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Whitten, B. D., Sterilization, J. Psycho-Asthenics 40:56–68 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  45. But in some states, like Indiana, support was very strong. Harshman, L. P., Medical and legal aspects of sterilization in Indiana, J. Psycho-Asthenics 39:183–206 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  46. See, E.G., Dunham, W. F., Letter to E. S. Gosney, AVS Archive ,University of Minnesota (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gosney and Popenoe supra ,note 41.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kopp, M., The German sterilization program, AVS Archive ,University of Minnesota (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Cook, R., A year of German sterilization, /. Heredity 26:485–9 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  50. New York Herald Tribune (Jan. 14, 1951), 12.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Skinner v. Oklahoma ,316 U.S. 535 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Taromianz, M. A., Letter to NJ Sterilization League, AVS Archive ,University of Minnesota (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  53. 274 U.S. 200(1927).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Stanley, L. L., Letter to the NJ Sterilization League, AVS Archive ,University of Minnesota (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Butler, F. O., Report, AVS Archive ,University of Minnesota (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Woodside, M., Sterilization in North Carolina ,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Casebolt, S. L., Letters to Human Betterment Association of America, AVS Archive ,University of Minnesota (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Landman, F. T., and Mclntyre, D. M., The Mentally Disabled and the Law ,University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Frazier v. Levi ,440 S.W. 2d 579 (TX 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wyatt v. Aderholt ,368 F. Supp. 1382 (Ala. D.C. 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Relfv. Weinberger ,372 F. Supp. 1196 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Fed. Reg. 52146–75 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  63. In the Matter of S.C.E. ,378 A .2d 144 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  64. In re Grady ,426 N.W. 2d 467 (NJ 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Poev. Lynchburg ,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Paul, J., The return of punitive sterilization laws, Law Soc. Rev. 4:77–110 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  67. New York Times (Feb. 28, 1980), A16.

    Google Scholar 

  68. The Texas Observer (March 20, 1981), 7; Boston Globe (March 31, 1982), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Intercom 9(8): 12–14, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Aubrey Milunsky and George J. Annas

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reilly, P.R. (1985). Eugenic Sterilization in the United States. In: Milunsky, A., Annas, G.J. (eds) Genetics and the Law III. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4952-5_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4952-5_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4954-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4952-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics