Abstract
Of all dietary factors associated epidemiologically with cancer of various sites, fat has been studied the most thoroughly and has produced the greatest number of direct associations. Dietary fat is highly correlated with consumption of other nutrients present in the same foods, especially protein, in Western diets. Therefore, it is not always possible to attribute these associations to intake per se with absolute certainty.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Carroll, K. K., and Khor, H. T. 1975. Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers. Cancer Res. 35: 3374–3383.
Gaskill, S. P., McGuire, W. L., Osborne, C. K., and Stern, M. P. 1979. Breast cancer mortality and diet in the United States. Cancer Res. 39: 3628–3637.
Hems, G. 1980. Associations between breast-cancer mortality rates, child-bearing and diet in the United Kingdom. Br. J. Cancer 41: 429–437.
Kolonel, L. N., Hankin, J. H., Lee, J., Chu, S. Y., Nomura, A. M. Y., and Hinds, M. W. 1981. Nutrient intakes in relation to cancer incidence in Hawaii. Br. J. Cancer 44: 332–339.
Phillips, R. L. 1975. Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer Res. 35: 3513–3522.
Miller, A. B., Kelly, A., Choi, N. W., Matthews, V., Morgan, R. W., Munan, L., Burch, J. D., Feather, J., Howe, G. R., and Jain, M. 1978. A study of diet and breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 107: 499–509.
Lubin, J. H., Burns, P. E., Blot, W. J., Ziegler, R. G., Lees, A. W., and Fraumeni, J. F. 1981. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 28: 865–869.
Nomura, A., Henderson, B. E., and Lee, J. 1978. Breast cancer and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 2020–2025.
Armstrong, B., and Doll, R. 1975. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int. J. Cancer 15: 617–631.
Howell, M. A. 1974. Factor analysis of international cancer mortality data and per capita food consumption. Br. J. Cancer 29: 328–336.
Blair, A., and Fraumeni, J. F. 1978. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61: 1379–13844.
Hirayama, T. 1977. Changing patterns of cancer in Japan with special reference to the decrease in stomach cancer mortality. in H. H. Hiatt, J. D. Watson, and J. A. Winsten (eds.) Origins of human cancer, Book A: Incidence of cancer in humans. pp. 55–75. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Rotkin, I. D. 1977. Studies in the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: Expanded sampling. Cancer Treatm. Rep. 61: 173–180.
Schuman, L. M., Mandell, J. S., Radke, A., Seal, U., and Halberg, F. 1982. Some selected features of the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota case-control study, 1976–1979. in K. Magnus (ed.) Trends in cancer incidence. Causes and practical implications. pp. 345–354. New York: Hemisphere.
Lingeman, C. M. 1974. Etiology of cancer of the human ovary: A review. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53: 1603–1618.
Carroll, K. K., and Khor, H. T. 1975. Dietary fat in relation to tumorigenesis. Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol. 10: 308–353.
Higginson, J. 1966. Etiological factors in gastrointestinal cancer in man. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37: 527–545.
Graham, S., Schotz, W., and Martino, P. 1972. Alimentary factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Cancer 30: 927–938.
Lea, A. J. 1967. Neoplasma and environmental factors. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 41: 432–438.
Knox, E. G. 1977. Foods and diseases. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 37: 71–80.
Enig, M. G., Munn, R. J., and Keeney, M. 1979. (Response to letters.) Fed. Proc. 38: 37–39.
Lyon, J. L., and Sorenson, A. W. 1978. Colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 5227–5230.
MacLennan, R., Jensen, O. M., Mosbech, J., and Vuori, H. 1978. Diet, transit time, stool weight, and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 5239–5242.
Reddy, B. S., Hedges, A. R., Laakso, K., and Wynder, E. L. 1978. Metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer: Fecal bulk and constituents of high-risk North American and low-risk Finnish populations. Cancer 42: 2832–2838.
Dales, L. G., Friedman, G. D., Ury, H. K., Grossman, S., and Williams, S. R. 1978. A case-control study of relationships of diets and other traits to colorectal cancer in American blacks. Am. J. Epidemiol. 109: 132–144.
Martinez, L., Torres, R., Frias, Z., Colon, J. R., and Fernandez, M. 1979. Factors associated with adenocarcinomas of the large bowel in Puerto Rico. in J. M. Birch (ed.) Advances in medical oncology, research and education. Vol. 3: Epidemiology. pp. 45–52. New York: Pergamon Press.
Jain, M., Cook, G. M., Davis, F. G., Grace, M. G., Howe, G. R., and Miller, A. B. 1980. A case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer 26: 757–768.
Howell, M. A. 1975. Diet as an etiological factor in the development of cancers of the colon and rectum. J. Chronic Dis. 28: 67–80.
Haenszel, W., Berg, J. W., Segi, M., Kwihara, M., and Locke, F. B. 1973. Large-bowel cancer in Hawaiian Japanese. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51: 1765–1779.
Enstrom, J. E. 1975. Colorectal cancer and consumption of beef and fat. Br. J. Cancer 32: 432–439.
Ishii, K., Nakamura, K., Ozaki, H., Yamada, N., and Takeuchi, T. 1968. Epidemiological problems of pancreas cancer. Jpn. J. Clin. Med. 26: 1839–1842.
Liu, K., Stampler, J., Moss, D., Garside, D., Persky, V., and Soltero, I. 1979. Dietary cholesterol, fat and fibre, and colon-cancer mortality. Lancet 2: 782–785.
Pearce, M. L., and Dayton, S. 1971. Incidence of cancer in men on a diet high in polyunsaturated fat. Lancet 1: 464–467.
Miettinen, M., Turpeinen, O., Karronen, J., Elosuo, R., and Paavilainen, E. 1972. Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart—causes and other causes: A twelve-year clinical trial in men and women. Lancet 2: 835–838.
Ederer, F., Leven, P., Turpeinen, O., and Frantz, D. 1971. Cancer among men on cholesterol-lowering diets: Experience from five clinical trials. Lancet 2: 203–206.
Rose, G., Blackburn, H., Keys, A., Taylor, H. L., Kannel, W. B., Paul, O., Reid, D. D., and Stamler, J. 1974. Colon cancer and blood-cholesterol. Lancet 1: 181–183
Bjelke, E. 1974. Colon cancer and blood-cholesterol. Lancet 1: 1116–1117.
Nydegger, U. E., and Butler, R. E. 1972. Serum lipoprotein levels in patients with cancer. Cancer Res. 32: 1756–1760.
Committee on Principal Investigators. 1978. A cooperative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate. Br. Heart J. 40: 1069–1118.
Beaglehole, R., Faulkes, M. A., Prior, A. M., and Eyles, E. F. 1980. Cholesterol and mortality in New Zealand Maoris. Br. Med. J. 280: 285–287.
Rose, G., and Shipley, M. J. 1980. Plasma lipids and mortality: A source of error. Lancet 1: 523–526.
International Collaborative Group. 1982. Circulating cholesterol level and risk of death from cancer in man aged 40 to 69 years. JAMA 248: 2853–2859.
Williams, R. R., Sorlie, P. D., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M., Kannel, W. R., and Dawber, T. R. 1981. Cancer incidence by levels of cholesterol. JAMA 245: 247–252.
Kark, J. D., Smith, A. H., and Hames, C. G. 1980. The relationship of serum cholesterol to the incidence of cancer in Evans County, Georgia. J. Chronic Dis. 33: 311–322.
Stamler, J., Berkson, D. M., Linber, H. A., Miller, W. A., Soyugene, C. R., Tokish, T., and Whipple, T. 1968. Does hypercholesterolemia increase risk of lung cancer in cigarette smokers? Circulation 6 (Suppl.) 188.
Kagan, A., McGee, D. L., Yano, K., Rhoads, G. G., and Nomura, A. 1981. Serum cholesterol and mortality in a Japanese-American population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 114: 11–20.
Kozarevic, D., McGee, D., Vojvodic, N., Gordon, T., Racic, Z., Zukel, W., and Dawber, T. 1981. Serum cholesterol and mortality. The Yugoslavia cardiovascular disease study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 114: 21–28.
Garcia-Palmieri, M. R., Sorlie, P. D., Costas, R., and Havlik, R. J. 1981. An apparent inverse relationship between serum cholesterol and cancer mortality in Puerto Rico. Am. J. Epidemiol. 114: 29–40.
Peterson, B., Trell, E., and Sternby, N. H. 1981. Low cholesterol level as risk factor for noncoronary death in middle-aged men. JAMA 245: 2056–2057.
Lilienfeld, A. M. 1981. The humean fog: Cancer and cholesterol. Am. J. Epidemiol. 114: 1–4.
Westlund, K., and Nicolaysen, R. 1972. Ten-year mortality and morbidity related to serum cholesterol. Scand. J. Clin. Invest. Suppl. 127: 1–24.
Dyer, A. R., Stamler, J., Paul, O., Shekelle, R. B., Schoenberger, J. A., Berkson, D. M., Lepper, M., Collette, P., Shekelle, S., and Lindberg, H. A. 1981. Serum cholesterol and risk of death from cancer and other causes in three Chicago epidemiological studies. J. Chronic Dis. 34: 249–260.
Miller, S. R., Tartter, P. I., Papatestas, A. E., Slater, G., and Aufses, A. H. 1981. Serum cholesterol and human colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67: 297–300.
Hill, M., MacLennan, R., and Newcomb, K. 1979. Diet and large bowel cancer in three socioeconomic groups in Hong Kong. Lancet 1: 436.
Reddy, B. S. 1979. Nutrition and colon cancer. Adv. Nutr. Res. 2: 199–218.
Nomura, A. M. Y., Wilkins, T. D., Kamiyami, S., Heilbrun, L. K., Shimada, A., Stemmermann, G. N., and Mower, H. F. 1983. Fecal neutral steroids in two Japanese populations with different colon cancer risks. Cancer Res. 43: 1910–1913.
Reddy, B. S., and Wynder, E. L. 1973. Large bowel carcinogenesis: Fecal constituents of populations with diverse incidence rates of colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 50: 1437–1442.
Hill, M. J., Drasar, B. S., Aries, V., Crowther, J. S., Hawksworth, G., and Williams, R. E. O. 1971. Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of the large bowel. Lancet 1: 95–100.
Reddy, B. S., Mangat, S., Sheinfil, A., Weisburger, J. H., and Wynder, E. L. 1977. Effect of type and amount of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols in rats. Cancer Res. 37: 2132–2137.
Marisawa, T., Magadia, N. E., Weisburger, J. H., and Wynder, E. L. 1974. Promoting effect of bile acids on colon carcinogenesis after intrarectal instillation of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53: 1093–1097.
Reddy, B. S., Cohen, L. A., McCoy, G. D., Hill, P., Weisburger, J. H., and Wynder, E. L. 1980. Nutrition and its relationship to cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 32: 237–345.
Cohen, B. I., Raicht, R. F., Deschner, E. E., Fazzini, E., Takahashi, M., and Sarwal, A. 1978. Effects of bile acids on induced colon cancer in rats. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 19: 48.
Broitman, S. A. 1981. Cholesterol excretion and colon cancer. Cancer Res. 41: 3738–3740.
Nigro, N. D., Campbell, R. L., Gantt, J. S., Lim, Y. N., and Singh, D. V. 1977. A comparison of the effect of the hypocholesteremic agents, cholestyramine and candicidin on the induction of intestinal tumors by azoxymethane. Cancer Res. 37: 3198–3203.
Chomchai, C., Bhadrachari, N., and Nigro, N. D. 1974. The effect of bile on the induction of experimental intestinal tumors in rats. Dis. Colon Rectum 17: 310–312.
Williamson, R. C. N., Sorlie, P. D., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M., Kannel, W. B., and Dawber, T. R. 1981. Cancer incidence by levels of cholesterol. JAMA 245: 247–252.
Vahouny, G. V., Cassidy, M. M., Lightfoot, F., Grau, L., and Kritchevsky, D. 1981. Ultra-structural modifications of intestinal and colonic mucosa induced by free or bound bile acids. Cancer Res. 41: 3764–3765.
Rose, R. C., and Nahrwold, D. L. 1982. Bile acids: Effects on absorption of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine and 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene in the colon of the rat and guinea pig. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 68: 619–622.
Watson, A. F., and Mellanby, E. 1930. Tar cancer in mice; condition of skin when modified by external treatment or diet, as factors in influencing cancerous reaction. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 11: 311–322.
Lavik, P. S., and Baumann, C. A. 1943. Further studes on tumor-promoting action of fat. Cancer Res. 3: 749–756.
Tannenbaum, A. 1942. The genesis and growth of tumors. III. Effects of a high-fat diet. Cancer Res. 2: 468–475.
Tannenbaum, A., and Silverstone, H. 1957. Nutrition and the genesis of tumours. in R. W. Raven (Ed.) Cancer. Vol. 1. pp. 306–334. London: Butterworth.
Waxler, S. H., Tabar, P., and Melcher, L. R. 1953. Obesity and the time of appearance of spontaneous mammary carcinoma in C3H mice. Cancer Res. 13: 276–278.
Carroll, K. K., and Khor, H. T. 1970. Effects of dietary fat and dose level of 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene on mammary tumor incidence in rats. Cancer Res. 30: 2260–2264.
Carroll, K. K., and Khor, H. T. 1971. Effects of level and type of dietary fat on incidence of mammary tumors induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene. Lipids 6: 415–420.
McCay, P. B., King, M., Rikans, L. E., and Pitha, J. V. 1980. Interactions between dietary fats and antioxidants on DMBA-induced mammary carconomas and on AAF-induced hyperplastic nodules and hepatomas. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 3: 451–465.
Chan, P. C., Head, J. F., Cohen, L. A., and Wynder, E. L. 1977. Influence of dietary fat on the induction of mammary tumors by N-nitrosomethylurea: Associated hormone changes and differences between Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59: 1279–1283.
Silverman, J., Shellabargar, C. J., Holtzman, S., Stone, J. P., and Weisburger, J. H. 1980. Effect of dietary fat on x-ray-induced mammary cancer in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 64: 631–634.
Newberne, P. M., and Ziegler, E. 1978. Nutrition, carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis. in W. G. Flamm and M. A. Mehlman (Eds.) Advances in modern toxicology Vol.: Mutagenesis. pp. 53–84. New York: Wiley.
Baker, M. T., Karr, S. W., and Wade, A. E. 1983. The effects of dietary corn oil on the metabolism and activation of benzopyrene by the benzopyrene metabolizing enzymes of the mouse. Carcinogenesis 4: 9–15.
Hopkins, G. J., and West, C. E. 1977. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat on the growth of a transplantable adenocarcinoma in C3HAvyf B mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58: 153–156.
Abraham, S., and Roe, G. A. 1976. Lipids and lipogenesis in a murine mammary neoplastic system. in W. E. Criss, T. Ono, and J. A. Sabine (Eds.) Progress in cancer research and therapy. Vol. 1, Control Mechanisms in Cancer. Raven Press, New York, pp. 363–378.
Santiago-Delpin, E. A., and Szepsenwol, J. 1977. Prolonged survival of skin and tumor allografts in mice on high-fat diets. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 59: 459–461.
Wicha, M. S., Liotta, L. A., and Kidwell, W. R. 1973. Effects of free fatty acids on the growth of normal and neoplastic rat mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 39: 426–435.
Corwin, L. M., Varshavsky-Rose, F., and Broitman, S. A. 1979. Effect of dietary fats on tumorigenicity of two sarcoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 39: 4350–4355.
Stoddart, A., Knight, E., Criss, W., and Adkins, J. 1983. The effect of dietary fats on growth of transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Fed. Proc. 42: 802.
Gridley, D. S., Kettering, J. D., Garaza, C. D., Andres, M. L., Slater, J. M., and Nutter, R. L. 1982. Modification of herpes 2-transformed cell-induced tumors in mice fed different sources of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Cancer Lett. 17: 161–173.
Sugai, M., Witting, L. A., Tsuchiyama, H., and Kummerow, F. A. 1972. The effect of heated fat on the carcinogenic activity of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res. 22: 510–519.
Newberne, P. M., Weigert, J., and Kula, N. 1979. Effects of dietary fat on hepatic mixed function oxidases and hepatocellular carcinoma induced by aflatoxin B-1 in rats. Cancer Res. 39: 3986–3991.
Longnecker, D. S., Roebuck, D. E., Yager, J. D., Lilja, H. S., and Siegmund, B. 1981. Pancreatic carcinoma in azaserine-treated rats: Induction, classification and dietary modulation of incidence. Cancer 47: 1562–1572.
Birt, D. F., Salmasi, S., and Pour, P. M. 1981. Enhancement of experimental pancreatic cancer in Syrian golden hamsters by dietary fat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67: 1327–1332.
Nigro, N. D., Singh, D. V., Campbell, R. L., and Pak, M. S. 1975. Effect of dietary beef fat on intestinal tumor formation by azoxymethane in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54: 439–442.
Reddy, B. S., Weisburger, J. H., and Wynder, E. L. 1974. Effects of dietary fat level and dimethylhydrazine on fecal acid and neutral sterol excretion and colon carcinogenesis in the rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52: 507–511.
Broitman, S. A., Vitale, J. J., Vavrousek-Jakuba, E., and Gottlieb, L. S. 1977. Polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol and large bowel tumorigenesis. Cancer 40: 2455–2463.
Reddy, B. S., and Watanabe, K. 1979. Effect of cholesterol metabolites and promoting effect of lithocholic acid in colon carcinogenesis in germ-free and conventional F-344 rats. Cancer Res. 39: 1521–1524.
Cruse, J. P., Lewis, M. R., Ferulano, P., and Clark, C. G. 1978. Cocarcinogenic effects of dietary cholesterol in experimental colon cancer. Nature 276: 822–825.
Bansal, B. R., Rhoads, J. E., and Bansal, S. C. 1978. Effects of diet on colon carcinogenesis and the immune system in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Res. 38: 3293–3303.
Bull, A. W., Schullier, B. K., Wilson, P. S., Hayden, M. T., and Nigro, N. D. 1979. Promotion of azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer by high-fat diet in rats. Cancer Res. 39: 4956–4959.
Hems, G. 1978. The contributions of diet and childbearing to breast cancer rates. Br. J. Cancer 37: 974–982.
Gray, G. E., Pike, M. C., and Henderson, B. E. 1979. Breast-cancer incidence and mortality rates in different countries in relation to risk factors and dietary practices. Br. J. Cancer 39: 1–7.
Gregor, O., Toman, R., and Prusova, F. 1969. Gastrointestinal cancer and nutrition. Gut 10: 1031–1034.
Bingham, S., Williams, D. R. R., Cole, T. J., and James, W. P. T. 1979. Dietary fibre and regional large-bowel cancer mortality in Britain. Br. J. Cancer 40: 456–463.
Haenszel, W., Locke, F. B., and Segi, M. 1980. A case-control study of large bowel cancer in Japan. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 64: 17–22.
Bjelka, E. 1978. Dietary factors and epidemiology of cancer of the stomach and large bowel. Aktuel Ernaehrungsmed. Klin. Prax. Suppl. 2: 10–17.
Graham, S., Dayal, H., Swanson, M., Mittelman, A., and Wilkinson, G. 1978. Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61: 709–714.
Hirayama, T. 1981. A large-scale cohort study on the relationship between diet and selected cancer of the digestive organs. in W. R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S. R. Tannenbaum, and T. D. Wilkins (Eds.) Gastrointestinal cancer, endogenous factors: Banbury Report 7. pp. 409–429. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Lea, A. J. 1977. Neoplasms and environmental factors. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 41: 432–438.
Armstrong, B., Garrod, A., and Doll, R. 1976. A retrospective study of renal cancer with special reference to coffee and animal protein consumption. Br. J. Cancer 33: 127–136.
Tannenbaum, A., and Silverstone, H. 1949. The genesis and growth of tumors. IV. Effects of varying the proportion of protein (casein) in the diet. Cancer Res. 9: 162–173.
Silverstone, H. 1948. The levels of carcinogenic azo dyes in the livers of rats fed various diets containing p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Cancer Res. 8: 301–308.
White, J., and Mider, G. B. 1941. The effect of dietary cystine on the reaction of dilute brown mice to methylcholanthrene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2: 95–97.
Shay, H., Gruenstein, M., and Shimkin, M. B. 1964. Effect of casein, lactalbumin and ovalbumin on 3-methylcholanthrene induced mammary carcinoma in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 33: 243–253.
Wattenberg, L. W. 1975. Effects of dietary constituents on the metabolism of chemical carcinogens. Cancer Res. 35: 3326–3331.
White, J., White, F. R., and Mider, G. B. 1947. Effects of diets deficient in certain amino acids on the induction of leukemia in dba mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 7: 199–202.
Engel, R. W., and Copeland, D. H. 1952. The influence of dietary casein level on tumor induction with 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res. 12: 905–912.
Morris, H. P., Westfall, B. B., Dubnik, C. S., and Dunn, T. B. 1948. Some observations on carcinogenicity, distribution and metabolism of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene in the rat. Cancer Res. 8: 390.
Harris, P. N. 1947. Production of tumors in rats by 2-aminofluorene and 2-acetylaminofluorene: Failure of liver extract and of dietary protein level to influence liver tumor production. Cancer Res. 7: 88–94.
Mgbodile, M. U. K., and Campbell, T. C. 1972. Effect of protein deprivation of male weaning rats on the kinetics of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. J. Nutr. 102: 53–60.
Wells, P., Aftergood, L., and Alfin-Slater, R. B. 1976. Effect of varying levels of dietary protein on tumor development and lipid metabolism in rats exposed to aflatoxin. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 53: 559–562.
Madhaven, T. V., and Gopalan, C. 1968. The effect of dietary protein on carcinogenesis of aflatoxin. Arch Pathol. Lab. Med. 80: 123–126.
Preston, R. S., Hayes, J. R., and Campbell, T. C. 1976. The effect of protein deficiency on the in vivo binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver macromolecules. Life Sci. 19: 1191–1197.
Campbell, T. C. 1979. Influence of nutrition on metabolism of carcinogens. Adv. Nutr. Res. 2: 29–55.
Tsuda, H., Lee, G., and Farber, E. 1980. Induction of resistant hepatocytes as a new principle for a possible short-term in vivo test for carcinogens. Cancer Res. 40: 1157–1164.
Appleton, B. S., and Campbell, T. C. 1981. Effects of dietary protein levels and phenobarbital on aflatoxin (AFBI)-induced hepatic γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in the rat. Fed. Proc. 40: 842.
McLean, A. E. M., and Magee, P. N. 1970. Increased renal carcinogenesis by dimethyl-nitrosamine in protein deficient rats. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 51: 587–590.
Ross, M. H., and Bras, G. 1973. Influence of protein under and overnutrition on spontaneous tumor prevalence in the rat. J. Nutr. 103: 944–964.
White, F. R., and White, J. 1944. Effect of diethylstilbesterol on mammary tumor formation in strain C3H mice fed a low cystine diet. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 4: 413–415.
McSheey, T. W. 1974. The onset of mammary adenocarcinoma in mice: A possible correlation with nutrition. Ecol. Food Nutr. 3: 147–150.
Visek, W. J., Clinton, S. K., and Truex, C. R. 1978. Nutrition and experimental carcinogenesis. Cornell Vet. 68: 3–39.
Topping, D. C., and Visek, W. J. 1976. Nitrogen intake and tumorigenesis in rats injected with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine. J. Nutr. 106: 1583–1590.
Walters, M. A., and Roe, F. J. C. 1964. The effect of dietary casein on the induction of lung tumors by the injection of 9, 10-dimethyl 1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into newborn mice. Br. J. Cancer 18: 312–316.
Clinton, S. K., Truex, C. R., and Visek, W. J. 1977. Dietary protein, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and chemical carcinogenesis. J. Nutr. 109: 55–62.
Clinton, S. K., Li, P. S., Mulloy, A. L., Palmer, S. S., and Visek, W. J. 1983. Dietary-protein-fat interactions on prolactin homeostasis in female rats. Fed. Proc. 42: 1314.
Haley, H. B., and Williamson, M. B. 1960. Growth of tumors in experimental wounds. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 3: 116.
Babson, A. L. 1954. Some host-tumor relationships with respect to nitrogen. Cancer Res. 14: 89–93.
Devik, F., Elson, L. A., Koller, P. C., and Lamerton, L. F. 1950. Influence of diet on Walker rat carcinoma 256, and its response to X-radiation—cytological and histological investigations. Br. J. Cancer 4: 298–314.
White, F. R., and Belkin, M. 1945. Source of tumor proteins. I. Effect of low-nitrogen diet on the establishment and growth of a transplanted tumor. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 5: 261–263.
Nutter, R. L., Gridley, D. S., Kettering, J. D., Andres, M. L., Aprecio, R. M., and Slater, J. M. 1983. Modification of a transplantable colon tumor and immune responses in mice fed different sources of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Cancer Lett. 18: 49–62.
Sugimura, T., Bernbaum, S. M., Winitz, M., and Greenstein, J. P. 1959. Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble chemically defined diets. 8. The forced feeding of diets each lacking one essential amino acid. Arch. Biochem. 81: 448–455.
Lorincz, A. B., Kuttner, R. E., and Brandt, M. B. 1969. Tumor response to phenylalaninetyrosine limited diets. J. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 54: 198–205.
Demopoulos, H. R. 1966. Effects of reducing the phenylalanine-tyrosine intake of patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Cancer 19: 657–664.
Yuki, K., Tachikawa, T., Hirata, M., Ando, R., Nakashima, N., Sata, T., and Nomura, H. 1966. Low-phenylalanine diet therapy for chronic myelogenic leukemia. Eiyogaku Zasshi 24: 195–201.
Chan, W., McElhanon, S., Shu, G., and Banks, W. L. 1983. Effect of dietary leucine restriction on its utilization by tumor and host tissues. Fed. Proc. 42: 670.
Worthington, B. S. 1974. Effect of nutritional status on immune phenomena. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 65: 123–129.
Dresar, B., and Irving, D. 1973. Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast. Br. J. Cancer 27: 167–172.
Hems, G., and Stuart, A. 1975. Breast cancer rates in populations of single women. Br. J. Cancer 31: 118–123.
Hakama, M., and Saxen, E. A. 1967. Cereal consumption and gastric cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2: 265–268.
Modan, B., Lubin, F., Barell, V., Greenberg, R. A., Modan, M., and Graham, S. 1974. The role of starches in the etiology of gastric cancer. Cancer 34: 2087–2092.
Saint-Hilarie, S., Lavers, M. K., Kennedy, J., and Code, C. F. 1960. Gastric acid secretory value of different foods. Gastroenterology 39: 1–11.
De Jong, U. W., Breslow, N., Hong, J. G. E. Sridharan, M., and Shanmugaratnam, K. 1974. Aetiological factors in oesophageal cancer in Singapore, Chinese. Int. J. Cancer 13: 291–303.
Haenszel, W., Kurihara, M., Segi, M., and Lee, R. K. C. 1972. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 969–988.
Haenszel, W. Correa, P., and Cuello, C. 1975. Social class differences among patients with large-bowel cancer in Cali, Columbia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54: 1031–1035.
Bjelke, E. 1974. Epidemiologic studies of cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum. Scand. J. Gastroenterol 9(Suppl. 31): 1–235.
Graham, S. 1975. Future inquiries into the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 35: 3464–3468.
Hartman, P. E. 1983. Review: Putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods. I. Nitrate/nitrite ingestion and gastric cancer mortality. Envir. Mutagen. 5: 111–121.
Hill, M. J., Hawksworth, G., and Tattersall, G. 1973. Bacteria, nitrosamines and cancer of the stomach. Br. J. Cancer 28: 562–567.
Tannenbaum, S. R., Moran, D., Falchuk, K. R., Correa, P., and Cuello, C. 1981. Nitrite stability and nitrosation potential in human gastric juice. Cancer Lett. 14: 131–136.
Roe, F. J. C., Levy, L. S., and Carter, R. L. 1970. Feeding studies on sodium cyclamate, saccharin and sucrose for carcinogenic and tumour-promoting activity. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 8: 135–145.
Friedman, L., Richardson, H. L., Richardson, M. E., Lethco, E. J., Wallace, W. C., and Sauro, F. M. 1972. Toxic response of rats to cyclamates in chow and semisynthetic diets. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 751–764.
Hunter, B., Graham, C., Heywood, R., Prentice, D. E., and Roe, F. J. C., and Noakes, D. N. 1978. Tumorigenicity and Carcinogenicity Study with Xylitol in Long-Term Administration to Mice (final report). Huntington Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England. Volumes 20–23 of Xylitol. F. Hoffman La Roche Company, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland. 1500 pp.
Hoehn, S. K., and Carroll, K. K. 1978. Effects of dietary carbohydrate on the incidence of mammary tumors induced in rats by 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene. Nutr. Cancer 1: 27–30.
Gershoff, S. N., and McGandy, R. B. 1981. The effects of vitamin A-deficient diets containing lactose in producing bladder calculi and tumors in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 483–489.
Ingram, D. M., and Castleden, W. M. 1981. Glucose increases experimentally induced colorectal cancer: A preliminary report. Nutr. Cancer 2: 150–152.
Hunter, B., Colley, J., Street, A. E., Heywood, R., Prentice, D. E., and Magnusson, G. 1978. Xylitol tumorigenicity and toxicity study in long-term dietary administration to rats (final report). Huntingdon, Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England. Volumes 11–14 of Xylitol. F. Hoffman La Roche Company, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland. 2225 pp.
McGuinness, E. E., Morgan, R. G. H., Levison, D. A., Hopwood, D., and Wormsley, K. G. 1981. Interaction of azaserine and raw soya flour on the rat pancreas. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 16: 49–56.
Berg, J. W. 1975. Can nutrition explain the pattern of international epidemiology of hormone-dependent cancers? Cancer Res. 35: 3345–3350.
de Waard, F. 1975. Breast cancer incidence and nutritional status with particular reference to body weight and height. Cancer Res. 35: 3351–3356.
de Waard, F., Cornelis, J. P., Aoki, K., and Yoshida, M. 1977. Breast cancer incidence according to weight and height in two cities of the Netherlands and in Aichi prefecture, Japan. Cancer 40: 1269–1275.
Lew, E. A., and Garfinkel, L. 1979. Variations in mortality by weight among 750,000 men and women. J. Chronic Dis. 32: 563–576.
Tannenbaum, A. 1945. The dependence of tumor formation on the composition of the calorierestricted diet as well as on the degree of restriction. Cancer Res. 5: 616–625.
Clayton, C. C., and Bauman, C. A. 1949. Diet and azo dye tumors: Effect of diet during a period when the azo dye is not fed. Cancer Res. 9: 575–582.
King, J. T., Casas, C. B., and Visscher, M. B. 1949. The influence of estrogen on cancer incidence and adrenal change in ovariectomized mice on caloric restriction. Cancer Res. 9: 436–437.
Ross, M. H., and Bras, G. 1971. Lasting influence of early caloric restriction on prevalence of neoplasms in the rat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47: 1095–1113.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Raymond J. Shamberger
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shamberger, R.J. (1984). Macronutrients and Cancer. In: Nutrition and Cancer. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4670-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4670-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4672-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4670-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive