Abstract
Alcoholism is a heterogeneous phenomenon that involves maladaptive behavior, medical complications, and cultural attitudes, but all realistic definitions of alcoholism include reference to an individual’s tolerance to and dependence on ethanol (see Chapter 1). Alcohol tolerance and dependence, however, are not unidimen-sional entities; therefore it will be the purpose of this chapter to introduce the reader to the various facets of tolerance and dependence on ethanol, to discuss the implications of tolerance and dependence in promoting aberrant drinking behavior and alcohol-induced pathologies, and to describe the current treatment approaches used to manage the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, R. D. Coma and related disturbances of consciousness. In K. J. Isselbacher, R. J. Adams, E. Braunwald, R. G. Petersdorf, & J. D. Wilson (Eds.), Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
American Medical Association. American Medical Association drug evaluations (4th ed.). Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980.
Antelman, S. M. & Caggiola, A. R. Norepinephrine-dopamine interactions and behavior. Science, 1977, 195, 646–653.
Belknap, J. R., Berg, J. H., & Coleman, R. R. Alcohol withdrawal and magnesium deficiency in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1978, 9(1), 1–6.
Blum, R., Eubanks, J. D., Wallace, J. E., & Hamilton, H. Enhancement of alcohol withdrawal convulsions in mice by haloperidol. Clinical Toxicology, 1976, 9, 427–434.
Borg, S., Kvande, H., & Sedvall, G. Central norepinephrine metabolism during alcohol intoxication in addicts and healthy volunteers. Science, 1981, 213, 1135–1137.
Carlen, P. L., Lee, M. A., Jacob, M., & Livshits, O. Parkinsonism provoked by alcoholism. Annals of Neurology, 1981, 9, 84–86.
Chutkow, J. G. Clinical-chemical correlations in encephalopathy of magnesium deficiency: Effect of reversal of magnesium deficits. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1974, 49, 244–247. (a)
Chutkow, J. G. Metabolism of magnesium in central nervous system: Relationship between concentrations of magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid and brain in magnesium deficiency. Neurology (Minn.), 1974, 24, 780–787. (b)
Collier, H. O. J. Supersensitivity and dependence. Nature, 1968, 220, 228–231.
Curran, M., & Seeman, P. Alcohol tolerance in a cholinergic nerve terminal: Relation to the membrane expansion-fluidization theory of ethanol action. Science, 1977, 197, 910.
DeWied, D., Bohus, B., van Wimersma Griedanus, Tj. B., & Gispen, W. H. Pituitary peptides and memory. In R. Walter & J. Meienhofer (Eds.), Peptides, chemistry, structure, biology. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Scientific Publications, 1975.
Frankel, D., Khanna, J. M., LeBlanc, A. E., & Kalant, H. Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol and pentobarbital. Psychopharmacology, 1975, 44, 247–252.
Frankel, D., Khanna, J. M., Kalant, H., & LeBlanc, A. E. Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the acquisition of tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol. Psychopharmacology, 1979, 57, 239–242.
Gessner, P. R. Drug therapy of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In E. Majchrowicz & E. P. Noble (Eds.), Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press, 1979.
Golbert, T. M., Sanz, C. J., Rose, H. D., & Leitschuh, T. H. Comparative evaluation of treatments of alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1967, 201, 99–102.
Goldstein, D. B. Alcohol withdrawal reactions in mice: Effects of drugs that modify neurotransmission. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1973, 186, 1–9.
Goldstein, D. B., & Chin, J. H. Interaction of ethanol with biological membranes. Federation Proceedings, 1981, 40, 2073–2076.
Goldstein, A., & Goldstein, D. B. Enzyme expansion theory of drug tolerance and physical dependence. In A. Wikler (Ed.), The addictive states. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1968.
Goodman, L. S., & Gilman, A. (Eds.). The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan, 1980.
Greenberg, R., & Pearlman, C. Delirium tremens and dreaming. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1967, 124, 133–142.
Gross, M. M., Rosenblatt, S. M., Chartoff, S., Hermann, A., Schachter, M., Sheinkin, D., & Broman, M. Evaluation of acute alcohol psychoses and related states. The daily clinical course rating scale. Quarterly Journal of Studies of Alcohol, 32, 1971, 611–619.
Gross, M. M., Rosenblatt, S. M., Lewis, E., Chartoff, S., & Malenowski, B. Acute alcoholic psychoses and related syndromes—Psychosocial and clinical characteristics and their implications. British Journal of Addiction, 1972, 67, 15–31.
Gross, M. M., Goodenough, D. R., Hastey, J., & Lewis, E. Experimental study of sleep in chronic alcoholics before, during and after four days of heavy drinking, with a nondrinking comparison. Annual New York Academy of Science, 1973, 215, 254–265.
Gross, M. M., Lewis, E., & Hastey, J. Acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), The biology of alcoholism (Vol. 3), Clinical pathology. New York: Plenum Press, 1974.
Himmelsbach, C. R. Clinical studies of drug addiction. Archives of Internal Medicine, 69, 1942, 766–772.
Hoffman, P. L., Ritzmann, R. F., & Tabakoff, B. The influence of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin on ethanol dependence and tolerance. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Currents in alcoholism (Vol. 5). New York: Grune & Stratton, 1979.
Hoffman, P. L., Ritzmann, R. F., Walter, R., & Tabakoff, B. Arginine vasopressin maintains ethanol tolerance. Nature (London), 1978, 276, 614–616.
Isbell, H. Alcohol proteins and alcoholism. In R. B. Beeson & W. McDermott (Eds.), Loeb’s textbook of medicine (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders, 1967.
Isbell, H., Fraser, H. F., Wikler, A., Belleville, R. E., & Eisenman, A. J. An experimental study of the etiology of “rum fits” and delirium tremens. Quarterly Journal of Studies of Alcohol, 1955, 16, 1–33.
Jaffe, J. H., & Sharpless, S. K. Pharmacological denervation supersensitivity in the central nervous system: A theory of physical dependence. In A. Wikler (Ed.), The addictive states. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1968.
Johnson, L. C., Burdick, A., & Smith, J. Sleep during alcohol intake and withdrawal in the chronic alcoholic. Archives of General Psychology, 1970, 22, 406–418.
Kalant, H., LeBlanc, A. E., & Gibbins, R. J. Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychotropic drugs. Pharmacology Review, 1971, 23, 135–191.
Kalant, H., LeBlanc, A. E., & Gibbins, R. J. Repetitive development of ethanol tolerance. Psychopharmacology, 1978, 60, 59–65. (a)
Kalant, H., LeBlanc, A. E., Gibbins, R. J., & Wilson, A. Accelerated development of tolerance during repeated cycles of ethanol exposure. Psychopharmacology, 1978, 60, 59–65. (b)
Kissin, B., & Gross, M. M. Drug therapy in alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 125, 31–41.
LeBlanc, A. E., & Cappell, H. Tolerance as adaptation: Interactions with behavior and parallels to other adaptive processes. In K. Blum (Ed.), Alcohol and opiates: Neurochemical and behavior mechanisms. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
LeBlanc, A. E., Kalant, H., Gibbins, R. J., & Berman, N. D. Acquisition and loss of tolerance to ethanol by the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1969, 168, 244–250.
LeBlanc, A. E., Gibbins, R. J., & Kalant, H. Generalization of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol and its relation to physical dependence. Psychopharmacology, 1975, 44, 241–246.
Lester, B. K., Rundell, O. H., Cowden, L. C., & Williams, H. L. Chronic alcoholism, alcohol and sleep. In M. M. Gross (Ed.), Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal: Experimental studies (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum Press, 1973.
Martin, W. R. Pharmacological redundancy as an adaptive mechanism in the CNS. Federation Proceedings, 1970, 29, 13–18.
Masur, J., & Boerngen, R. The excitatory component of ethanol in mice: A chronic study. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 1980, 13, 777–780.
Melchior, C. L., & Tabakoff, B. Modification of environmentally cued tolerance to ethanol in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1981, 219, 175–180.
Mellanby, E. Alcohol: Its absorption into and disappearance from the blood under different conditions. Medical Research Council, Special Report Series (London), 1919, 15, 1–48.
Mello, N. K. Behavioral studies of alcoholism. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), The biology of alcoholism (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press, 1972.
Mellor, C. S., & Ganguli, R. Semiography of tremor in alcohol withdrawal. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Currents in alcoholism (Vol. 5). New York: Grune & Stratton, 1979.
Mendelson, J. H., & LaDou, J. Experimentally induced chronic intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholics. Part 2—Psychophysiological findings. Quarterly Journal on Studies of Alcohol, 1964, Suppl. 2, 14–39.
Renaud, B., Buda, M., Lewis, B. P., & Pujol, J. K. Effects of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine on tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat. Biochemical Pharmacology, 1975, 24, 1739–1742.
Ritzmann, R. F., & Tabakoff, B. Body temperature in mice: A quantitative measure of alcohol tolerance and physical dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1976, 199, 158–170.
Roffman, M., & Lal, H. Stimulus control of hexobarbital narcosis and metabolism in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1974, 191, 358–369.
Searle, G. L., Shames, D., Cavalier, R. R., Bagdade, J. D., & Porte, D., Jr. Evaluation of ethanol hypoglycemia in man: Turnover studies with C-6-14C glucose. Metabolism, 1974, 23, 1023–1035.
Seeman, P. The membrane actions of anesthetics and tranquilizers. Pharmacology Review, 1972, 24, 583–655.
Sellers, E. M., & Kalant, H. Drug therapy: Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. New England Journal of Medicine, 1976, 294, 757–762.
Sellers, E. M., Zilm, D. H., & Degani, N. C. Comparative efficacy of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal. Journal of Studies in Alcohol, 1977, 38, 2096–2108.
Siegel, S. Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1975, 89, 498–506.
Spealman, R. D., & Goldberg, S. R. Drug self-administration by laboratory animals: Control by chedules of reinforcement. Annual Review of Pharmacological Toxicology, 1978, 18, 313–339.
Tabakoff, B. Alcohol tolerance in humans and animals. In K. Eriksson, J. D. Sinclair, & K. Kiianmaa (Eds.), Animal models in alcohol research. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
Tabakoff, B., & Hoffman, P. L. Alcohol and neurotransmitters. In H. Rigter & J. C. Crabbe (Eds.), Alcohol tolerance and dependence. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland, 1980.
Tabakoff, B., & Hoffman, P. L. Neurochemical aspects of tolerance and physical dependence on alcohol. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), The biology of alcoholism (Vol. 7). New York: Plenum Press, 1983.
Tabakoff, B., & Ritzmann, R. F. The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on tolerance to and dependence on ethanol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1977, 203, 319–331.
Thomas, D. W., & Freedman, D. X. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Comparison of promazine and paraldehyde. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1964, 188, 316–318.
Traynor, A. E., Schlapfer, W. T., & Barondes, S. H. Stimulation is necessary for the development of tolerance to a neuronal effect of ethanol. Journal of Neurobiology, 1980, 11, 633–637.
Victor, M. Treatment of alcoholic intoxication and the withdrawal syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1966, 28, 636–650.
Victor, M., & Adams, R. D. The effect of alcohol in the nervous system. Research Publication, Association Research on Nervous and Mental Disorders, 1953, 32, 526–573.
Victor, M., & Wolfe, S. M. Causation and treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In P. B. Bourne & R. Fox (Eds.), Alcoholism progress in research and treatment. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Vogel, G. W. REM deprivation. III. Dreaming and psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 18, 312–329.
Vogel-Sprott, M. Acute and chronic tolerance to low doses of alcohol: Differences in cognitive and motor skill performance. Pscychopharmacology, 1979, 61, 287–291.
Wahlstrom, G., & Ekwall, T. Tolerance to hexobarbital and supersensitivity to pilocarpine after chronic barbital treatments in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1976, 38, 123–129.
Walter, R., Hoffman, P. L., Flexner, J. B., & Flexner, L. B. Neurohypophyseal hormones, analogs and fragments: Their effects on puromycin-induced amnesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 1975, 72, 4180–4184.
Wenger, J. R., Tiffany, T. M., Bombardier, C., Nicholls, K., & Woods, S. C. Ethanol tolerance in the rat is learned. Science, 1981, 213, 575–577.
Wolfe, V. M., & Victor, M. The physiological basis of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In N. K. Mello & J. H. Mendelson (Eds.), Recent advances in studies of alcoholism: An interdisciplinary symposium. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Pub. No. (HSM) 71–9045, 1971.
Yuki, T., Bradford, B. V., & Thurman, R. G. Role of hormones in the mechanism of the swift increase in alcohol metabolism in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 13 (Suppl. 1), 1980, 67–71.
Zarcone, V. P., Schreier, L., Mitchell, G., Orenberg, E., & Barchas, J. Sleep variables, cyclic AMP and biogenic amine metabolites after one day of ethanol ingestion. Journal of Studies on Alcoholism, 1980, 41, 318–324.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tabakoff, B., Rothstein, J.D. (1983). Biology of Tolerance and Dependence. In: Tabakoff, B., Sutker, P.B., Randall, C.L. (eds) Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4436-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4436-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4438-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4436-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive