Abstract
The trait cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is common in higher plants. Edwardson (1) reported that the cms trait had been observed in at least eighty unique plant species. Although the trait may manifest itself in different fashions among the various species, cms plants have in common the inability to produce viable pollen. In maize, plants are terminated by an inflorescence called the tassel. The tassel is composed of many male spikelets (flowers) which, at maturity, exert their anthers from which pollen is shed. The young male gametophyte is borne within the pollen grain. In its most severe manifestation (e.g., cms-T), the tassel of a cytoplasmic male-sterile plant does not exert anthers and no pollen is shed. Frequently, as in the case of the S sterile cytoplasm (cms-S), deformed anthers, termed “sticks”, are exerted. However, they contain only aborted pollen grains. The cms trait normally does not affect female fertility.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Edwardson, J.R. 1970. Cytoplasmic male sterility. Bot. Rev. 36: 341.
Borst, P. 1976. Structure and function of mitochondrial DNA. In International Cell Biology, p. 237, B.P. Brinkley and K.P. Porter, eds. New York: Rockefeller Univ. Press.
Ward, B.L., R.S. Anderson, and A.J. Bendich. 1981. The size of the mitochondrial genome is large and variable in a family of plants (Cucurbitaceae). Cell 25: 793.
Fox, T.D., and C.J. Leaver. 1981. The Zea mays mitochondrial gene coding cytochrome oxidase subunit II has an intervening sequence and does not contain TGA codons. Cell 26: 315.
Bonen, L., and M.W. Gray. 1980. Organization and expression of the mitochondrial genome of plants 1. The genes for wheat mitochondrial ribosomal and transfer RNA: Evidence for an unusual arrangement. Nucleic Acid Res. 8: 319.
Stern, D.B., T.A. Dyer, and D.M. Longsdale. 1982. Organization of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene in maize. Nucleic Acid Res. 10: 3333.
Leaver, C.J., and M.A. Harmey. 1973. Plant mitochondrial nucleic acids. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 38: 175.
Leaver, C.J., and M.A. Harmey. 1976. Higher plant mitochondrial ribosomes contain a 5S rRNA component. Biochem. J. 157: 275.
Pring, D.R. 1974. Maize mitochondria: Purification and characterization of ribosomes and ribosomal ribonucleic acid. Plant Physiol. 53: 677.
Cunningham, R.S., and M.W. Gray. 1977. Isolation and characterization of 32P-labeled mitochondrial and cytosol ribosomal RNA from germinating wheat embryos. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 475: 476.
Bonen, L., R.S. Cunningham, M.W. Gray, and W.F. Doolittle. 1977. Wheat embryo mitochondrial 18S ribosomal RNA: Evidence for its prokaryotic nature. Nucleic Acid Res. 4: 663.
Meng, R.L., and L.N. Vanderloef. 1972. Mitochondrial tyrosyl transfer ribonucleic acid in soybean seedlings. Plant Physiol. 50: 298.
Guderian, R.H., R.L. Pulliam, and M.P. Gordon. 1972. Characterization and fractionation of tobacco leaf transfer RNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 262: 50.
Guillemant, P., A. Steinmetz, G. Burkard, and J.H. Weil. 1975. Aminoacylation of tRNA species from Escherichia coli and from the cytoplasm chloroplasts and mitochondria of Phaseolus vulgaris by homologous and heterologous enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 378: 64.
Levings, C.S., III, and D.R. Pring. 1976. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA from normal and Texas cytoplasmic male-sterile maize. Science 193: 158.
Levings, C.S., III, and D.R. Pring. 1977. Diversity of mitochondrial genomes among normal cytoplasms of maize. J. Hered. 68: 350.
Pring, D.R., and C.S. Levings, III. 1978. Heterogeneity of maize cytoplasmic genomes among male-sterile cytoplasms. Genetics 89: 121.
Levings, C.S., III, and D.R. Pring. 1979. Molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility of maize. In Physiological Genetics, vol. 5, p. 171, J.G. Scandalios, ed. New York: Academic Press.
Pring, D.R., M.F. Conde, and C.S. Levings, III. 1980. DNA heterogeneity within the C group of maize male-sterile cytoplasms. Crop Sci. 20: 159.
Forde, B.G., and C.J. Leaver. 1980. Nuclear and cytoplasmic genes controlling synthesis of variant polypeptides in male-sterile maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 418.
Forde, B.G., R.J.C. Oliver, and C.J. Leaver. 1978. Variations in mitochondrial translation products associated with male-sterility in maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75: 3841.
Levings, C.S., III, D.M. Shah, W.W.L. Hu, D.R. Pring, and D.H. Timothy. 1979. Molecular heterogeneity and mitochondrial DNAs from different maize cytoplasms. In Extrachromosomal DNA. ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. XV, p. 63, D.J. Cummings, P. Borst, I.G. Dawid, and S.M. Weissman, eds. New York: Academic Press.
Kemble, R.J., and J.R. Bedbrook. 1980. Low molecular weight circular and linear DNA molecules in mitochondria from normal and male-sterile cytoplasms of Zea mays. Nature 284: 565.
Kemble, R.J., R.E. Gunn, and R.B. Flavell. 1980. Classification of normal and male-sterile cytoplasms in maize. II. Electrophoretic analysis of DNA species in mitochondria. Genetics 95: 451.
Ullstrup, A.J. 1972. The impacts of the Southern corn leaf blight epidemics of 1970–71. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 10: 37.
Peterson, P.A., R.B. Flavell, and D.H.P. Barratt. 1975. Altered mitochondrial membrane activities associated with cytoplasmically-inherited disease sensitivity in maize. Theor. Appl. Genet. 45: 309.
Duvick, D.N. 1965. Cytoplasmic pollen sterility in corn. Adv. Genet. 13: 1.
Beckett, J.B. 1971. Classification of male-sterile cytoplasms in maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Sci. 11: 724.
Gracen, V.E., and C.O. Grogan. 1974. Diversity and suitability for hybrid production of different sources of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize. Agron. J. 65: 654.
Laughnan, J.R., and S.J. Gabay. 1975. An episomal basis for instability of S male sterility in maize and some implications for plant breeding. In Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, p. 330, C.W. Birkey, P.S. Perlman, and T.J. Beyers, eds. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Kheyr-Pour, A., V.E. Gracen, and H.L. Everett. 1981. Genetics of fertility restoration in the C-group of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize. Genetics 98: 379.
Gengenbach, B.G., and C.E. Green. 1975. Selection of T-cytoplasm maize callus cultures resistant to Helminthoporium maydis race T pathotoxin. Crop Sci. 15: 645.
Gengenbach, B.G., C.E. Green, and C.M. Donovan. 1977. Inheritance of selected pathotoxin resistance in maize plants regenerated from cell cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 5113.
Pring, D.R., M.F. Conde, and B.G. Gengenbach. 1981. Cytoplasmic genome variability in tissue culture derived plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 21: 369.
Brettell, R.I.S., B.V.D. Goddard, and D.S. Ingram. 1979. Selection of Tms-cytoplasm maize tissue culture resistant to Drechslera maydis T-toxin. Maydica 24: 203.
Warmke, H.E., and S.L.J. Lee. 1977. Mitochondrial degeneration in T cytoplasmic male-sterile corn anthers. J. Hered. 68: 213.
Warmke, H.E., and S.L.J. Lee. 1978. Pollen abortion in T cytoplasmic male-sterile corn: A suggested mechanism. Science 200: 561.
Pring, D.R., C.S. Levings, III, W.W.L. Hu, and D.H. Timothy. 1977. Unique DNA associated with mitochondria in the “S” type cytoplasm of male-sterile maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 2904.
Weissinger, A.K., D.H. Timothy, C.S. Levings, III, W.W.L. Hu, and M.M. Goodman. 1982. Unique plasmid-like mitochondrial DNAs from indigenous maize races of Latin America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 1.
Kim, B.D., R.J. Mans, M.F. Conde, D.R. Pring, and C.S. Levings, III. 1982. Physical mapping of homologous segments of mitochondrial episomes from S male-sterile maize. Plasmid 7: 1.
Thompson, R.D., R.J. Kemble, and R.B. Flavell. 1980. Variations in mitochondrial DNA organization between normal and male-sterile cytoplasms of maize. Nucleic Acid Res. 8: 1999.
Spruill, W.M., Jr., C.S. Levings, III, and R.R. Sederoff. 1980. Recombinant DNA analysis indicates that the multiple chromosomes of maize mitochondria contain different sequences. Dev. Gen. 1: 363.
Spruill, W.M., Jr., C.S. Levings, III, and R.R. Sederoff. 1981. Organization of mitochondrial DNA in normal and Texas male sterile cytoplasms of maize. Dev. Gen. 2: 319.
Laughnan, J.R., and S.J. Gabay. 1975. Nuclear and cytoplasmic mutations to fertility in S male-sterile maize. In International Maize Symposium: Genetics and Breeding, p. 427, D.B. Walden, ed. New York: Wiley.
Laughnan, J.R., and S. Gabay-Laughnan. 1981. Characteristics of cms-S reversion to male fertility in maize. Stadler Symp. 13: 93.
Levings, C.S., III, B.D. Kim, D.R. Pring, M.F. Conde, R.J. Mans, J.R. Laughnan, and S.J. Gabay-Laughnan. 1980. Cytoplasmic reversion of cros-S in maize: Association with a transpositional event. Science 209: 1021.
Southern, E.M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol, Biol. 98: 503.
Fincham, J.R.S., and G.R.K. Sastry. 1974. Controlling elements in maize. Annu. Rev. Genet. 8: 15.
Timothy, D.H., C.S. Levings, III, W.W.L. Hu, and M.M. Goodman. 1982. Zea diploperennis may have plasmid-like mitochondria DNAs. Maize Genet. Coop. News Letter 56: 133.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Levings, C.S. (1983). Cytoplasmic Male Sterility. In: Kosuge, T., Meredith, C.P., Hollaender, A., Wilson, C.M. (eds) Genetic Engineering of Plants. Basic Life Sciences, vol 26. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4544-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4544-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4546-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4544-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive