Abstract
When atomic systems are excited to sufficiently high energies, i.e. above the ionization limit, a competitive mode to photon deexcitation is electron emission. This latter mode is quite dominant in most cases and electron spectroscopy has therefore become of increasing importance during the last two decades. It is typically a vacuum spectroscopy, and for certain studies of surfaces it even requires ultra high vacuum (UHV). With essentially the same spectroscopic techniques one can cover a very large range of excitation energies, from the eV region towards the keV region. It is possible to apply this spectroscopy to gases, liquids and solids (in particular to surfaces) under variable conditions, Fig.1 summarizes the situation1.
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Siegbahn, K. (1983). Some Current Problems in Electron Spectroscopy. In: Lindgren, I., Rosén, A., Svanberg, S. (eds) Atomic Physics 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4550-3_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4550-3_14
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