Skip to main content

Abstract

Of all the psychodiagnoses, schizophrenia has captured the lion’s share of time, effort, financial support, and interest for the last half century (Arieti, 1974). The purpose of this chapter is to review clinical and empirical evidence regarding gender identity and gender roles of schizophrenics as well as to consider possible explanations for gender identity or role disturbances. Symptomatology and selected demographic characteristics are reviewed, as are studies that have directly assessed the gender identity and gender roles of schizophrenics. It is suggested that a gender identity or role difficulty is consistent with the literature on schizophrenia, and that gender identity or role problems must be included in any comprehensive theory of schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akhtar, S., and Thomson, J. A. Schizophrenia and sexuality: A review and a report of twelve unusual cases — Part II. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1980, 41, 166–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alanen, Y. O., and Kinnunen, P. Marriage and the development of schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 1975, 38, 346–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arieti, S. Schizophrenia: The psychodynamic mechanisms and the psychostructural forms. In S. Arieti and E. B. Brody (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry (Vol. 3) Adult clinical psychiatry (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books, 1974. Pp. 551–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin, H., and Bakwin, R. Clinical manifestations of behavior disorders in children. New York: Saunders, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J. “Good premorbid” schizophrenic wives and their husbands. Family Process, 1963, 2, 34–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beilin, L. M. Genital self-mutilization by mental patients. Journal of Urology, 1953, 70, 648–655.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bern, S. The psychological measurement of androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 155–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biller, H. B., and Poey, K. An exploratory comparison of sex-role-related behaviors in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics. Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1, 529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacker, K. H., and Wong, N. Four cases of autocastration. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1963, 8, 169–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bland, R. C., and Orn, H. 14-year outcome in early schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1978, 58, 327–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, A., and Sjoberg, B., Jr. The diagnostic validity of human figure drawings in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychology, 1964, 57, 3–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., and Raulin, M. L. Body-image aberration in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1978, 87, 339–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dube, K. C., and Kumar, N. An epidemiological study of schizophrenia. Journal of Biosocial Sciences, 1972, 4, 187–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ecker, J., Levine, J., and Zigler, E. Impaired sex-role identification in schizophrenia expressed in the comprehension of humor stimuli. Journal of Psychology, 1973, 83, 67–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edie, A. Karo in an Anglo-Saxon Canadian. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 1976, 21, 389–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eifert, D. Sex-role identification in ambulatory schizophrenics and neurotics: A comparative study of levels of sexual identity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, B. J., and Rosenbaum, G. Parietal lobe syndrome and schizophrenia: Comparison of neuropsychological deficits. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1979, 88, 234–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagot, B. I., and Patterson, G. R. An in vivo analysis of reinforcing contingencies in the preschool child. Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1, 563–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farina, A., Garmezy, N., and Barry, B., III. Relationship of marital status to incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, 67, 624–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. Right-left gradients in body image, body reactivity, and perception. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1960, 61, 197–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. Body image and psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1964, 10, 519–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. Body consciousness: You are what you feel. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S., and Cleveland, S. E. Right-left body reactivity patterns in disorganized states. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1959, 128, 396–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleck, S., Lidz, T., and Cornelison, A. Comparison of parent-child relationships of male and female schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1963, 8, 17–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flor-Henry, P. Psychosis, neurosis and epilepsy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 124, 144–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, A. D., and Hay, A. J. The influence of sex on schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1972, 48, 49–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franzen, G., and Ingvar, D. H. Abnormal distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1975, 12, 199–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. Psycho-analytic notes upon an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). In Collected papers (Vol. 3). Edinburgh: R. R. Clark, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, G. G. The relationship between childhood neurotic symptomatology and later schizophrenia in males and females. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1967, 144, 97–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gittleson, N. L., and Dawson-Butterworth, K. Subjective ideas of sexual change in female schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1967, 113, 491–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gittleson, N. L., and Levine, S. Subjective ideas of sexual change in male schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1966, 112, 779–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I. I., and Shields, J. Genetic theorizing and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 122, 15–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. Sexual identity conflict in children and adults. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberman, M., Hollingsworth, F., Falek, A., and Michael, R. P. Gender identity confusion, schizophrenia and a 47 XYY Karyotype: A case report. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1975, 1, 207–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henn, F. A., Herjanic, M., and Vandepearl, R. H. Forensic psychiatry: Profiles of two types of sex offenders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 133, 694–696.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishiyama, T., and Brown, A. F. Sex role-conceptions and the patient role in a state mental hospital. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1965, 21, 446–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, E. On the comparative liability of males and females to insanity, and their comparative curability and mortality when insane. American Journal of Insanity. 1850, 7, 142–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. S. The new sex therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayton, R., and Biller, H. B. Sex-role development and psychopathology in adult males. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 38, 208–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., and Schulsinger, F. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 128, 302–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klaf, F. S., and Davis, C. A. Homosexuality and paranoid schizophrenia: A survey of 105 cases and controls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1960, 116, 1070–1075.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klorman, R., Strauss, J. S., and Kokes, R. F. Premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia: Concepts, measures and implications. Part III. The relationship of demographic and diagnostic factors to measures of premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1977, 3, 214–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kokonis, N. D. Choice of gender on the DAP and measures of sex-role identification. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1972, 35, 727–730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kokonis, N. D. Parental dominance and sex-role identification in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychology, 1973, 84, 211–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krafft-Ebing, R. Psychopathia sexualis. New York: Physicians and Surgeons Book Co., 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M. Population changes and schizophrenias 1970–1985. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krout, M. H., and Tabin, J. K. Measuring personality in developmental terms: The Personal Preference Scale. Genetic Psychology Monographs 1954, 50, 289–335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, A. W. Two cases of auto-castration due to religious delusions. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1967, 40, 293–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaTorre, R. A. The psychological assessment of gender identity and gender role in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1976, 2, 266–285.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaTorre, R. A. Sexual identity: Implications for mental health. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaTorre, R. A., Endman, M., and Gossmann, I. Androgyny and need achievement in male and female psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1976, 32, 233–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaTorre, R. A., and Piper, W. E. The Terman-Miles M-F Test: An examination of exercises 1, 2, and 3 forty years later. Sex Roles, 1978, 4, 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaTorre, R. A., and Piper, W. E. Gender identity and gender role in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1979, 88, 68–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewine, R. Choosing control groups in the study of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1978, 4, 244–247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewine, R. R. Sex differences in schizophrenia: A commentary. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1979, 5, 4–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewine, R. Sex differences in the age of symptom onset and first hospitalization in typical schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychosis and paranoid psychosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1980, 50, 316–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewine, R. R., Strauss, J. S., and Gift, T. E. Sex differences in age at first hospital admission for schizophrenia: Fact or artifact? American Journal of Psychiatry, 1981, 138, 440–444.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liem, J. H. Family studies of schizophrenia: An update and commentary. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1980, 6, 429–455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E. E., and Jacklin, C. N. The psychology of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mai, F. Fertility and psychiatric morbidity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 6, 165–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C., and Watt, N. F. Sex-role alienation in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1968, 73, 226–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, R., Kiely, W. F., and Morrow, J. W. Self-emasculation. Journal of Urology, 1972, 107, 981–985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Money, J. Gender role, gender identity, core gender identity: Usage and definition of terms. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1973, 1, 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, L. R., Pollin, W., and Stabenau, J. R. Families with identical twins discordant for schizophrenia: Some relationships between identification, thinking styles, psycho-pathology and dominance-submissiveness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 118, 29–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nell, R. Sex in a mental institution. Journal of Sex Research, 1968, 4, 303–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nestoros, J. N., Lehmann, H. E., and Ban, T. A. Sexual behavior of the male schizophrenic: The impact of illness and medications. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1981, 10, 421–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nystrup, J. A hospital population of schizophrenic patients undergoing change. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1976, 53, 211–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, L. S. Critical survey of schizophrenia genetics. In J. G. Howells (Ed.), Modern perspectives in world psychiatry. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinderhughes, C. A., Grace, E. B., and Reyna, L. J. Psychiatric disorders and sexual functioning. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 128, 1276–1283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piron, E. Assessment of the male alcoholic’s response to women through the use of visual stimuli. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1975, 36, 454B–455B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, J. G. Stressful life events and schizophrenia: A review of the research literature. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 87, 408–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ries, H. A., Johnson, M. H., Armstrong, H. E., Jr., and Holmes, D. S. The Draw-A-Person test and process-reactive schizophrenia. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1966, 30, 184–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimmer, J., and Jacobsen, B. Differential fertility of adopted schizophrenics and their halfsiblings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1976, 54, 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosanoff, A. J., Handy, L. M., Plesset, I. R., and Brush, S. The etiology of so-called schizophrenic psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1934, 91, 247–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., Kety, S. S., Welner, J., and Schulsinger, F. The adoptedaway offspring of schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 128, 307–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenweig, S., and Shakow, D. Mirror behavior in schizophrenic and normal individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1937, 86, 166–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, R., Delmonte, P., and Terracciano, P. The problem of the relationship between homosexuality and schizophrenia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1971, 1, 357–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salzman, L. Other character-personality syndromes: Schizoid, inadequate, passive-aggressive, paranoid, dependent. In S. Arieti and E. B. Brody (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry (Vol. 3) Adult clinical psychiatry (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books, 1974. Pp. 224–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, L. Sex differences in concordance rates for schizophrenia: Finding or artifact? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1978, 4, 14–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, L. Reply to Lewin. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1979, 5, 8–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, L., and Chase, L. The well siblings of schizophrenics. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1979, 7, 24–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sannito, T., Walker, R. E., Foley, J. M., and Posavac, E. J. A test of female sex identification: The Thorne feminity study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1972, 28, 531–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sathyavathi, K. Parental identification in schizophrenics. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1979, 6, 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, L., Becker, E., and Welsh, H. Abnormalities of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35, 982–985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seruya, B. B. The effects of training on body-size estimation of schizophrenics. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 38, 1421B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried, B. A., and Hendrick, C. When do opposites attract? When they are opposite in sex and sex-role attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 25, 15–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shore, D., Anderson, D. J., and Cutler, N. R. Prediction of self-mutilation in hospitalized schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1978, 135, 1406–1407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, M. D. The relationship of dogmatism to passive-conformist role behavior among hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, 39, 1501B–1502B. (No. 7814907)

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, E., Hare, E. H., and Price, J. S. Marriage and fertility of psychiatric patients compared with national data. Social Biology, 1971, 18(Suppl.), 60–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. A study of sex differentiation in drawings and verbalizations of schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1953, 9, 183–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Standage, K. F., Moore, J. A., and Cole, M. G. Self-mutilation of the genitalia by a female schizophrenic. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 1974, 19, 17–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strumpfer, D. J., and Nichols, R. C. A study of some communicable measures for the evaluation of human figure drawings. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1962, 26, 342–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. J., Dopheen, L. S., and Labreche, G. P. Marital status and schizophrenia: A study of incidence and outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1970, 76, 110–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. J., and Gartrell, J. W. Social factors in psychiatric outcome: Toward the resolution of interpretive controversies. American Sociological Review, 1978, 43, 368–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, D. C., and Szulecka, T. K. The effect of sex, marriage and age at first admission on the hospitalization of schizophrenics during 2 years following discharge. Psychological Medicine, 1979, 9, 529–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, N. F., and Lubensky, A. W. Childhood roots of schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 363–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zigler, E., Levine, J., and Zigler, B. Premorbid social competence and paranoid-nonparanoid status in female schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1977, 164, 333–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

LaTorre, R.A. (1984). Schizophrenia. In: Widom, C.S. (eds) Sex Roles and Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4564-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4562-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics