Abstract
This definition includes two main areas: (1) descriptive epidemiology, covering the distribution of diseases in place and time; and (2) analytical epidemiology, aimed at characterizing possible causal factors.
To investigate the origins of diseases, one should first study the effects of the seasons, of the hot or cold winds, of the soil, naked or wooded, of the rains. Secondly, one will consider most attentively the way the inhabitants live, drink, eat, are indolent or active in exercise and labor.
Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.)
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adatia, A.K., 1970, Dental aspects, in: Buikitt’s Lymphoma (D.P. Burkitt and D.H. Wright, eds.), pp. 34–42, Livingstone, Edinburgh and London.
Addy, P.A., Ahiabor, T., Amane, C, and Pappoe, M.A., 1978, Jaundice and infectious mononucleosis in Ghana, Afr. J. Med. Sci. 7(2):85–92.
Al-Attar, A., Al-Mondhiry, H., Al-Bahrani, Z., and Al-Saleem, T., 1979, Burkitt’s lymphoma in Iraq: Clinical and pathological study of 47 patients, Int. J. Cancel 23:14–17.
Allison, A.C., and Clyde, D.F., 1961, Malaria in African Children with deficient erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Br. Med. J. 1:1346–1349.
American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting, 1976, Staging of Cancer at head and neck sites, in: Preliminary Handbook on Classification and Staging (Task Force on Head and Neck Sites, eds.), pp. 61–72, American Joint Committee, Chicago.
Anderson, E.N., Jr., Anderson, M.L., and Ho, J.H.C., 1978, A study of the environmental backgrounds of young Chinese nasopharyngeal Carcinoma patients, 1978, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de-Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 231–239, IARC Scientific Publication No. 20, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Andiman, W.A., 1979, The Epstein-Barr virus and EBV infection in Childhood, J. Pediatr. 95:171–182.
Armstrong, D., Henle, G., and Henle, W., 1966, Complement-fixation tests with Cell lines derived from Burkitt’s lymphoma and acute leukemias, J. Bacteiiol 91:1257–1262.
Armstrong, R.W., Kannan-Kutty, M., and Armstrong, M.J., 1978, Self-specific environments associated with nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Selangor, Malaysia, Soc. Sci. Med. 12:149–156.
Arsenau, J.C., Canellos, G.P., Banks, P.M., Berard, CW., Granlick, H.R., and de-Vita, V.T., Jr., 1975, American Burkitt’s lymphoma: Clinicopathological study of thirty Cases. I. Clinical factors relating to prolonged survival, Am. J. Med. 58:314–321.
Bar, R.S., Delor, C.J., Clausen, K.P., Hurtubise, P., Henle, W., and Hewetson, J.F., 1974, Fatal infectious mononucleosis in a family, N. Engl. J. Med. 290:363–367.
Baron, D., Benz, W.C., Carmichael, G., Yocum, R.R., and Strominger, J.L., 1975, Assay and partial purification of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen, in: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Production, Concentration and Purification of Epstein-Barr Virus, pp. 257–262, IARC Press, Lyon.
Bender, C.E., 1962, Recurrent mononucleosis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 182:954–956.
Berard, C., O’Conor, G.T., Thomas, L.B., and Torloni, H., 1969, Histopathological definition of Burkitt’s tumor, Bull. WHO 40:601–607.
Beremblum, I., 1940, The mechanisms of Carcinogenesis: A study of the significance of Cocarcinogenic action and related phenomena, Cancer Res. 1:807.
Beremblum, I., 1978, Historical perspectives, in: Carcinogenesis—A Comprehensive Survey, Vol. 2 (T.J. Slaga, A. Sivak, and R.K. Boutwell, eds.), p. 1, Raven Press, New York.
Berger, R., Bernheim, A., Fellous, M., and Brouet, J.C., 1979a, Cytogenetic study of a,European Burkitt’s lymphoma Cell line, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62:1187–1192.
Berger, R., Bernheim, A., Weh, H.J., Flandrin G., Daniel, M.T., Brouet, J.C., and Colbert, N., 1979b, A new translocation in Burkitt tumor cells, Hum. Genet. 53:111–112.
Berger, T., Bernheim, A., Flandrin, G., Daniel, M.T., Schaison, G., Brouet, J.C., and Bernard, J., 1979c, Translocation t(8; 14) dans la leucémie lymphoblastique de type Burkitt, Nouv. Presse Med. 8(3):181–183.
Bernheim, A., Berger, R., and Lenoir, G., 1981, Cytogenetic studies on African Burkitt’s lymphoma Cell lines: t(8;14), t(2;8) and t(8;22) translocations, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 3:307–315.
Betuel, H., Cammoun, M., Colombani, J., Day, N., Ellouz, R., and de Thé, G., 1975, The relationship between nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and the HL-A system among Tunisians, Int. J. Cancer 16:249–254.
Biggar, R.J., and Nkrumah, F.K., 1979, Burkitt’s lymphoma in Ghana: Urban rural distribution, time-space Clustering and seasonality, Int. J. Cancer 23:330–336.
Biggar, R.J., Henle, W., Fleisher, G., Bocker, J., Lennette, E.T., and Henle, G., 1978a, Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in African infants. I. Decline of maternal antibodies and time of infection, Int. J. Cancer 22:239–243.
Biggar, R.J., Henle, G., Bocker, S., Lennette, E.T., Fleisher, G., and Henle, W., 1978b, Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in African infants. II. Clinical and serological observations during seroconversion, Int. J. Cancer 22:244–250.
Black, F.L., Woodall, J.P., Evans, A.S., Liebhaber, H., and Henle, G., 1970, Prevalence of antibody against viruses in Tiriyo, an isolated Amazon tribe, Am. J. Epidemiol, 91:430–438.
Blot, W.J., Lanier, A., and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., 1975, Cancer mortality among Alaskan natives, 1960–1969, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55:547–554.
Bornkamm, G.W., Stein, H., Lennert, K., Rüggeberg, F., Bartels, H., and Zur Hausen, H., 1976, Attempts to demonstrate virus-specific sequences in human tumors. IV. EB viral DNA in European Burkitt’s lymphoma and immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with excessive plasmocytosis, Int. J. Cancer 17:177–181.
Britton, S., Andersson-Anvret, M, Gergely, P., Henle, W., Jonal, M., Klein, G., Sandstedt, B., and Svedmyr, E., 1978, Epstein-Barr virus immunity and tissue distribution in a fatal Case of infectious mononucleosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 298:89–92.
Brown, T.D.K., Ernberg, I., Lamon, E.W., and Klein, G., 1974, Detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nuclear antigen in human lymphoblastoid Cell lines by means of an I125-IgG-binding assay, Int. J. Cancer 13:784–794.
Brubaker, G., Geser, A., and Pike, M.C., 1973, Burkitt’s lymphoma in the North Mara district of Tanzania, 1964–1970: Failure to find evidence of space-time Clustering in a high risk isolated rural area, Br. J. Cancer 28:469–472.
Burchenal, J.H., 1966, Geographical Chemotherapy, Burkitt’s tumor as stalking horse for leukemia: Presidential address, Cancer Res. 26:2393–2405.
Burkitt, D., 1958, A sarcoma involving the jaws in African Children, Br. J. Surg. 46:218.
Burkitt, D.P., 1962a, A Children’s Cancer dependent on Climatic factors, Nature (London) 194:232–234.
Burkitt, D.P., 1962b, A “tumor safari” in East and Central Africa, Br. J. Cancer 16:379–386.
Burkitt, D.P., 1967, Burkitt’s lymphoma outside the known endemic area of Africa and New Guinea, Int. J. Cancer 2:562–565.
Burkitt, D.P., 1969, Etiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma: An alternative to a vectored virus, J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 42:19–28.
Burkitt, D.P., 1970, Geographical distribution, in: Burkitt’s Lymphoma (D.P. Burkitt and D.H. Wright, eds.), pp. 186–197, Livingstone, Edinburgh and London.
Burkitt, D.P., and Wright, D.H., 1966, Geographical and tribal distribution of the African lymphoma in Uganda, Br. Med.J. 5487:569–573.
Cammoun, M., Vogt-Hoerner, G., and Mourali, N., 1971, Les tumeurs du naso-pharynx en Tunisie: Etude anatomo-clinique de 143 observations, Tunis. Med. 49(3): 131–141.
Carter, R.L., and Penman, H.G., 1969, Infectious Mononucleosis, Blackwell, Oxford.
Carvalho, R.P.S., Evans, A.D., Forst, P., Dalldorf, G., Camargo, M.F., and Jamra, M., 1973, EBV infections in Brazil. I. Occurrence in normal persons, in lymphomas and in leukemias, Int. J. Cancer 11:191–201.
Chan, S.H., Day, N.E., Khor, T.H., Kunaratnam, N., and Chia, K.B., HLA markers in the development and prognosis of NPC in Chinese, in: Cancer Campaign, Vol. 5, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (E. Grundmann, G.R.F. Krueger, and D.V. Ablashi, eds.) pp. 205–211, Gustav Fisher Verlag, Berlin.
Chang, R.S., Lewis, J.S., Reynolds, R.D., Sullivan, M.J., and Neuman, J., 1978, Oropharyngeal excretion of Epstein-Barr virus by patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and by recipients of renal homografts, Ann. Intern. Med. 88:111–123.
Chang, R.S., Char, D.F., Jones, J.H., and Halstead, S.B., 1979, Incidence of infectious mononucleosis at the Universities of California and Hawaii, J. Infect. Dis. 140(4):479–86.
Cheeseman, S.H., Henle, W., Rubin, R.H., Tolkoff-Rubin, N.E., Cosimi, B., Cantell, K., Winkle, S., Herrin, J.T., Black, P.H., Russell, P.S., and Hirsch, M.S., 1980, Epstein-Barr virus infection in renal transplant recipients: Effects of antithymocyte globulin and interferon, Ann. Intern. Med. 93:39–42.
Clifford, P., 1970a, A review on the epidemiology of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 5:287–309.
Clifford, P., 1970b, Treatment, in: Burkitt’s lymphoma (D.P. Burkitt and D.H. Wright, eds.), pp. 52–63, Livingstone, Edinburg and London.
Collected reports of Cases of Burkitt’s lymphoma from Countries outside the endemic areas, 1967, Int. J. Cancer 2:559–609.
Connelly, R.R., and Christine, B.W., 1974, A Cohort study of Cancer following infectious mononucleosis, Cancer Res. 34:1172–1178.
Crawford, D.H., Epstein, M.A., Achong, B.G., Finerty, S., Newman, J., Liversedge, S., Tedder, R.S., and Steward, J.W., 1979, Virological and immunological studies on a fatal Case of infectious mononucleosis, J. Infection 1:37–48.
Crawford, D.H., Thomas, J.A., Janossy, G., Sweny, P., Fernando, O.N., Moorhead, J.F., and Thompson, J.H., 1980, Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen positive lymphoma after cyclosporin-A treatment in patient with renal allograft, Lancet: 1355–1356.
Dalldorf, G., Linsell, C.A., Barnhart, F.E., and Martyn, R., 1964, An epidemiological approach to the lymphomas of African Children and Burkitt’s sarcoma of the jaws, Verspect. Biol. Med. 7:435–449.
Dambaugh, T., Nkrumah, F.K., Biggar, R.J., and Kieff, E., 1979, Epstein-Barr virus RNA in Burkitt’s tumor tissue, Cell 16:313–322.
Dameshek, W., 1969, Speculations on the nature of infectious mononucleosis, in: Infectious Mononucleosis (R.L. Carter and H.G. Penman, eds.), pp. 225–240, Blackwell, London.
Davidsohn, I., and Nelson, D.A., 1969, The blood, in: Todd-Sanfoid’s Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, 14th ed. (I. Davidsohn and J.B. Henry, eds.), Chapt. 5, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
De Schryver, A., Friberg, S., Klein, G., Henle, W., Henle, G., de Thé, G., Clifford, P., and Ho, J.H.C., 1969, Epstein-Barr virus-associated antibody patterns in Carcinoma of the post-nasal space, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 5:443–459.
Desgranges, C., and de-Thé, G., 1977, Epstein-Barr virus induces viral nuclear antigen in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, Lancet 2:1286–1287.
Desgranges, C., and de-Thé, G., 1978a, Presence of EBV-specific IgA in saliva of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) patients: Their activity, origin and possible Clinical value, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (G. de Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 459–469, IARC Scientific Publication No. 20, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Desgranges, C., and de-Thé, G., 1978b, IgA and nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, in: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses III (G. de Thé, Y. Ito, and F. Rapp, eds.), pp. 883–891, IARC Scientific Publication No. 25, Lyon.
Desgranges, C., Wolf, H., de-Thé, G., Shanmugaratnam, K., Ellouz, R., Cammoun, N., Klein, G., and Zur Hausen, H., 1975a, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. X. Presence of Epstein-Barr genomes in epithelial cells of tumors from high and medium risk areas, Int. J. Cancer 16:7–15.
Desgranges, C., Wolf, H., Zur Hausen, H., and de-Thé, G., 1975b, Further studies on the detection of the Epstein-Barr viral DNA on nasopharyngeal Carcinoma biopsies from different parts of the world, in: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses II, Vol. 2 (G. de Thé, M.A. Epstein, and H. Zur Hausen, eds.), pp. 191–193, IARC Scientific Publication No 11, Lyon.
Desgranges, C., de-Thé, G., Ho, J.H.C., and Ellouz, R., 1977a, Neutralizing EBV-specific IgA in throat washings of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) patients, Int. J. Cancer 19:627–633.
Desgranges, C., Li, J.Y., and de-Thé, G., 1977b, EBV specific secretory IgA in saliva of NPC patients: Presence of secretory piece in epithelial malignant cells, Int. J. Cancer 20:881–886.
Desgranges, C., Bornhamm, G.W., Zeng, Y., Wang, P.C., Zhu, J.S., Shang, H., and de-Thé, G., 1982, Detection of Epstein-Barr viral DNA in the nasopharyngeal mucosa of Chinese with IgA/EBV-specific antibodies, Int. J. Cancer 29:187–191.
de-Thé, G., 1977, Is Burkitt’s lymphoma related to a perinatal infection by Epstein-Barr virus?, Lancet 1:335–338.
de-Thé, G., 1978a, Epstein-Barr virus: Is it timely to discuss a vaccine?, Biomedicine 28:15–17.
de-Thé, G., 1978b, Events early in life and risk to develop Burkitt’s lymphoma—Role of neonatal Epstein-Barr virus infection and heavy malaria burden, in: Tumors of Early Life in Man and Animals (L. Severi, ed.), pp. 225–231, Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Perugia.
de-Thé, G., 1979, The epidemiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma: Evidence for a Causal relationship with Epstein-Barr virus, Am. J. Epidemiol. 1:32–54.
de-Thé, G., 1980a, The role of the Epstein-Barr virus in human diseases: Infectious mononucleosis (IM), Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC), in: Viral Oncology (G. Klein, ed.), pp. 769–797, Raven Press, New York.
de-Thé, G., 1980b, Multistep Carcinogenesis, Epstein-Barr virus and human malignancies: Viruses in naturally occurring Cancers, Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Prolif. 7:11–21.
de-Thé, G., 1981, The Chinese epidemiological approach of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma research and Control in China, Yale J. Biol. Med. 54:33–39.
de-Thé, G., and Lenoir, G., 1977, Comparative diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus related diseases: Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, in: Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Diseases (E. Kurstak, ed.), pp. 196–241, Academic Press, New York.
de-Thé, G., and Zeng, Y., 1982, Epidemiology of EBV: Recent results on endemic versus nonendemic BL and EBV related pre-NPC Conditions, in Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research (D. Yohn and J.R. Blakeslee, eds.), pp. 3–15, Elsevier/North Holland, New York.
de-Thé, G., Ablashi, D.V., Liabeuf, A., and Mourali, N., 1973a, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). VI. Presence of an EBV nuclear antigen in fresh tumor biopsies: Preliminary results, Biomedicine 19:349–352.
de-Thé, G., Sohier, R., Ho, J.H.C., and Freund, R.J., 1973b, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. IV. Evolution of Complement-fixing antibodies during the Course of the disease, Int. J. Cancer 12:368–377.
de-Thé, G., Ho, J.H.C., Ablashi, D.V., Day, N.E., Macario, A.J.L., Martin-Bertholon, M.C., Pearson, G., and Sohier, R., 1975a, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. IX. Antibodies to EBNA and Correlation with response to other EBV antigens in Chinese patients, Int. J. Cancer 16:713–721.
de-Thé, G., Day, N.E., Geser, A., Lavoué, M.F., Ho, J.H.C., Simons, M.J., Sohier, R., Tukei, P., Vonka, V., and Zavadova, H., 1975b, Sero-epidemiology of the Epstein-Barr virus—Preliminary analysis of an international study, in: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses II, Vol. 2 (G. de Thé, M.A. Epstein, and H. Zur Hausen, eds.), pp. 3–16, IARC Scientific Publication No. 11, Lyon.
de-Thé, G., Vuillaume, M., Giovanella, B.C., and Klein, G., 1976, Epithelial Characteristics of tumor cells in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) passaged in nude mice—an ultrastructural study, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 57:1101–1105.
de-Thé, G., Geser, A., Day, N.E., Tukei, P.M., Williams, E.H., Beri, D.P., Smith, P.G., Dean, A.G., Bornkamm, G.W., Feorino, P., and Henle, W., 1978a, Epidemiological evidence for a Causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt’s lymphoma: Results of the Ugandan prospective study, Nature (London) 274:756–761.
de-Thé, G., Lavoué, M.F., and Muenz, L., 1978b, Differences in EBV antibody titers of patients with nasopharyngeal Carcinoma originating from high, intermediate and low incidence areas, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. De Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 471–481, IARC Press, Lyon.
de-Thé, G., Desgranges, C., Zeng, Y., Wang, P.C., Bornkamm, G.W., Zhu, J.S., and Shang, M., 1981, Search for pre-cancerous lesions and EBV markers in the nasopharynx of IgA positive individuals, in: Cancer Campaign, Vol. 5, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (E. Grundmann, G.R.F. Krueger and D.V. Ablashi eds.), pp. 111–117, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.
Diehl, V., Henle, W., and Kohn, G., 1968, Demonstration of a herpes group virus in Cultures of peripheral leukocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis, J. Virol. 2:663–669.
Durand-Fardel, 1837, Cancer du pharynx—ossification dans la substance musculaire du coeur, Bull. Soc. Anat. (Paris) 12:73–80.
Ellouz, R., Cammoun, M., Ben-Altia, R., andBahi, J., 1978, NPC in Children and adolescents in Tunisia: Clinical aspects and paraneoplastic syndrome, in: Etiology and Control (G. de-Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 115–129, IARC Scientific Publication No. 20, Lyon.
Epstein, M.A., 1976, Implications of a vaccine for the prevention of Epstein-Barr virus infection: Ethical and logistic Considerations, Cancer Res. 36:711–714.
Epstein, M.A., 1981, What we Could do with an EBV vaccine, Lancet 1:759–761.
Epstein, M.A., Achong, B.G., and Barr, Y.M., 1964, Virus particles in Cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphoma, Lan Cet 1:702–703.
Epstein, M.A., Hunt, R.D., and Rabin, H., 1973, Pilot experiments with EB virus in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus). I. Reticuloproliferative disease in an inoculated animal, Int. J. Cancer 12:309–318.
Evans, A.S., 1974, New discoveries in infectious mononucleosis, Mod. Med. 1:18–24.
Evans, A.S., 1978, Infectious mononucleosis and related syndromes, IARC (Int. Agency Res. Cancer) Sci. Publ. 20:591–606.
Evans, A.S., and Campos, L.E., 1971, Acute respiratory diseases in students at the University of the Philippines, Bull. WHO 45:103–112.
Evans, A.S., and Niederman, J.C., 1976, Epstein-Barr virus, in: Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (A.S. Evans, ed.), pp. 209–234, Plenum Press, New York.
Evans, A.S., Niederman, J.C., and McCollum, R.W., 1968, Seroepidemiological studies of infectious mononucleosis with EB virus, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:1121–1127.
Fialkow, P.J., Klein, G., Gartier, S.M., and Clifford, P., 1970, Clonal origin for individual Burkitt tumors, Lancet 1:384–386.
Fong, Y.Y., and Chan, W.C., 1973, Bacterial production of di-methyl nitrosamine in salted fish, Nature (London) 243:421–423.
Fong, Y.Y., and Walsh, E.O., 1971, Carcinogenic nitrosamines in Cantonese salt-dried fish, Lancet 1:1032.
Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., and Mason, T.J., 1974, Cancer mortality among Chinese Americans, 1950–1969, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52:659–665.
Gazzolo, L., de-Thé, G., and Vuillaume, M., 1972, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. II. Ultra-structure of normal mucosa tumor biopsies and subsequent epithelial growth in vitro,J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48:73–86.
Gerber, P., 1972, Activation of Epstein-Barr virus by 5-bromo-deoxyuridine in virus free human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:83–85.
Gerber, P., and Deal, D.R., 1970, Epstein-Barr virus-induced viral and soluble Complement-fixing antigens in Burkitt’s lymphoma Cell Cultures, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 134:748–751.
Gerber, P., Purcell, R.H., Rosenblüm, E.N., and Walsh, J.H., 1969, Association of EB-virus infection with the post-perfusion syndrome, Lancet 1:593–596.
Gerber, P., Goldstein, L.L., Lucas, S., Nonoyama, M., and Perlin, E., 1972, Oral excretion of Epstein-Barr viruses by healthy subjects and patients with infectious mononucleosis, Lancet 2:988–989.
Geser, A., and de-Thé, G., 1972, Does the Epstein-Barr virus play an etiological role in Burkitt’s lymphoma?, in: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses (V.M. Biggs, G. de Thé, and L.N. Payne, eds.), pp. 372–375, IARC Scientific Publication No. 2, Lyon.
Geser, A., Charnay, N., Day, N.E., de-Thé, G., and Ho, J.H.C., 1978, Environmental factors in the etiology of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Report on a Case-control study in Hongkong, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 213–229, IARC Scientific Publication No. 20, Lyon.
Geser, A., de-Thé, G., Lenoir, G., Day, N.E., and Williams, E.H., 1982, Final Case reporting from the Ugandan prospective study of the relationship between EBV and Burkitt’s lymphoma. Int. J. Cancer 29:397–400.
Glaser, R., and Nonoyama, M., 1974, Host Cell regulation of induction of Epstein-Barr virus, J. Virol. 14:174–176.
Glaser, R., and Rapp, F., 1972, Rescue of Epstein-Barr virus from somatic Cell hybrids of Burkitt lymphoblastoid cells, J. Virol. 10:288–296.
Glaser, R., de-Thé, G., Lenoir, G., and Ho, J.H.C., 1976, Superinfection of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma epithelial tumor cells with Epstein-Barr virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:960–963.
Goldblum, N., Ben-Bassat, H., Mitrani, S., Andersson-Anvret, M., Goldblum, T., Aghai, E., Ramot, B., and Klein, G., 1977, A Case of an Epstein Barr virus genome-carrying lymphoma in an Israeli-Arab Child, Eur. J. Cancer 13:693–698.
Goldstein, G., Klein, G., Pearson, G., and Clifford, P., 1969, Direct membrane immunofluorescence reaction of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells in culture, Cancer Res. 29:749–752.
Granlund, D.J., and Andrese, A.P., 1977, Detection of Epstein-Barr virus antigen with enzyme-conjugated antibody, Int. J. Cancer 20:495–499.
Gravell, M.; Levine, P.H., Mclntyre, R.F., Land, V.J., and Pagano, J.S., 1976, EBV in an American patient with Burkitt’s lymphoma: Detection of viral genome in tumor tissue and establishment of a tumor derived Cell line, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56:701.
Greene, M.H., Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., and Hoover, R., 1977, Nasopharyngeal Cancer among youths in United States: Racial variations by Cell type, J. Natl. Cancel Inst. 58:1267–1270.
Greenwood, B.M., and Vick, R., 1975, Evidence for a malaria mitogen in human malaria, Nature (London) 257:592.
Greenwood, B.M., Oduloju, A.J., and Platts-Mill, T.A.E., 1979, Partial Characterization of a malaria mitogen, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:178.
Gresser, I., and Tovey, M., 1978, Anti-tumor effects of interferon, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 516:231–247.
Grose, C., and Feorino, P.M., 1972, Epstein-Barr virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome, Lancet 1:1285–1287.
Gross, L., 1970, Oncogenic Viruses, Pergamon Press, Oxford,
Gu, S.Y., and Zeng, Y., 1978, Complement fixing antibody levels in sera from population groups in Kwangchow and in Peking, Chin. J. ENT, 1:23–25.
Hallee, T.J., Evans, A.S., Niederman, J.C., Brooks, C.M., and Voegtly, J.H., 1974, Infectious mononucleosis as the U.S. Military Academy: A prospective study of a single Class over four years, Yale J. Biol. Med. 47:182–195.
Hampar, B., Derge, J.G., Martos, L.M., and Walker, J.L., 1972, Synthesis of Epstein-Barr virus after the activation of the viral genome in a virus negative human lymphoblastoid cell (Raji) made resistant to five bromodeoxyuridine, Troc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:78–82.
Harada, M., Pearson, G., Redmon, L., Winters, E., and Kasuga, S., 1975, Antibody production and interaction with lymphoid cells in relation to tumor immunity in the Moloney sarcoma virus system, J. Immunol. 114:1318–1322.
Hawkins, B.R., Simons, M.J., Goh, E.H., Chia, K.B., and Shanmugaratnam, K., 1974, Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. II. Analysis of ABO, rhesus and MNS’s red Cell systems, Int. J. Cancer 13:116–121.
Heath, C.W., Brodsky, A.L., and Potolsky, A.I., 1972, Infectious mononucleosis in general population, Am. J. Epidemiol. 95:46–52.
Hehlmann, R., Walther, B., Zöllner, N., Wolf, H., and Deinhardt, F., 1980, Infectious mononucleosis and acute monocytic leukaemia, Lancet:652–653.
Henderson, B.E., Louie, E., Jing, J.S.H., Buell, P., and Gardner, M.B., 1976, Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 295:1101–1106.
Henle, G., and Henle, W., 1976, Epstein-Barr virus-specific IgA serum antibodies as an outstanding feature of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 17:1–7.
Henle, G., Henle, W., and Diehl, V., 1968, Relation of Burkitt tumor associated herpes-type virus to infectious mononucleosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59:94–101.
Henle, G., Henle, W., Clifford, P., Diehl, V., Kafuko, G.W., Kirya, B.G., Klein, G., Morrow, R.H., Munube, G.M.R., Pike, P., Tukei, P.M., and Ziegler, J.L. 1969, Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt’s lymphoma and Control groups, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 43:1147–1157.
Henle, G., Henle, W., Klein, G., Gunren, P., Clifford, P., Morrow, R., and Ziegler, J., 1971, Antibodies to early Epstein-Barr virus induced antigens in Burktt’s lymphoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 46:861–871.
Henle, G., Henle, W., and Horwitz, C.A., 1974, Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen in infectious mononucleosis, J. Infect. Dis. 130:231–239.
Henle, W., Henle, G., Harrison, F.S., Joyner, C.R., Klemola, E., Paloheimo, J., Scriba, M., and Von Essen, F., 1968, Antibody responses to the Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegaloviruses after open-heart and other surgery, N. Engl. J. Med. 282:1068–1074.
Henle, W., Henle, G., Burtin, P., Cachin, Y., Clifford, P., de Schryver, A., de Thé, G., Diehl, V., Ho, J.H.C., and Klein, G., 1970a, Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, other head and neck neoplasms and Control groups, J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 44:225–231.
Henle, W., Henle, G., Zajac, B.A., Pearson, G., Waubke, R., and Scriba, M., 1970b, Differential reactivity of human serums with early antigens induced by Epstein-Barr virus, Science 169:188–190.
Henle, W., Ho, J.H.C., Henle, G., and Kwan, H.C., 1973, Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus related antigens in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Comparison of active Cases and long term survivors, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51:361–369.
Henle, W., Ho, J.H.C., Henle, G., Chan, J.C.W., and Kwan, H.C., 1977, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Significance of Changes in Epstein-Barr virus related antibody patterns following therapy, Int. J. Cancer 20:663–672.
Hewetson, J.F., Gothoskar, B., and Klein, G., 1972, Radioiodine-labelled antibody test for the detection of membrane antigens associated with Epstein-Barr virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48:87–94.
Hirayama, T., 1978, Descriptive and analytical epidemiology of nasopharyngeal Cancer, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 167–190, IARC, Lyon.
Hirshaut, Y., Cohen, M.H., and Stevens, D.A., 1973, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in African and American Burkitt’s lymphomas, Lancet 1:114–116.
Ho, J.H.C., 1970, The natural history and treatment of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC), in: Oncology, Vol. 4 (R. Lee Clark, R. Cumley, f.E. McCay, and M. Copeland, eds.), pp. 1–14, Medical Publishers, Year Book, Chicago.
Ho, J.H.C., 1971, Incidence of nasopharyngeal Cancer in Hongkong, UICC Bulletin, Cancer 9(2):5.
Ho, J.H.C., 1972a, Current knowledge of the epidemiology of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A review, in: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses (P. Biggs, de Thé, and L. Payne, eds.), pp. 357–366, IARC, Lyon.
Ho, J.H.C., 1972b, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC), in: Advances in Cancer Research (G. Klein, S. Weinhouse, and A. Haddow, eds.), pp. 59–92, Academic Press, New York.
Ho, J.H.C., 1978, An epidemiologic and Clinical study of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Int. J. Radiol. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 4:181–198.
Ho, J.H.C., Ng, M.H., Kwan, H.C., and Chan, J.C.W., 1976, Epstein-Barr virus specific IgA and IgG serum antibodies in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Br. J. Cancer 34:655–660.
Ho, J.H.C., Kwan, H.C., Ng, M.H., and de-Thé, G., 1978, Serum IgA antibodies to EBV Capsid antigens preceeding symptoms of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Lancet 1:436–437.
Ho, J.H.C., Lau, W.H., Kwan, H.C., Chan, C.L., Au, G.K.H., Saw, D., and De Thé, G., 1981, Diagnostic and prognostic serological markers in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, in: Cancer Campaign, Vol. 5, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, (E. Grundmann, G.R.F. Krueger, and D.V. Ablashi, eds.), pp. 219–224, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.
Hoogstraten, f., 1967, Observations on Burkitt’s tumor in Central and northern Canada, Int. J. Cancer 2:566–575.
Huang, D.P., Ho, J.H.C., Henle, W., and Henle, G., 1974, Demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus associated nuclear antigen in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma cells from fresh biopsies, Int. J. Cancer 14:580–588.
Huang, D.P., Ho, J.H.C., Saw, D., and Teoh, T.B., 1978, Carcinoma of the nasal and paranasal regions in rats fed Cantonese salted marine fish, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 315–328, IARC, Lyon.
Huebner, R.J., 1957, The virologist’s dilemma, Ann. N Y. Acad. Sci. 67:430.
Huebner, R.J., and Todaro, G.J., 1969, Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of Cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 64:1087.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Annual Report, 1968, Internal Technical Report Series 68/004, Planning Conference for epidemiological studies on Burkitt’s lymphoma and infectious mononucleosis, Nairobi, Kenya, p. 35.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Annual Report, 1976, WHO Publications, Geneva.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Annual Report, 1978, WHO Publications, Geneva.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Annual Report, 1980, WHO Publications, Geneva.
Ito, Y., Kawanishi, M., Hirayama, T., and Takabayashi, S., 1981, Combined effect of the extracts from Croton Tiglium, Euphorbia lathyhs or Euphorbia tizucalli and N-butyrate on Epstein-Barr virus expression in human lymphoblastoid P3HR-1 and Raji cells, Cancer Lett 12:175–180.
Jarrett, W.F.H., McNeil, P.E., Laird, H.M., O’Neil, B.W., Murphy, J., Campo, M.S., and Moar, M.H., 1980, Papilloma viruses in benign and malignant tumors of Cattle, in: Viruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers (M. Essex, G. Todaro, H. Zur Hausen, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Prolif. 7:215–222.
Jarvis, J.E., Ball, G., and Rickinson, A.B., 1974, Cytogenetic studies on human lymphoblastoid Cell lines from Burkitt’s lymphoma and other sources, Int. J. Cancer 14:716.
Jennings, E., M.D. thesis, 1973, Yale School of Medicine.
Jondal, M., 1976, Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Epstein-Barr virus-determined membrane antigens. I. Reactivity in sera from normal persons and from patients with acute infectious mononucleosis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 25:1–5.
Judson, S.C., Henle, W., and Henle, G., 1977, A Cluster of Epstein-Barr virus associated American Burkitt’s lymphoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:464–468.
Kafuko, G.W., Henderson, B.E., Kirya, G.G., Manube, G.M., Tukei, P., Day, N.E., Henle, G., Henle, W., Morrow, R.H., Pike, M.C., Smith, P.G., and Williams, E. H., 1972, Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in Children from the West Nile district of Uganda: Report of a field study, Lancet 1:706–709.
King, H., and Haenszel, 1972, Cancer mortality among foreign and native-born Chinese in the United States, J. Chron. Dis. 26:623–646.
Kirk, R.L., Blake, N.M., Serjeantson, S., Simons, M.J., and Chan, S.H., 1978, Genetic Components in susceptibility to nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 283–297, IARC Scientific Publication No. 20, Lyon.
Klein, G., 1979, Lymphoma development in mice and humans: Diversity of initiation is followed by a Convergent Cytogenetic evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:2442.
Klein, G., Clifford, P., Klein, E., Smith, R.T., Minowada, J., Kourilski, F.M., and Burchenal, J.H., 1967, Membrane immunofluorescence reactions of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells from biopsy specimens and tissue Culture, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 39:1027–1044..
Klein, G., Pearson, G., Nadkarni, J.S., Nadkarni, J.J., Klein, E., Henle, G., Henle, W., and Clifford, P., 1968, Relation between Epstein-Barr viral and Cell membrane immunofluorescence of Burkitt tumor Cells. I. Dependence of Cell membrane immunofluorescence on presence of EB virus, J. Exp. Med. 128:1011–1020.
Klein, G., Pearson, G., Henle, G., Henle, W., Goldstein, G., and Clifford, P., 1969, Relation between Epstein-Barr viral and Cell membrane immunofluorescence in Burkitt tumor Cells. III. Comparison of blocking of direct membrane immunoflurescence and anti-EBV reactivities of different sera, J. Exp. Med. 129:697–705.
Klein, G., Giovanella, B.C., Lindahl, T., Fialkow, P.J., Singh, S.; and Stehlin, J., 1974, Direct evidence for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and nuclear antigen in malignant epithelial cells from patients with anaplastic Carcinoma of the nasopharynx, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:4737–4741.
Koch, R., 1980, Über bakteriologische Forschung, in: Verh. X. Int. Med. Congr. Berlin, 35.
Kvale, G., Holby, E.A., and Pedersen, E., 1979, Hodgkin’s disease in patients with previous infectious mononucleosis, Int. J. Cancer 23(5):593–597.
Lachet, B., Day, N.E., de-Thé, G., and Dufour, f., 1977, Temps de latence du lymphôme de Burkitt en Ouganda, Med. Biol. Environ. 5:60–67.
Lang, D.J., Garruto, R.M., and Gajdusek, D.C., 1977, Early acquisition of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus antibody in several isolated Melanesian populations, Am. J. Epidemiol. 105:480–487.
Lange, B., Arbeter, A., Hewetson, J., and Henle, W., 1978, Longitudinal study of Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and excretion in pediatric patients with Hodgkin’s disease, Int. J. Cancer 22(5):521–527.
Lanier, A.P., Henle, W., Bender, T.R., Henle, G., and Talbot, M.L., 1980a, Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody titers in seven Alaskan natives before and after diagnosis of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Int. J. Cancel 26:133–137.
Lanier, A.P., Bender, T., Talbot, M., Wilmeth, S., Tschopp, C., Henle, W., Henle, G., Ritter, D., and Terasaki, P., 1980b, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts: A review of Cases and study of Epstein-Barr virus, HLA and environmental risk factors, Cancer 46(9):2100–2006.
Lenoir, G., Philip, T., Bornkamm, G.W., Gillet, P., Bryon, P.A., Bouvier, R., Dodat, H., Dore, J.F., Burnat-Mentigny, M., and Hermier, M., 1979, Lymphome de Burkitt associé au virus d’Epstein-Barr Chez un enfant français, Nouv. Presse Med. 49:4031–4034.
Levine, P.H., O’Conor, G.T., and Berard, C.W., 1972, Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in American patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma, Cancer 30:610–615.
Levine, P.H., Cho, B.R., Connelly, R.R., Berard, C.W., O’Conor, C.T., Dorfman, R.F., Easton, J.M., and de Vita, V.T., 1975, The American Burkitt’s Lymphoma Registry: A progress report, Ann. Intern. Med. 83:31–36.
Liang, P.C., 1964, Studies on nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Chinese: Statistical and laboratory investigations, Chin. Med. J. 83:373–390.
Lin, T.M., Chen, K.P., Lin, C.C., Hsu, M.M., Tu, S.M., Chiang, T.C., Jung, P.F., and Hirayama, T., 1975, Retrospective study on nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51:1403–1408.
Lindahl, T., Klein, G., Reedman, B.M., Johansson, B., and Singh, S., 1974, Relationship between Epstein-Barr virus DNA and the EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) in Burkitt’s lymphoma biopsies and other lympho-proliferative malignancies, Int. J. Cancer 13:764–772.
Liu, Y.X., and Zeng, Y., 1979, Detection of EB-virus specific IgA antibody from patients with NPC by immunoenzymatic method, Chin. J. Oncol. 1:8.
Lopez, C., Watanabe, K.A., and Fox, J.J., 1980, 2’-Fluoro-5-iodo-aracytosine, a potential and selective anti-herpesvirus agent, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 17:803–806.
Manolov, G., and Manolova, Y., 1972, Marker bank in one Chromosome 14 from Burkitt’s lymphomas, Nature (London) 237:33.
Marker, S.C., Ascher, N.L., Kalis, J.M., Simmons, R.L., Najarian, J.S., and Balfour, H.H., Jr., 1979, Epstein-Barr virus antibody responses and Clinical illness in renal transplant recipients, Surgery 85(4):433–440.
Mathew, G.D., Qualtière, L.F., Neel, H.B., III, and Pearson, G.R., 1981, IgA antibody, antibody-dependent-cellular-cytoxicity and prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 27:175–180.
Matsuo, T., Nishi, S., Hirasi, H., and Osato, T., 1976, Studies on Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. I. Indirect single-radial immunodiffusion as a useful method for detection and assay of soluble antigen, Int. J. Cancer 18:453–457.
McCaw, B.K., Epstein, A.L., Kaplan, H.S., and Hecht, F., 1977, Chromosome 14 translocation in African and North American Burkitt’s lymphoma, Int. J. Cancer 19:482–486.
Michaux, L., 1944, Carcinome de base du Crâne, Cited in Godtfredson (19). Ophthalmologic and neurologic symptoms at malignant nasopharyngeal tumors: Clinical study Comprising 454 Cases, with special reference to histopathology and possibility of earlier recognition, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 34:1–323.
Micheau, C., de-Thé, G., Orofiamma, B., Schwaab, G., Brugère J., Tursz, T., Sancho-Garnier, H., and Cachin, Y., 1980, Carcinomas of the nasopharynx: Relationship between histological type and anti-Epstein-Barr virus serology, Nouv. Presse Med. 9(1):21–24.
Micheau, C., de-Thé, G., Orofiamma, B., Schwaab, G., Brugère, J., Tursz, T., Sancho-Garnier, H., and Cachin, Y., 1981, Practical value of Classifying nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in two major microscopical types, in: Cancer Campaign, Vol. 5, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (E. Grundmann, G.R.F. Krueger, and D.V. Ablashi, eds.), pp. 51–57, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.
Miller, G., and Beebe, G.W., 1973, Infectious mononucleosis and the empirical risk of Cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst 50:315–321.
Miller, G., Niederman, J.C., and Stitt, D.A., 1972a, Infectious mononucleosis: Appearance of neutralizing antibody to Epstein-Barr virus measured by inhibition of formation of lymphoblastoid Cell lines, J. Infect. Dis. 125:403–406.
Miller, G., Shope, T., Lisco, H., Stitt, D., and Lipman, M., 1972b, Epstein-Barr virus: Transformation, Cytopathic Changes and viral antigens in squirrel monkey and marmoset leukocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:383–387.
Miller, G., Niederman, J.C., and Andrews, L.L., 1973, Prolonged oropharyngeal excretion of Epstein-Barr virus after infectious mononucleosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 188:229–232.
Miller, G., Shope, T., and Coope, D., 1974, Aspects of the pathogenesis of lymphoma in cotton-top marmosets following inoculation of EB virus, in: Mechanisms of Virus Diseases, Vol. 1 (W.S. Robinson and F.C. Fox, eds.), pp. 429–454, W.A. Benjamin, Menlo Park, California.
Mitelman, F., Andersson-Anvret, M., Brandt, L., Catovsky, D., Klein, G., Manolov, G., Manolova, Y., Mark-Vendel, E., and Nilsson, P.G., 1979, Reciprocal 8; 14 translocation in EBV-negative B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia with Burkitt type cells, Int. J. Cancer 24:27–33.
Miyamoto, K., Miyano, K., Miyoshi, I., Hamasaki, K., Nishihara, R., Terao, S., Kimura, I, Maeda, K., Matsumara, K., Nishijima, K., and Tanaka, T., 1980, Chromosome 14q+ in a Japanese patient with Burkitt’s lymphoma, Acta Med. Okayama 34:61–65.
Miyoshi, I., Hiraki, S., Tsubota, T., Uno, J., Nakamura, K., Ota, T., Hikita, T., Hayashi, K., Kataoka, M., Tanaka, T., Kimura, I., and Sairenui Hinuma, Y., 1978, Epstein-Barr virus positive Japanese Burkitt lymphoma, Gann 69:449–450.
Miyoshi, I., Hiraki, S., Kimura, I., Miyamoto, K., and Sato, J., 1979, 2/8 translocation in a Japanese Burkitt’s lymphoma, Experientia 35:742–743.
Moar, M.H., Siegert, W., and Klein, G., 1977, Detection and localization of Epstein-Barr virus associated early antigens in single cells by autoradiography using I125 labelled antibodies, Intervirology 8:226–239.
Morgan, D.G., Miller, G., Niederman, J.C., Smith, H.W., and Dowaliby, J.M., 1979, Site of Epstein-Barr virus replication in the oropharynx, Lancet:1154–1157.
Morrow, R.H., Kisuule, A., Pike, M.C., and Smith, P., 1976, Burkitt’s lymphoma in the Mengo districts of Uganda: Epidemiologic features and their relationship to malaria, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56:479–483.
Morrow, R.H., Pike, M.C., and Smith, P.G., 1977, Further studies of space-time Clustering of Burkitt’s lymphoma in Uganda, Br. J. Cancer 35:668–673.
Motulsky, A.G., 1964, Hereditary red Cell traits and malaria, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 13:147–158.
Muir, C.S., 1972, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in non-Chinese populations, in: Oncogenesis and Herpeviruses (P.M. Biggs, G. de Thé, and L.N. Payne, eds.), pp. 367–371, IARC, Lyon.
Munoz, N., Davidson, R.J., Witthoff, B., Ericsson, J.E., and de-Thé, G., 1978, Infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin’s disease, Int. J. Cancer 22:10–13.
National Office for Cancer Control, China’s Ministry of Health, and the Nanjing Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1981, Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the People’s Republic of China (Dr. LiPing) (in press).
Niederman, J.C., McCollum, R.W., Henle, G., and Henle, W., 1968, Infectious mononucleosis: Clinical manifestations in relation to Epstein-Barr virus antibodies, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 203:205–209.
Nielsen, N.H., Mikkelsen, F., and Hansen, J.P., 1977, Nasopharyngeal Cancer in Greenland, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 85(6):850–858.
Nkrumah, F.K., and Perkins, I.V., 1976, Sickle Cell trait, hemoglobin C trait and Burkitt’s lymphoma, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25:633–636.
Nkrumah, F.K., Perkins, I.V., and Biggar, R.J., 1977, Combination Chemotherapy in abdominal Burkitt’s lymphoma, Cancer 40:1410–1416.
Nonoyama, M., and Pagano, J.S. 1973, Homology between Epstein-Barr viruses DNA and viral DNA from Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal Carcinoma determined by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics, Nature (London) 242:44–47.
Nonoyama, M., Huang, D.P., Pagano, J.S., Klein, G., and Singh, S., 1973, DNA of Epstein-Barr virus detected in tissue of Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:3265–3268.
O’Conor, G.T., 1961, Malignant lymphoma in African Children. II. A pathological entity, Cancer 12:270–283.
O’Conor, G.T., 1970, Persistent immunologic stimulation as a factor in oncogenesis with special reference to Burkitt’s tumor, Am. J. Med. 48:279–285.
O’Conor, G.T., and Davies, J.N.P., 1960, Malignant tumors in African Children with special reference to malignant lymphoma, J. Pediatr. 56:526–535.
Old, L.J., Clifford, P., Boyse, E.A., de Harven, E., Geering, G., Oettgen, H.F., and Williamson, B., 1966, Precipitating antibody in human serum to an antigen present in Cultured Burkitt lymphoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56:1699–1704.
Olweny, CL.M., Atine, I., Kaddu-Mukasa, A., Owor, R., Anderson, M., Klein, G., Henle, W., and de Thé, G., 1977, Epstein-Barr virus genome studies in Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas in Uganda, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:1191–1196.
Olweny, CL.M., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Otim, D., Lwanga, S.K., Magrath, LT., and Ziegler, J.L., 1980, Long term experience with Burkitt’s lymphoma in Uganda, Int. J. Cancer 26:261–266.
Orofiamma, B., Micheau, C., Schwaab, G., Sancho-Garnier, H., de-Thé, G., and Brugère, J., 1982, Carcinomes du rhinopharynx: Relations entre types histologiques et Caractéristiques étio-épidémiologiques, Nouv. Presse Med. (submitted).
Pagano, J.S., Huang, D.H., and Levine, P., 1973, Absence of Epstein-Barr viral DNA in American Burkitt’s lymphoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 289:1395–1399.
Paul, J.R., and Bunnell, W.W., 1932, The presence of heterophile antibodies in infectious mononucleosis, Am. J. Med. Sci. 183:91–104.
Pearson, G.R., and Orr, T.W., 1976, Antibody-dependent lymphocyte-cytotoxicity against cells expressing Epstein-Barr virus antigens, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56:485–488.
Pearson, G.R., and Qualtière, L.F., 1978, Papain solubilization of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced membrane antigen, J. Virol. 28:344–351.
Pearson, G.R., and Scott, R.E., 1978, Potential for immunization against herpesvirus infection with plasma membrane vesicles, in: Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses III (G. de Thé, W. Henle, and F. Rapp, eds.), pp. 1019–1025, IARC Scientific Publication No. 24, Lyon.
Pearson, G.R., Dewey, F., Klein, G., Henle, G., and Henle, W., 1970, Relation between neutralization of Epstein-Barr virus and antibodies to Cell membrane antigens induced by the virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 45:989–995.
Pearson, G.R., Prevost, J.M., and Orr, T.W., 1975, Detection of virus-associated antigens with the antibody-dependent lymphocyte Cytotoxicity test, in: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Production, Concentration and Purification of Epstein-Barr Virus, pp. 263–275, IARC, Lyon.
Pearson, G.R., Johansson, B., and Klein, G., 1978a, Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Epstein-Barr virus associated antigens in African patients with nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 22:120–125.
Pearson, G.R., Coates, H.L., Needl, H.B., Levine, P., Ablashi, D., and Easton, J., 1978b, Clinical evaluation of EBV serology in American patients with nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 439–448, IARC, Lyon.
Pearson, G.R., Qualtière, L.F., Klein, G., Norin, T., and Bal, I.S., 1979, Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma, Int. J. Cancer 24:402–406.
Peto, R., 1977, Epidemiology, multistage models and short-term mutagenicity tests, Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Prolif. 4:1403.
Pfeiffer, E., 1889, Drüsenfieber, Jahrb. Kinderheilkd. 29:257–264.
Pickens, S., and Murdoch, J.M., 1979, Infectious mononucleosis in the elderly, Age Ageing 8(2):93–95.
Pike, M.C., Williams, E.H., and Wright, B., 1967, Burkitt’s tumor in the West Nile district of Uganda, 1961–1965, Br. Med. J. 2:395–399.
Pike, M.C., Morrow, M.D., Kisuule, A., and Mafigiri, J., 1970, Burkitt’s lymphoma and sickle Cell trait in Uganda, Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 24:39–41.
Pope, J.H., Horne, M.K., and Scott, W., 1969a, Identification of the filtrable leucocyte transforming factor of QIMR-WILL cells as herpesvirus, Int. J. Cancer 4:255–260.
Pope, J.H., Horne, M.K., and Wetters, E.J., 1969b, Significance of a Complement-fixing antigen associated with herpes-like virus and detected in the Raji Cell line, Nature (London) 222:166–167.
Prather, S.O., and Lausch, R.N., 1976, Kinetics of serum factors mediating blocking, unblocking and antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in hamsters given isografts of Para-7 tumor cells, Int. J. Cancer 17:380–388.
Purtilo, D.T., 1980, Registry of fatal infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus infections, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 243(18):1806.
Purtilo, D.T., Cassel, C.K., Yang, J.P.S., Harper, R., Stephenson, S.R., Landing, B.H., and Vawter, G.F., 1975, X-linked recessive progressive Combined variable immunodeficiency (Duncan’s disease), Lancet 1:937–941.
Purtilo, D.T., Paquin, L., DeFlorio, D., Virzi, F., and Sakhuia, R., 1979, Immunodiagnosis and immunopathogenesis of the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome, Semin. Hematol. 16:309–343.
Reedman, B.M., and Klein, G., 1973, Cellular localization of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated Complement-fixing antigen in producer and non-producer lymphoblastoid Cell lines, Int. J. Cancer 2:499–520.
Reedman, B.M., Klein, G., Pope, J.H., Walters, M.K., Hilgers, J., Singh, S., and Johansson, B., 1974, Epstein-Barr virus associated Complement fixing and nuclear antigens in Burkitt’s lymphoma biopsies, Int. J. Cancer 13:755–763.
Rickinson, A.B., Jarvis, J.E., Crawford, D.H., and Epstein, M.A., 1974, Observations on the type of infection by Epstein-Barr virus in peripheral lymphoid cells of patients with infectious mononucleosis, Int. J. Cancer 14:704–715.
Rivers, T., 1937, Viruses and Koch’s postulates, J. Bacteriol. 33:1–12.
Robinson, J.E., Brown, N., Andiman, W., Halliday, K., Francke, U., Robert, M.F., Andersson-Anvret, M., Horstmann, D., and Miller, G., 1980, Diffuse polyclonal B-cell lymphoma during primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus, N. Engl. J. Med. 302:1293–1297.
Rocchi, G., Hewetson, J., and Henle, W., 1973a, Specific neutralizing antibodies in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases, Int. J. Cancer 11:637–647.
Rocchi, G., Hewetson, J., Henle, W., and Henle, G., 1973b, Antigen expression and Colony formation of lymphoblastoid Cell lines after superinfection with Epstein-Barr virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 50:307–314.
Rosdahl, N., Larsen, S.O., and Clemmesen, J., 1974, Hodgkin’s disease in patients with previous infectious mononucleosis: 30 years’ experience, Br. Med. J. 2:253–256.
Saad, A., 1968, Observations on nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in the Sudan, in: Cancer in Africa (C.A. Linsell and G.L. Limms, eds.), pp. 281–285, East African Publishing House, Nairobi.
Saemundsen, E., Berkel, A.I., Henle, W., Henle, G., Anvret, M., Sanal, Ö., Ersoy, F., Caglar, M., Klein, G., 1981, Epstein-Barr virus Carrying lymphoma in a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia, Br. Med. J. 282:425–427.
Sakamoto, K., Aiba, M., Katayama, I., Sullivan, J., Humphreys, R., and Purtilo, D.T., 1981, Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus specific antigens in patients with hairy-cell leukemia, Int. J. Cancer 27:453–458.
Sawyer, R.N., Evans, A.S., Niederman, J.C., and McCollum, R.W., 1971, Prospective study of a group of Yale University freshmen. I. Occurrence of infectious mononucleosis, J. Infect. Dis. 123:263–269.
Shanmugaratnam, K., 1978, Variations in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma incidence among specific Chinese Communities (dialect groups) in Singapore, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de-Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 191–198, IARC, Lyon.
Shanmugaratnam, K., and Higginson, J., 1967, Aetiology of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Report on a retrospective survey in Singapore, in: Cancer of the Nasopharynx (CS. Muir and K. Shanmugaratnam, eds.), UICC Monograph Series, Vol. 1, pp. 130–137, Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
Shanmugaratnam, K., and Sobin, L.H., 1978b, Histological typing of upper respiratory tract tumors, in: International Histological Classification of Tumors, No. 19, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Shanmugaratnam, K., Tan, K.K., and Lee, K.W., 1967, Lymphoma of the Burkitt type in Singapore, Int. J. Cancer 2:576–580.
Shope, T., Dechairo, D., and Miller, G., 1973, Malignant lymphoma in Cotton-top marmosets following inoculation of Epstein-Barr virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:2487–2491.
Simons, M.J., Wee, G.B., Day, N.E., de-Thé, G., Morris, P.J., and Shanmugaratnam, K., 1974, Immuno-genetic aspects of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. I. Difference in HL-A antigen profiles between patients and Comparison groups, Int. J. Cancer 13:122–134.
Simons, M.J., Wee, G.B., Day, N.E., Chan, S.H., Shanmugaratnam, K., and de Thé, G., 1975, Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). IV. Probable identification of an HL-A second antigen associated with a high risk for NPC, Lancet 1:142–143.
Simons, M.J., Wee, G.B., Goh, E.H., Chan, S.H., Shanmugaratnam, K., Day, N.E., and de Thé, G., 1976, Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. IV. Increased risk in Chinese of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma associated with a Chinese-related HLA profile (A2, Singapore 2), J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 57:977–980.
Simons, M.J., Wee, G.B., Singh, D., Dharmalingham, S., Yong, N.K., Chau, J.C.W., Ho, J.H.C., Day, N.E., and De Thé, G., 1977, Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. V. Confirmation of a Chinese related HLA profile (A2, Singapore 2) associated with an increased risk for nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, in: Epidemiology and Cancer Registries in the Pacific, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 47:147–151.
Simons, M.J., Chan, S.H., Wee, G.B., Shanmugaratnam, K., Goh, E.H., Ho, J.H.C., Chau, J.C.W., Darmalingham, S., Prasad, U., Betuel, H., Day, N.E., and de-Thé, G., 1978, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and histocompatibility antigens, in: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control (G. de-Thé and Y. Ito, eds.), pp. 271–282, Scientific Publication No. 20, IARC, Lyon.
Slater, R.M., Philip, P., Badsberg, E., Behrendt, H., Hansen, N.E., and Van Heerde, P., 1979, A 14q+ Chromosome in a B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia and in a leukemic nonendemic Burkitt’s lymphoma, Int. J. Cancer 23:639–647.
Sohier, R., 1971, Discordance au Cours de la mononucléose infectieuse entre l’élaboration des anticorps fixant le Complément avec un antigène soluble et des anticorps révélés par immunofluorescence, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. 272:3098–3101.
Sohier, R., and de-Thé, G., 1978, EBNA antibodies are more useful than Complement-fixing antibody in monitoring infectious mononucleosis patients, Biomedicine 29:170–173.
Sohier, R., Lenoir, G.M., and Lamelin, J.P.L., 1981, Les formes mortelles de l’infection primaire à virus d’Epstein-Barr avec ou sans mononucléose infectieuse, Ann. Med. Intern. 132:48–57.
Sprunt, T.P., and Evans, F.A., 1920, Mononuclear leucocytosis in reaction to acute infections (in infectious mononucleosis), Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 31:410–417.
Stancek, D., and Robensky, J., 1979, Enhancement of Epstein-Barr virus antibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, Acta. Virol. (Prague) 23(2): 168–169.
Stephens, R., Traul, K., Gaudreau, P., Teh, J., Fisher, L., and Mayyasi, S.A., 1977, Comparative studies on EBV antigens by immunofluorescence and immunoperixodase techniques, Int. J. Cancer 19:305–316.
Sullivan, J.L., Wallen, W.C., and Johnson, F.L., 1978, Epstein-Barr virus infection following bone-marrow transplantation, Int. J. Cancer 22(2): 132–135.
Sumaya, CV., 1977, Primary Epstein-Barr virus infections in Children, Pediatrics 59(1):16–21.
Svedmyr, E., and fondai, M., 1975, Cytotoxic effector cells specific for B Cell lines transformed by Epstein-Barr virus are present in patients with infectious mononucleosis, Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 7:1622.
Svedmyr, A., Demissie, A., Klein, G., and Clifford, P., 1970, Antibody patterns in different human sera against intracellular and membrane antigen Complexes associated with Epstein-Barr virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 44:595–610.
Svoboda, D., Kirchner, K.R., and Shanmugaratnam, K., 1965, Ultrastructure of nasopharyngeal Carcinomas in American and Chinese patients: An application of electron microscopy to geographic pathology, Exp. Mol. Pathol. 4:189–204.
Thestrup-Pedersen, K., Esmann, V., Bisballe, S., Jensen, J.R., Pallesen, G., Hastrup, J., Madsen, M., Thorling, K., Masucci, M.G., Saedmundsen, A.K., and Ernberg, I., 1980, Epstein-Barr virus induced lymphoproliferative disorder Converting to fatal Burkitt-like lymphoma in a boy with interferon-inducible Chromosomal defect, Lancet:997–1002.
Tischendorf, P., Shramek, G.J., Balagdas, R.C., Deinhardt, F., Knospe, W.H., Noble, G.R., and Maynard, J.E., 1970, Development and persistence of immunity to Epstein-Barr virus in man, J. Infect. Dis. 122:401–409.
Tovey, M.G., Lenoir, G., and Begon-Lours, J., 1978, Activation of latent Epstein-Barr virus by antibody to human IgM, Nature (London) 276:270–272.
Trumper, P.A., Epstein, M.A., Giovanella, G.C., and Finerty, S., 1977, Isolation of infectious EB virus from epithelial tumor cells of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 20:655–662.
UICC, 1974, TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, 2nd ed., Geneva.
University Health Physicians and PHS Laboratories, 1971, A joint investigation: Infectious mononucleosis and its relationship to EB virus antibody, Br. Med. J. 4:643–646.
USPHS Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, 1964, PHS Publ. No. 1103, USPHS, Washington, D.C.
Van den Berghe, H., Parloir, C., Gosseye, S., Englebienne, V., Cornu, G., and Sokal, G., 1979, Variant traslocation in Burkitt’s lymphoma, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1:9–14.
Virelizier, J.L., Lenoir, G., and Griscelli, C., 1978, Persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection in a Child with hypergammaglobulinaemia and immunoblastic proliferation associated with a selective defect in immune interferon secretion, Lancet 2:231–234.
Vonka, V., and Kutinova, L., 1973, Increase of EB virus positive cells in Cultured Burkitt lymphoma cells after short-time exposure to heat, Neoplasma 30:349–352.
Vonka, V., Benyesh-Melnick, M., and McCombs, R.J., 1970, Antibodies in human sera to soluble and viral antigens found in Burkitt’s lymphoma and other lymphoblastoid Cell lines, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 44:865–872.
Vonka, V., Kutinova, L., Drobnik, J., and Bräuerova, J., 1972, Increase of Epstein-Barr virus positive cells in EB 3 Cultures after treatment with Cisdichloro-diammine-platinum (11), J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48:1277–1281.
Wara, W.M., Wara, D.W., Phillips, T.L., and Ammahh, A., 1975, Elevated IgA in Carcinoma of the nasopharynx, Cancer 35:1313–1315.
Williams, A.O., 1966, Hemoglobin genotypes ABO blood groups and Burkitt’s tumor, J. Med. Genet. 3:177–179.
Williams, E.H., and de-Thé, G., 1974, Familial aggregation in nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Lancet, 2:295.
Williams, E.H., Spit, P., and Pike, M.C. 1969, Further evidence of space-time Clustering of Burkitt’s lymphoma patients in the West Nile district of Uganda, Br. J. Cancer, 23:235–246.
Williams, E.H., Day, N.E., and Geser, A., 1974, Seasonal variation in onset of Burkitt’s lymphoma in the West Nile district of Uganda, Lancet 1:19–22.
Williams, E.H., Smith, P.G., Day, N.E., Geser, A., Ellice, J., and Tukei, P., 1978, Space-time Clustering of Burkitt’s lymphoma in the West Nile district of Uganda, 1961–1975, Br. J. Cancer 37:109–122.
Wolf, H., Zur Hausen, H., and Becker, V., 1973, EB viral genomes in epithelial nasopharyngeal Carcinoma cells, Nature (London) New Biol. 244:245–257.
World Health Organization, 1970, Mortality from malignant neoplasms, 1955–1965, Geneva.
Wright, D.H., and Pike, P.A., 1969, Bone-marrow involvement in Burkitt’s tumor, Br. J. Haematol 15:409–416.
Wright, D.H., Schumacher, H.R., Thomas, W.J., Duval-Arnould, B.J., Creegan, W.J., Forman, D.S., Strong, D.M., Robinson, J.E., and Miller, G., 1980, Polyclonal B Cell lymphoma during infection with Epstein-Barr virus (letter to editor), N. Engl. J. Med. 303(18):1064–1065.
Wu, C.H., 1921, in: The Encyclopaedia of Chinese Medical Terms, Vol. 1, p. 756, Commercial Press, Shanghai (in Chinese).
Zech, L., Haglund, U., and Nilsson, K., 1976, Characteristic Chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid Cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas, Int. J. Cancer 17:47.
Zeng, Y., Shang, M., Liu, C.R., Cheng, Y.H., Ou, R.S., Li, X.H., Gan, B.W., Hu, M.G., Chen, M., He, S.Q., and Mu, G.P., 1979, Detection of IgA antibody to EB virus VCA from patients with nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by immunofluorescent test, Chin. J. Oncol. 1:81–83.
Zeng, Y., Liu, Y.X., Liu, C.R., Chen, S.W., Wei, J.N., Zhu, J.S., and Zai, H.J., 1980a, Application of an immunoenzymatic method and an immunoautoradiographic method for a mass survey of nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Intervirology 13:162–168.
Zeng, Y., Pi, G.H., and Zhao, W.P., 1980b, Detection of EBNA by anticomplement immunoenzymatic method, Acta Acad. Med. Sin. 2:134–135.
Ziegler, J.L., 1972, Chemotherapy of Burkitt’s lymphoma, Cancer 30:1534–1540.
Ziegler, J.L., 1977, Treatment results of 54 American patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma are similar to the African experience, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:75–80.
Ziegler, J.L., Bluming, A.Z., Morrow, R.H., Fass, L., and Carbone, P.P., 1970, Central nervous system involvement in Burkitt’s lymphoma, Blood 36:718–728.
Ziegler, J.L., Andersson, M., Klein, G., and Henle, W., 1976, Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in American Burkitt’s lymphoma, Int. J. Cancer 17:701–706.
Zur Hausen, H., Schulte-Holthausen, H., Klein, G., Henle, W., Henle, G., Clifford, P., and Santesson, L., 1970, EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt’s tumors and anaplastic Carcinomas of the nasopharynx, Nature (London) 228:1056–1058.
Zur Hausen, H., O’Neill, F.J., Freese, U.K., and Hecher, E., 1978, Persisting oncogenic herpevirus induced by tumor promotor TPA, Nature (London) 272:373–375.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
De-Thé, G. (1982). Epidemiology of Epstein—Barr Virus and Associated Diseases in Man. In: Roizman, B. (eds) The Herpesviruses. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4163-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4163-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4165-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4163-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive