Abstract
Pesticides are toxic chemicals that are deliberately introduced into the environment to achieve control of pests. For agriculture, these pests include insects, mites, and nematodes which damage growing crops, weeds which compete for nutrients and decrease the value of the harvest, and fungi which cause plant diseases. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act specifies that pesticides may be registered for use if that use will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on man or the environment. The potential for adverse effects on man is, of course, determined by both the Inherent toxic properties of the pesticide and the extent of exposure to the pesticide. Thus an assessment of exposure is fully as important as the toxicological evaluation of a pesticide in making judgements about the overall risk of pesticide use.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Comer, S.W., D.C. Staiff, J.F. Armstrong, and H.R. Wolfe, 1975. Exposure of Workers to Carbaryl. Bull. Environ. Contam. Tox. 13, 385–391.
Davis, J.A., 1980. Minimizing Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Personnel Monitoring. Res. Rev. 75, 33–50.
Davis, J.E., D.C. Staiff, L.C. Butler, and E. R. Stevens, 1981. Potential Exposure to Dislodgeable Residues after Application of Two Formulations of Methyl Parathion to Apple Trees. Bull. Environ. Contain. Tox., 27, 95–100.
Durham, W.F., and H.R. Wolfe, 1962. Measurements of the Exposure of Workers to Pesticides. Bull. WHO 26, 75–91.
EPA, 1978. Notice of Determination Concluding the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration and Continued Registration of Pesticide Products Containing Chlorobenzilate; Availability of Position Document. Fed. Reg. 43, 29824–29828.
EPA, 1979. Closed System Packaging - Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Fed. Reg. 44, 54508.
EPA, 1981. Position Document No. 2/3: Creosote, Inorganic Arsenicals, Pentachlorophenol. January, 1981.
Feldmann, R.J., and H.I. Maibach, 1974. Percutaneous Penetration of Some Pesticides and Herbicides in Man. Tox. Appl. Pharm. 28, 126–132.
Gunther, F.A., Y. Iwata, G.E. Carman, and C.A. Smith, 1977. The Citrus Reentry Problem; Research on its Causes and Effects, and Approaches to its Minimization. Res. Rev. 67, 1–139.
Hickey, K.D. 1981. Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Orchard Airblast Sprayer Operators to Benomyl, Mancozeb and Ethylene During Loading and Spraying. Final Report under Research Agreement No. 801-15-73, U. S. Dept of Agriculture/National Association of Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
Knaak, J.B., 1980. Minimizing Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Techniques for Establishing Safe Levels of Foliar Residues. Res. Rev. 75, 81–96.
Lavy, T.L., J.S. Sheppard, and J.D. Mattice, 1980. Exposure Measurements of Applicators Spraying (2,4,5- Trichlorophenoxy)-Acetic Acid in the Forest. J. Ag. Food Chem. 28, 626–630.
Maddy, K.T., W. Cusick, S. Edmlston, and C. Cooper, 1980. A Study of Dermal Exposure of Field Workers Picking Lemons to Residues of Chlorobenzilate in Ventura County, California. California Dept. of Food and Agriculture Report No. HS-781, November 28, 1980.
Maibach, H.I., and R. Feldmann, 1974. Systemic Absorption of Pesticides Through the Skin of Man. In Occupation Exposure to Pesticides (report to the Federal Working Group on Pest Management from the Task Group on Occupational Exposure to Pesticides, January 1974 ).
Morgan, D.P., H.L. Hetzler, E.F. Slach, and L.I. Lin, 1977. Urinary Excretion of Paranitrophenol and Alkyl Phosphates Following Ingestion of Methyl or Ethyl Parathion by Human Subjects. Arch. Environ. Contam. Tox. 6, 159–173.
Popendorf. W., 1980. Exploring Citrus Harvesters Exposure to Pesticide Contaminated Foliar Dust. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 41, 652–659.
Siewierski, M., 1981 (ed.). Determination and Assessment of Pesticide Exposure. Proceedings of a Symposium, Hershey, PA, October 1980. In press.
Wojeck, G.A., H.N. Nigg, J.H. Stamper, and D.E. Bradway, 1981. Worker Exposure to Ethion in Florida Citrus. Arch. Environ. Contain. Tox. In Press.
Wojeck, G.A., H.N. Nigg, R.S. Braman, J.H. Stamper, and R.L. Rouseff, 1981. Worker Exposure to Arsenic on Grapefruit in Florida. Arch. Environ. Contam. Tox., In press.
Wolfe, H.R., W.F. Durham, and J.F. Armstrong, 1967. Exposure of Workers to Pesticides. Arch. Environ. Health 14, 622–633.
Wolfe, H.R., J.F. Armstrong, D.C. Staiff, and S. W. Comer, 1972. Exposure of Spraymen to Pesticides. Arch. Environ. Health 25, 29–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Severn, D.J. (1982). Exposure Assessment for Agricultural Chemicals. In: Fleck, R.A., Hollaender, A. (eds) Genetic Toxicology. Basic Life Sciences, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4354-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4352-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive